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The litter is a class of wheelless vehicles for transport of persons. A driving wheel on a steam locomotive. ...
Vehicles are non-living means of transportation. ...
Definitions
A litter is usually carried by people and therefore a type of human-powered transport. sedan chair, 1893 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
sedan chair, 1893 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
One-third scale replica of Daniel Chester Frenchs Republic, which stood in the great basin at the exposition, Chicago, 2004 The Worlds Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago Worlds Fair), a Worlds fair, was held in the U.S. city of Chicago in 1893 to celebrate...
Human-powered transport is transport powered by human muscle. ...
The simplest litter, often called a stretcher, consists of a sling attached along its length to poles or stretched inside a frame. The poles or frame are carried by porters in front and behind. Such simple litters are common on battlefields and emergency situations, where terrain prohibits wheeled vehicles from carrying away the dead and wounded. ambulancers using a stretcher (profile) ambulancers using a stretcher (front) Soldiers using a simple stretcher A stretcher is a device used in medical professions to carry casualties or an incapacitated person from one place to another. ...
Sling furniture is usually a suspended, free-swinging chair or bed that is made of a framework connected to hanging straps or rope. ...
A more luxurious version consists of a bed or couch, sometimes enclosed by curtains, for the passenger or passengers to lie on. These are carried by at least two porters in equal numbers in front and behind, using wooden rails that pass through brackets on the sides of the couch. Especially the largest and heaviest types could be carried by draught animals. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Various brackets in Arial // In writing Brackets are punctuation marks, used in pairs to set apart or interject text within other text. ...
Another form, commonly called a Sedan chair, consists of a chair or windowed cabin suitable for a single occupant, also carried by at least two porters in front and behind, using wooden rails that pass through brackets on the sides of the chair. These porters were known in London as "chairmen." These have been very rare since the 19th century, but such enclosed portable litters have been used as an elite form of transport for centuries, especially in cultures where women are kept secluded. Typical Western wooden chair A chair is a piece of furniture for sitting, consisting of a seat, a back, and sometimes arm rests, commonly for use by one person. ...
A cabin or cab is an enclosed space, in a ship, see cabin (ship), in an aircraft or spacecraft as a log cabin as in a hansom cab see also Uncle Toms Cabin This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share...
London is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom, and is the most populous city in the European Union. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Look up elite, élite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1476x1039, 209 KB) Description: This picture, captured from the Japanese, shows American prisoners using improvised litters to carry those of their comrades who, from the lack of food or water on the march from Bataan, fell along the road. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1476x1039, 209 KB) Description: This picture, captured from the Japanese, shows American prisoners using improvised litters to carry those of their comrades who, from the lack of food or water on the march from Bataan, fell along the road. ...
The Bataan Death March was a war crime involving the forcible transfer of prisoners of war, with wide-ranging abuse and high fatalities, by Japanese forces in the Philippines, in 1942, after the three-month Battle of Bataan, which was part of the Battle of the Philippines (1941-42), during...
Antiquity - In pharaonic Egypt (hence the papal Sedia gestatoria) and many oriental realms, the ruler and divinities (in the form of an idol) were often transported thus in public, frequently in procession, as during state ceremonial or religious festivals
- In Ancient Rome, a litter called lectica often carried members of the imperial family, but also other dignitaries and other members of the rich elite, when not mounted. The habit must have proven quite persistent, for the Third Council of Braga in 675 AD saw the need to order that bishops, when carrying the relics of martyrs in procession, must walk to the church, and not be carried in a chair, or litter, by deacons clothed in white
Pharaoh (Arabic Ùرعون ; Hebrew פַּרְעֹה ; Geez áˆáˆá‹–ን FärÊ»on) is a title used to refer to the rulers of Egypt in the pre-Christian and pre-Islamic period. ...
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The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...
In Asia
China In Han China the elite travelled in light bamboo seats supported on a carrier's back like a backpack. In the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, wooden carriages on poles appear in painted landscape scrolls. The Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese: æ¼¢æœ; Simplified Chinese: 汉æœ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Han Chau; 206 BC–AD 220) followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. ...
Northern Wei Buddha Maitreya, 443 AD. A Buddhist stela from the Northern Wei period, build in the early 6th century. ...
The Song Dynasty (Chinese: ) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ...
