Liu Shan, (commonly mispronounced as Liu Chan[1]), (207 – 271) was the second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. As he ascended the throne at the young age of sixteen, Liu Shan was entrusted to the care of a group of veteran ministers, including the Chancellor Zhuge Liang and Imperial Secretary Li Yan. During Liu Shan's reign, many campaigns were led against the Kingdom of Wei, primarily by Zhuge Liang and his successor Jiang Wei, but to little avail. Liu Shan eventually surrendered to the Kingdom of Wei in 263 after Deng Ai led a surprise attack on the Shu capital Chengdu. He was quickly relocated to Luoyang, capital of Wei, and enfeoffed as Duke Anle. There he enjoyed his last years peacefully before dying, most probably of natural cause, in 271. The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Traditional Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 正體字/繁體字, Simplified Chinese: 正体字/繁体字) refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name, is an extra name that could be used in place of the given name. ... Liu Shan becomes second emperor of Shu-Han upon the death of his father, Liu Bei. ... Events The Wei Kingdom conquered the kingdom of Shu Han, one of the Chinese Three Kingdoms. ... A posthumous name (Traditional Chinese: 諡號/謚號 Simplified Chinese: 谥号; Pinyin: shì hào; Romaji: shigō/tsuigō; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Events Sun Quan battles Huang Zu at Xiakou Births Liu Shan, last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu Deaths Guo Jia, brilliant military advisor to Cao Cao Ling Cao, a general under Sun Quan Categories: 207 ... Events Goths forced to withdraw across the Danube Roman Emperor Aurelian withdraws troops to the Danube frontier, abandoning Dacia. ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Chancellor of China 丞相 (Cheng Xiang) or 宰相 (Zai Xiang), was the highest rank in the imperial government in former China after the emperor (685 BC-6 BC, 189-1380). ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... Li Yan (? – 234) was formerly an officer under Liu Zhang. ... The Kingdom of Wei (ch. ... Jiang Wei (姜維, 202-264), or Jiang Boyue, was amongst some of the greatest generals (chiangchun, or jiangjun) during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ... Deng Ai (鄧艾) was a talented young officer of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Cheng-tu), located in southwest China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a sub-provincial city. ... Luoyang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ...

Widely known by his infant name "A Dou" (阿斗), Liu Shan was commonly perceived as an incapable, even retarded ruler. He was also accused of indulging in pleasures while neglecting state affairs. However, some critics believe that Liu Shan, like his father Liu Bei, had excellent people management skills, being able to balance the interests of the two major factions in his court, headed respectively by Zhuge Liang and Imperial Secretary Li Yan. These critics also praise Liu Shan for feigning incompetence in the most ingenious and natural way after the fall of the Kingdom of Shu so as to avoid personal harm. Nevertheless, the name "A Dou" is today still commonly used to describe incapable people who would not achieve anything even with significant assistance. This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

The given name of Liu Shan, when combined with that of Liu Feng, whom Liu Bei adopted before the birth of Liu Shan, would become "fengshan" (封禪), meaning "to ascend the throne in a ceremony". Many believe that this is an implication of Liu Bei's ambition to become the emperor, even long before the abdication of Emperor Xian. This undermines Liu Bei's claim that he was forced to declare himself emperor so as to carry on the lineage of the Han Dynasty. Chinese given names (Chinese: 名字; pinyin: míngzì) are made up of one or two characters. ... In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Liu Feng was the adopted son of Liu Bei, founder of the Kingdom of Shu. ... Format of naming convention in English is under discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese). ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 AD - 24 AD  - Abdication to Cao...

As Chen Shou, the author of Sanguo Zhi, noted, Liu Shan, contrary to tradition, had no official historian at his court, and therefore many of the events during his reign were unrecorded, causing Chen to be unable to provide more details about Liu Shan's reign in his history. Chen Shou (陳壽) (233-297), courtesy name Chengzuo (承祚) was the author of the Sanguo Zhi, a historical account of the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... The Sānguó Zhì (Chinese 三国志, or 三國誌), variously translated as Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Records of the Three States and Records of the Three Kingdoms, was the official and authoritative historical text on the Three Kingdoms Period compiled by Chen Shou during the Jin Dynasty (265-420). ...

Early life

Born in 207, Liu Shan was the oldest son of Liu Bei, by his concubine Lady Gan. In the next year, the powerful warlord Cao Cao, who had by then occupied the entire northern China, launched a campaign against Jingzhou (荆州, present day Hubei and Hunan). During his retreat south, Liu Bei was caught up by an elite cavalry force led by Cao Cao at Changban (長阪, northeast of present day Dangyang County, Hubei) and forced to leave behind Empress Gan and Liu Shan to resume his escape. The general Zhao Yun stayed behind to protect the family members of Liu Bei. Holding the infant Liu Shan in his arms, Zhao Yun led the mother and child to safety. (It appears likely that Lady Gan had died sometime before 209, because when Liu Bei's wife Lady Sun (Sun Quan's sister) effectively divorced Liu Bei in 211, he was in her custody.) This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Lady Gan was Liu Beis second wife and mother of Liu Shan. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220, pronounced Tsau Tsau) was a regional warlord and the second last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... Jingzhou (Simplified Chinese: 荆州; Traditional Chinese: 荊州; pinyin: ) is a city in the Hubei province of the Peoples Republic of China, on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ... French Republican Guard - May 8, 2005 celebrations Cavalry (from French cavalerie) were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat. ... Combatants Cao Cao Liu Bei Commanders Cao Cao Liu Bei Strength 5,000 elite cavalry advance guard followed by over 100,000 infantry 2,000 infantry 100,000 mostly unarmed civilian Casualties Unknown, minimal Unknown The Battle of Changban (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city... Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was an important military commander during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Events Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Roman emperor Septimius Severus. ... Lady Sun, or most famously Sun Shangxiang (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) as she is called in Chinese opera and in contemporary culture, lived during the Three Kingdoms era of ancient China. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... This article is about the year 211. ...

(An alternative story of Liu Shan's early life was given in A Brief Record of Wei (魏略) by Yu Huan. It was said that Liu Shan, then already several years old, was separated from Liu Bei when the latter was attacked by Cao Cao in Xiaopei (小沛, present day Pei County, Jiangsu) in 200. He somehow landed in Hanzhong and was sold by human traffickers. Only when Liu Bei declared himself emperor in 221 was Liu Shan reunited with his father. However, this story was rejected by Pei Songzhi (裴松之), annotator of the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, taking into account of various sources.) Yu Huan (Chinese: ; pinyin: Yú Huàn, fl. ... Xiaopei is a castle that Lu Bu Stole from Liu Bei, shortly before Cao Cao conqured it. ... Jiangsu (Simplified Chinese: 江苏; Traditional Chinese: 江蘇; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-su; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsu) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. ... Hanzhong (Simplified Chinese: 汉中; Traditional Chinese: 漢中; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hanchung) is a city in Shaanxi province, in central China. ... The Sānguó Zhì (Chinese 三国志, or 三國誌), variously translated as Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Records of the Three States and Records of the Three Kingdoms, was the official and authoritative historical text on the Three Kingdoms Period compiled by Chen Shou during the Jin Dynasty (265-420). ...

After Liu Bei declared himself the first emperor of Shu Han in 221, Liu Shan was formally made the crown prince. In the next year, Liu Bei left the capital Chengdu on a campaign against Sun Quan (then a nominal vassal of Cao Wei who would soon declare his independence as the first emperor of Eastern Wu). He was defeated at the Battle of Yiling and, having retreated to the city of Baidi, eventually died in 223. With his last breaths, Liu Bei entrusted the young Liu Shan to the care of his chancellor Zhuge Liang and Imperial Secretary Li Yan. He even told Zhuge Liang to take over the throne if Liu Shan proved to be incapable. The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... A Crown Prince or Crown Princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Cheng-tu), located in southwest China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a sub-provincial city. ... The territories of Cao Wei (in yellow), AD 262 Capital Luoyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 220 - 226 Cao Pi  - 226 - 239 Cao Rui  - 239 - 254 Cao Fang  - 254 - 260 Cao Mao  - 260 - 265 Cao Huan Historical era Three Kingdoms  - Cao Pi taking over the throne of the Later... The territories of Eastern Wu (in green), AD 262 Capital Jianye Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 222 - 252 Sun Quan  - 252 - 258 Sun Liang  - 258 - 264 Sun Xiu  - 264 - 280 Sun Hao Historical era Three Kingdoms  - Establishment 222  - Sun Quan declares himself emperor 229  - Conquest of Wu by Jin... At the Battle of Yiling in 222, Liu Bei enraged at the execution of his sworn brother Guan Yu at the hands of the Kingdom of Wu, lead an attack force to the plains of Yi Ling. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Chancellor of China 丞相 (Cheng Xiang) or 宰相 (Zai Xiang), was the highest rank in the imperial government in former China after the emperor (685 BC-6 BC, 189-1380). ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... Li Yan (? – 234) was formerly an officer under Liu Zhang. ...