Such wooden or bamboo litters, (now often called "sedan chairs") used by women and the elderly among common people were called minjiao (民轎), the mandarin class using an official guanjiao (官轎) enclosed in silk curtains. A traditional bride is carried to her wedding ceremony by a similar “shoulder carriage” or jianyu lacquered a fortunate shade of red. WOOD is a pair of radio stations in Grand Rapids, Michigan owned by Clear Channel on the frequencies of 1300 AM and 105. ...
Diversity Around 91 genera and 1,000 species Subtribes Arthrostylidiinae Arundinariinae Bambusinae Chusqueinae Guaduinae Melocanninae Nastinae Racemobambodinae Shibataeinae See the full Taxonomy of the Bambuseae. ...
A Mandarin was a bureaucrat in imperial China. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
In a general sense, lacquer is a clear or colored coating, that dries by solvent evaporation only and that produces a hard, durable finish that can be polished to a very high gloss, and gives the illusion of depth. ...
In Hong Kong the annual sedan chair race to benefit the Matilda Hospital has been run since 1975 to memorise the scenario early days from 1907. 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...
1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Korea In Korea, royalty and aristocrats were carried in elaborately decorated litters called gama. Gama's were primarily used by the royalty and the government officials. There were six types of gama's, each assigned to different government official rankings. In traditional weddings, the bride and groom are carried to the ceremony in separate gama. The primary reason for the use of the gama was because Korean terrain was hilly and rocky, unfit for wheeled vehicles. Gamas were primarily used by the royalty and the government officials. There were six types of gama's, each assigned to different government official rankings.
India A palanquin, also known as palkhi, is a covered sedan chair (or litter) carried on four poles. It derives from the Sanskrit word for a bed or couch, presumably via pallakku, the Tamil for 'bed, couch'. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2019x1540, 791 KB) Hiroshige Uragawa (1797-1858) fr: Oban Yoko-e, série Les cinquante-trois relais du Tokaïdo, Christies Image/Corbis Oban Yoko-e, 53 relays of Tokaïdo series, Christies Image/Corbis File links The following...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2019x1540, 791 KB) Hiroshige Uragawa (1797-1858) fr: Oban Yoko-e, série Les cinquante-trois relais du Tokaïdo, Christies Image/Corbis Oban Yoko-e, 53 relays of Tokaïdo series, Christies Image/Corbis File links The following...
The litter is a class of wheelless vehicles for transport of persons. ...
Tamil (தமிழ௠) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian language family. ...
Palanquins are mentioned in literature as early as the Ramayana (c. 250BC). The RÄmÄyaņa (Sanskrit: रामायण) is a Hindu epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and is an important part of the Hindu canon (smriti). ...
Palanquins began to fall out of use after rickshaws (on wheels, more practical) were introduced in the 1930s. Japanese rickshaws c. ...
In Western culture
In Europe In Europe, it took four strong chairmen to carry the corpulent Henry VIII of England in his chair, towards the end of his life, but the expression "sedan chair" was not used in print until 1615. It does not seem to take its name from the city of Sedan. Trevor Fawcett notes (see link) that English travellers like Fynes Moryson (in 1594) and John Evelyn (in 1644-5) noted with interest the seggioli of Naples and Genoa, which were chairs for public hire slung from poles and carried on the shoulders of two porters. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ...
Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ...
Sedan is a town and commune in France, a sous-préfecture of the Ardennes département. ...
John Evelyn (October 31, 1620 – February 27, 1706) was an English writer, gardener and diarist. ...
Naples (Italian Napoli, Neapolitan Nà pule, from Greek ÎÎα Πόλις - Néa Pólis - meaning New City; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the largest city in southern Italy and capital of Campania Region and the Province of Naples. ...
Location within Italy Genoa (Italian: Genova, Genoese dialect: Zena) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. ...
From the mid 17th century, visitors to take the waters at Bath would be conveyed in a chair enclosed in baize curtains, especially if they had taken a heated bath and were going straight to bed to sweat. The curtains kept off a possibly fatal draft. These were not the proper sedan chairs "to carry the better sort of people in visits, or if sick or infirme" (Celia Fiennes). In the 17th and 18th centuries, the chairs stood in the main hall of a well-appointed city residence, where a lady could enter and be carried to her destination without setting foot in a filthy street. The tasteful neoclassical sedan chair made for Queen Charlotte remains at Buckingham Palace. Sedan chairs could pass in streets too narrow for a carriage. For other uses, see Bath (disambiguation). ...
Celia Fiennes (7 June 1642 - 10 April 1741) was an English traveller. ...
Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ...
Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Sophia Charlotte) (19 May 1744 - 17 November 1818) as Queen Charlotte was the queen consort of King George III. Coronation portrait of Queen Charlotte by Allan Ramsay, National Portrait Gallery // Birth, youth, and marriage Charlotte was the youngest daughter of Charles Louis Frederick, Prince of...
Buckingham Palace and the Victoria Memorial. ...
By the mid-17th century, sedans for hire were a common mode of transportation. In London, "chairs" were available for hire in 1634, each assigned a number and the chairmen licensed, because the operation was a monopoly of a courtier of Charles I. Sedan chairs were meant to alleviate the crush of coaches in London streets, an early instance of traffic congestion. A similar system was later used in Scotland. In 1738, a fare system was established for Scottish sedans, and the regulations covering chairmen in Bath remind the reader of a modern Taxi Commission's rules. A trip within a city cost six pence and a day’s rental was four shillings. A sedan was even used as an ambulance in Scotland's Royal Infirmary. Image File history File links RobertAdamDesignofaSedanChairforQueenCharlotte1775. ...
Image File history File links RobertAdamDesignofaSedanChairforQueenCharlotte1775. ...
Robert Adam Robert Adam (3 July 1728 - 3 March 1792) was a Scottish architect, interior designer and furniture designer, born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. ...
Queen Charlotte was the name of at least three women: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of King George III of the United Kingdom. ...
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ...
Traffic jams are common in heavily populated areas. ...
Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ...
Taxicab, short forms taxi or cab, is a type of public transport for single passenger or small group of passengers, typically for non-shared ride. ...
Chairmen moved at a good clip. In Bath they had the right-of-way: pedestrians hearing "By your leave" behind them knew to flatten themselves against walls or railings as the chairmen hustled through. There were disastrous accidents, upset chairs, broken glass-paned windows.
Sedan chairs were used by the wealthy in the cities of colonial America. Benjamin Franklin used a sedan chair until late in the 1700s. Benjamin Franklin by Jean-Baptiste Greuze 1777 Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most prominent of the Founders and early political figures, inventors, and statesmen of the United States. ...
Colonial practice In various colonies, litters of various types were not only maintained under native traditions, but often also adopted by the white colonials, as a new ruling and/or socio-economic elite, either for practical reasons (often comfortable modern transport was unavailable, e.g. for lack of decent roads) and/or as a status symbol - During the 17-18th centuries palanquins (see above) were very popular among European traders in Bengal, so much so that in 1758 an order was issued prohibiting their purchase by certain lower-ranked employees.
Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙà§à¦—), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙà§à¦—দেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in Bangla, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ...
The end of a tradition In the early 19th century, the public sedan chair began to go out of use, perhaps because streets were better paved, perhaps because of the rise of the more companionable hackney carriage. In Glasgow the licensing records show 1800, twenty-seven sedans; 1817, eighteen sedans, 1828, ten sedans. In that same period the number of registered hackney carriages in Glasgow rose to one hundred and fifty. In the United Kingdom, a hackney carriage is a taxicab licensed by the Public Carriage Office in London (for the area within the M25 motorway) or by the local authority (shire district councils or authorities) in other parts of England and Wales, by the Scottish Executive in Scotland, and by...
For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ...
 "Riding in a Silla", Chiapas, c. 1840 Traveling By Silla, by Frederick Catherwood. ...
Traveling By Silla, by Frederick Catherwood. ...
Chiapas is a state in the southeast of Mexico. ...
The traveling "silla" of Latin America A similar but simpler device was used by the elite in parts of 18th and 19th century Latin America. Often simply called a silla (Spanish for seat or chair), it consisted of a simple wooden chair with tump-line attached. The occupant sat in the chair, which was then affixed to the back of a single porter, with the tumpline supported by his head. The occupant thus faced backwards during travel. This was probably devised because the area had many rough roads unsuitable to European-style sedan chairs. Travelers by silla usually employed a number of porters, who would trade off carrying the occupant. Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...
Tumplines in use in Mexico A tumpline is a strap attached at both ends to a backpack or other luggage and used to carry the object by placing the strap over the top of the head. ...
See also Error creating thumbnail: convert: unable to open image `/mnt/upload3/wikipedia/en/2/26/A022ht_5_SedeGest. ...
The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ...
Sources and references - banglapedia
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia.
- Trevor Fawcett, "Chair transport in Bath": from Bath History, II (1988): richly detailed social history
- Luxury Transport of Palanquins: Historical exhibit at Kamat.com
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