Reign

Zhuge Liang's regency

During the early years of his reign, Liu Shan was not an unwise ruler. While Zhuge Liang was alive, Liu Shan treated him as a father, allowing the chancellor to handle all state affairs. Zhuge Liang recommended many trusted officials, including Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and Xiang Chong (向寵) into key positions. Also under Zhuge's advice, Liu Shan entered into an alliance with Eastern Wu, helping both states to survive against the much larger Cao Wei. During Zhuge's regency, the government was largely efficient and not corrupt, allowing the relatively small state of Shu Han to prepare itself for military campaigns. Guo Youzhi a minister serving under Shu. ... Fei Yi (費禕) (d. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

In 223, Liu Shan married the daughter of his father's friend, Zhang Fei, as empress. Liu Shan becomes second emperor of Shu-Han upon the death of his father, Liu Bei. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Empress Zhang (張皇后, personal name unknown) (d. ...

In the aftermaths of Liu Bei's death, the southern non-ethnic-Han people had peeled away from Shu Han dominion. In 225, Zhuge headed south and was able to, by both military victories and persuasion, reintegrate the southern region into the empire. For the rest of Zhuge's regency, the southern non-Han people would be key contributors to Shu Han's campaigns against Cao Wei. Languages Chinese languages Religions Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ... Events Zhuge Liang pacifies Nan Zhong Births January 20 - Gordian III, Roman emperor Deaths Categories: 225 ...

Starting 227, Zhuge launched five campaigns against Cao Wei, but all except one were military failures (albeit not military disasters) in that Zhuge's forces ran out of food before they were able to inflict significant damage on Cao Wei and therefore had to withdraw. It was during one of Zhuge's campaigns that the only real political crisis during Zhuge's regency would occur. In 231, unable to supply the troops sufficiently, Li forged an edict by Liu Shan, ordering Zhuge to retreat. When Zhuge discovered this, he recommended, and Liu Shan accepted the recommendation, that Li be removed from his office and put under house arrest. Events Ireland - Rule of High King Cormac mac Airt begins (approximate) Cao Rui becomes emperor of the American television situation comedy that was originally broadcast from 1985 until 1990. ... Events Births Cao Fang, emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (approximate date) Deaths Zhang He, general of the Wei Kingdom Categories: 231 ...

In 234, while Zhuge was on his final campaign against Cao Wei, he grew seriously ill. Hearing about Zhuge's illness, Liu Shan sent his secretary Li Fu (李福) to the front line to visit Zhuge and to request Zhuge to leave instructions on important state matters. Among other things, Zhuge recommended that Jiang Wan succeed him, and that Fei Yi succeed Jiang. Zhuge refused to answer Li's next question -- who should succeed Fei. Zhuge died soon thereafter. In the aftermaths of Zhuge's death, his generals Wei Yan and Yang Yi, in conflict over who should succeed Zhuge (not knowing that Zhuge had appointed Jiang), each accused the other of treason, leading to a battle in which Yang prevailed. To Yang's disappointment, his attempt to succeed Zhuge failed regardless, as Liu Shan followed Zhuge's instructions and installed Jiang was the new regent. Events Wei Yan revolts against the kingdom of Shu Han Births Emperor Wu of Jin China (approximate date) Deaths Li Yan, general of the Shu Kingdom Wei Yan, Shu general, executed by Ma Dai Zhuge Liang of the Shu Kingdom in China, dies on the Wu Zhang Plains in a... Jiang Wan (? - 246 AD) was an officer of the Shu Kingdom. ... Fei Yi (費禕) (d. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section may be confusing for some readers, and should be edited to be clearer or more simplified. ...

Jiang Wan's regency

Jiang Wan was a capable administrator, and he continued Zhuge's domestic policies, leaving the government largely efficient. He was also known for his tolerance of dissension and his humility. However, not having military aptitude, he soon abandoned Zhuge's policy of waging war against Cao Wei, and indeed in 241 withdrew most of the troops from the important border city of Hanzhong (漢中, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) to Fu (涪縣, in modern Mianyang, Sichuan). From that point on, Shu Han was generally in a defensive posture and no longer posed a threat to Cao Wei. (This was in fact misinterpreted by many Eastern Wu officials as a sign that Shu Han was abandoning the alliance and entering into a treaty with Cao Wei, but was correctly read by Eastern Wu's emperor Sun Quan as merely a sign of weakness, not an abandonment of the alliance.) Events Shapur I of Persia succeeds Ardashir I Births Deaths Ardashir I, first ruler of the Sassanids Categories: 241 ... Hanzhong (Simplified Chinese: 汉中; Traditional Chinese: 漢中; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hanchung) is a city in Shaanxi province, in central China. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ShÇŽnxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling Mountains across the... Mianyang (Chinese: 绵阳; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Mian-yang) is a prefecture-level city and the second largest city in Sichuan Province, in south central China, with a population of 5. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: SzÅ­4-chuan1; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in the central-western China with its capital at Chengdu. ...

In 237, Empress Zhang died. That year, Liu Shan took her younger sister as a consort, and in 238 created her empress. Events Patriarch Eugenius I succeeds Patriarch Castinus as Patriarch of Constantinople Saint Babylas becomes Patriarch of Antioch Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia. ... Empress Zhang (張皇后, personal name unknown) was an empress of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. ... Events Carpians invade Moesia, Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them. ...

In 243, Jiang grew ill and transferred most of his authority to Fei and Fei's assistant Dong Yun. For example, in 244, when Cao Wei's regent Cao Shuang attacked Hanzhong, it was Fei who led the troops against Cao Shuang and dealt Cao Wei a major defeat. However, Jiang remained influential until his death in 245. Soon after Jiang's death, Dong also died -- allowing the eunuch Huang Hao, a favorite of Liu Shan's, whose power Dong had curbed, to start aggrandizing his power. Huang was viewed as corrupt and highly manipulative in domestic matters, and the governmental efficiency that was achieved during Zhuge's and Jiang's regencies began to deteriorate. Events Gordian III defeats Shapur I of Persia at Resaena Births Deaths Categories: 243 ... February 11 - Emperor Gordian III is killed by his Praetorian Prefect Philip the Arab after Phillip replaces Timesitheus and then declares himself co-emperor. ... Cao Shuang (曹爽) is the son of Cao Zhen. ... Events Roman emperor Philip the Arabian entrusted future emperor Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus with an important command on the Danube Trieu Thi Trinh Vietnamese warrior women begins her three year resistance against the invading Chinese. ... Huang Hao was a eunuch serving Liu Shan, second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

Fei Yi's regency

After Jiang Wan and Dong Yun's deaths, Liu Shan named Jiang Wei as Fei's assistant, but both were largely involved only in military matters, as Liu Shan gradually became more self-assertive in non-military matters. It was also around this time that he became more interested in touring the countryside and increasing the use of luxury items, both of which added stress on the treasury, albeit not cripplingly so. Jiang Wei was interested in resuming Zhuge Liang's policies of attacking Cao Wei aggressively, a strategy that Fei partially agreed with -- as he allowed Jiang to make raids on Cao Wei's borders, but never gave him a large amount of troops, reasoning that Shu Han was in no position for a major military confrontation with Cao Wei.

In 253, Fei was assassinated by the general Guo Xun (郭循) -- a former Cao Wei general who had been forced to surrender but who secretly maintained his loyalty to Cao Wei. Fei's death left Jiang Wei as the leading official of the empire, but with a power vacuum in domestic matters, as Jiang continued to be on the borders, conducting campaigns against Cao Wei, while at court, Huang Hao's influence increased greatly as a result. For the book see 253 (book). ...

Jiang Wei's semi-regency

After Fei's death, Jiang assumed command of Shu Han's troops and began a number of campaigns against Cao Wei -- but while they were troubling to Cao Wei's de facto rulers Sima Shi and Sima Zhao (who had rendered Cao Wei's emperors figureheads after succeeding their father Sima Yi), the attacks largely inflicted no real damage against Cao Wei, as Jiang's campaigns were plagued by one problem that had plagued Zhuge Liang's -- the lack of adequate food supply -- and largely had to be terminated after a short duration. These campaigns instead had a detrimental effect on Shu Han, whose government no longer had the efficiency that it had during Zhuge and Jiang Wan's regencies, and therefore was unable to cope with the drain of resources that Jiang Wei's campaigns were having. The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Sima Zhao (司馬昭) (211-264) was the son of Prime Minister Sima Yi of the Kingdom of Wei, during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ... Sima Yi (179 - 251) was a general, military strategist, and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. ...

In 253, Jiang made a coordinated attack on Cao Wei, along with Eastern Wu's regent Zhuge Ke (the son of Zhuge Liang's brother Zhuge Jin), but was eventually forced to withdraw after his troops ran out of food supplies -- allowing Sima Shi to concentrate against Zhuge, dealing Eastern Wu forces a devastating defeat that eventually caused so much resentment that Zhuge was assassinated. (This was the last of only two coordinated attacks by Shu Han and Eastern Wu on Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period -- the first was Zhuge Liang's last campaign in 234, which Sun Quan had joined by attacking Cao Wei on the eastern border.) For the book see 253 (book). ... This article lacks information on the subject matters importance. ... Zhūgé Jǐn (諸葛謹) (174 - 241 AD) was a minister of the Kingdom of Wu of China and older brother of the famous Shu strategist Zhuge Liang. ...

In 255, on one of Jiang's campaigns, he dealt Cao Wei forces a major defeat, nearly capturing the important Cao Wei border city Didao (狄道, in modern Dingxi, Gansu), but in 256, as he tried to again confront Cao Wei forces, he was instead dealt a defeat by Deng Ai, and this was a fairly devastating loss that left Jiang's standing with the people weakened. Many officials now openly questioned Jiang's strategy, but Liu Shan took no actions to stop Jiang. Further, in 259, under Jiang's suggestion, Liu Shan approved a plan where the main troops were withdrawn from major border cities to try to induce a Cao Wei attack, with troops positioned in such a way as to intend a trapping of the Cao Wei troops -- a strategy that would be used several years later, in 263, when Cao Wei troops did attack, but which would prove to be a failure. Events Births Deaths Wuqiu Jian, general of the Kingdom of Wei Categories: 255 ... Dingxi (simplified Chinese: 定西; pinyin: Dìng xÄ«) is a prefecture-level city in Chinas Gansu province. ... Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Events Births Arius, founder of Arianism Deaths Invasions Goths invade Asia Minor. ... Deng Ai (鄧艾) was a talented young officer of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. ... Valerian (david neiman was here) captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260) The Franks who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania Pope Dionysius elected. ... Events The Wei Kingdom conquered the kingdom of Shu Han, one of the Chinese Three Kingdoms. ...

By 261, Huang Hao's power appeared paramount. Among the key domestic officials, only Dong Jue (董厥) and Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan were able to maintain their posts without flattering Huang. In 262, Huang would in fact try to remove Jiang and replace him with his friend Yan Yu (閻宇). Jiang, upon hearing this, advised Liu Shan to execute Huang but the emperor denied the request, saying that the eunuch was but a servant who ran errands. Fearing retaliation, Jiang left Chengdu to garrison troops at Tazhong (沓中, northwest of present day Zhouqu County, Gansu). Events Births Deaths Mussius Aemilianus, Roman Emperor Categories: 261 ... Zhuge Zhan (諸葛瞻) was the son of Huang Yueying and Zhuge Liang. ... Gansu (Simplified Chinese: 甘肃; Traditional Chinese: 甘肅; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, or Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

According to the Eastern Wu ambassador Xue Xu (薛珝), who visited Shu Han in 261 at the order of Sun Xiu, the status that Shu Han was in at this point was: Events Births Deaths Mussius Aemilianus, Roman Emperor Categories: 261 ... Sun Xiu(235-264), the third emperor of the Kingdom of Wu. ...

The emperor is incompetent and does not know his errors; his subordinates just try to get by without causing trouble for themselves. When I was visiting them, I heard no honest words, and when I visited their countryside, the people looked hungry. I have heard of a story of swallows and sparrows making nests on top of mansions and being content, believing that it was the safest place, not realizing that the haystack and the support beams were on fire and that disaster was about to come. This might be what they are like.

Shu Han's destruction

In 262, aggravated by Jiang Wei's constant attacks, Cao Wei's regent Sima Zhao planned to carry out a major campaign to terminate the Shu Han threat once and for all. Upon hearing rumors of this plan, Jiang submitted a request to Liu Shan, warning him about the mustering of Cao Wei troops under the generals Zhong Hui and Deng Ai near the border. However, Huang Hao, who believed in fortunetellers who disavowed the likelihood of a Cao Wei attack, persuaded Liu Shan to take no actions on Jiang's requests for battle preparedness. // Events Births Deaths Xi Kang, author Other Often associated with the legendary Laurence 262, whos origins are unknown. ... Zhong Hui (鍾會) was a general of the Wei Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ...

In 263, Sima launched his attacks, led by Zhong and Deng. Liu Shan followed Jiang's previous plans and ordered the border troops withdraw and prepare to trap Cao Wei forces, rather than to confront them directly. However, the plan had a fatal flaw -- it assumed that Cao Wei forces would siege the border cities, which, instead, Zhong and Deng ignored, and they advanced instead on Yang'an Pass (陽安關, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), capturing it. Jiang was able to meet their troops and initially repel them, but Deng led his force through the almost unpassable mountains and deep into Shu territory and launched a surprise attack on Jiangyou (江油, in modern Mianyang, Sichuan). After defeating Zhuge Zhan there, Deng had virtually no Shu Han troops left between him and the capital Chengdu, Faced with the prospect of defending Chengdu against Deng's troops with no defenses left, Liu Shan took the advice of Secretary Qiao Zhou (譙周) and promptly surrendered. While the surrender was criticized by many, Wang Yin (王隱) in his Records of Shu (蜀記) described the move as a policy that placed the welfare of the people on top. Events The Wei Kingdom conquered the kingdom of Shu Han, one of the Chinese Three Kingdoms. ... Hanzhong (Simplified Chinese: 汉中; Traditional Chinese: 漢中; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hanchung) is a city in Shaanxi province, in central China. ...   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ShÇŽnxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the Peoples Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River as well as the Qinling Mountains across the... Mianyang (Chinese: 绵阳; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Mian-yang) is a prefecture-level city and the second largest city in Sichuan Province, in south central China, with a population of 5. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: SzÅ­4-chuan1; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in the central-western China with its capital at Chengdu. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Cheng-tu), located in southwest China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a sub-provincial city. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ...

In 264, the ambitious Zhong would carry out an attempt to seize power -- which Jiang, who had surrendered to Zhong, tried to take advantage of to revive Shu Han. He advised Zhong to falsely accuse Deng of treason and arrest him, and, with their combined troops, rebel against Sima. Zhong did so, and Jiang planned to next kill Zhong and his troops, and then redeclare Shu Han's independence under Liu Shan, and had in fact written Liu Shan to inform him of those plans. However, Zhong's troops rebelled against him, and both Zhong and Jiang were killed in battle. Liu Shan himself was not harmed in the disturbance, although his crown prince Liu Xuan (劉璿) was killed in the confusion. Events Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as ruler of the Chinese kingdom of Wu Births Deaths Deng Ai, Wei general Jiang Wei, Shu general,Grand Commander and strategist, and foster son of Zhuge Liang Zhang Yi, Shu general Zhong Hui, Wei general Categories: 264 ... A Crown Prince or Crown Princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. ...

Life after Shu Han's destruction

In 264, Liu Shan and his entire clan was relocated to the Cao Wei capital Luoyang. He was created the Duke of Anle (安樂公), and his sons and grandsons were created marquesses. According to the Spring and Autumn Annals of Han and Jin (漢晉春秋) by Xi Zuochi (习鑿齒), Sima Zhao, the Duke of Jin and de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Wei, one day invited Liu Shan and his followers to a feast, during which Sima Zhao arranged to have entertainers perform traditional Shu music and dance. The former Shu officials present were all saddened, but Liu Shan was visibly unmoved. When asked by Sima Zhao if he missed his former kingdom, Liu Shan replied: Luoyang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ...

I enjoy life here and do not think of Shu at all. (此間樂，不思蜀)

This phrase became a Chinese idiom (樂不思蜀), literally meaning "too joyful to think about home" but often with a negative implication. This was noted by Sima Zhao as a sign that Liu Shan was an incompetent fool; however, some later historians believed that it showed Liu Shan's wisdom in intentionally displaying a lack of ambition so that Sima would not view him as a threat. Four-character idioms, or chéng yǔ (成語, literally to become (part of) the language) are widely used in 文言 wényán. ...

Liu Shan died in 271, in Luoyang, and was given the posthumous name Duke Si of Anle (安樂思公, literally "the deep-thinking duke"). His dukedom lasted several generations during Cao Wei's successor state, the Jin Dynasty, before being extinguished in the turmoils caused by the Wu Hu. Liu Yuan, the founder of one of the Wu Hu Sixteen Kingdoms, Han Zhao, who claimed to be a legitimate successor of the Han Dynasty, gave Liu Shan the posthumous name Emperor Xiaohuai (孝懷皇帝, literally "the filial and kind emperor"). The Jin Dynasty (晉 pinyin: jìn, 265-420), one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Liu Yuan (劉淵) (d. ... The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereignities in the China proper and neighboring areas from AD 304 to 439 after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties. ... The Han Zhao (Simplified Chinese script: 汉赵, Traditional Chinese script: 漢趙, pinyin: Hànzhào) (304-329) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420). ...

Liu Shan in Romance of the Three Kingdoms

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a 14th century historical novel by Luo Guanzhong, is a romanticization of the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms era. The novel generally portrays Liu Shan as an incapable ruler who was easily swayed by words, especially those from his favorite eunuch Huang Hao. Two famous stories from the novel involving Liu Shan, both fictional, are: An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... A historical novel is a novel in which the story is set among historical events, or more generally, in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the author. ... Luo Guanzhong (Traditional Chinese: 羅貫中, Wade Giles: Lo Kuan-chung) was a 14th century Chinese author attributed with writing Romance of the Three Kingdoms and editing Outlaws of the Marsh, two of the most revered adventure epics in Chinese literature. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... European illustration of a Eunuch (1749) A eunuch is a castrated man; the term usually refers to those castrated in order to perform a specific social function, as was common in many societies of the past. ... Huang Hao was a eunuch serving Liu Shan, second and last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

Battle of Changban

Main article: Battle of Changban

In 208, Liu Bei was routed by an elite cavalry force led by the powerful warlord Cao Cao at Changban (長阪, northeast of present day Dangyang County, Hubei) and was forced to leave behind Lady Gan and Liu Shan in his retreat. The general Zhao Yun stayed behind to protect the family members of Liu Bei. Although in history Zhao Yun led both mother and child to safety without incident, the novel in Chapter 41 fabricated the suicide of Lady Mi (麋夫人), another consort of Liu Bei and younger sister of Mi Zhu, so that Zhao Yun could concentrate on protecting the infant Liu Shan. Combatants Cao Cao Liu Bei Commanders Cao Cao Liu Bei Strength 5,000 elite cavalry 100,000 mostly unarmed people Casualties Unknown, minimal Unknown The Battle of Changban (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city of Dangyang in Hubei Province), China in the year 208. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... French Republican Guard - May 8, 2005 celebrations Cavalry (from French cavalerie) were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat. ... A warlord is a person with power who has de facto military control of a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220, pronounced Tsau Tsau) was a regional warlord and the second last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... Combatants Cao Cao Liu Bei Commanders Cao Cao Liu Bei Strength 5,000 elite cavalry advance guard followed by over 100,000 infantry 2,000 infantry 100,000 mostly unarmed civilian Casualties Unknown, minimal Unknown The Battle of Changban (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Lady Gan was Liu Beis second wife and mother of Liu Shan. ... Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was an important military commander during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Lady Mi was Liu Bei first wife. ... Mi Zhu (? – 219) was a highly esteemed advisor and brother-in-law of the powerful warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ...

Refusing to take the only horse Zhao Yun had, which was sorely needed to break out of the enemy ranks, Lady Mi leapt into a dried well and killed herself. Zhao Yun then pushed the well over to cover up Lady Mi's corpse for fear of desecration by the enemy, before securing Liu Shan to his chest. He singlehandedly broke out of the enemy encirclement. Cao Cao was so impressed with the general's bravery that he ordered his troops not to fire arrows in the hope of capturing Zhao Yun alive. When Zhao Yun did catch up with Liu Bei and the rest, however, Liu Bei threw the child onto the ground to show that his men were more important to him than his own son.

Zhao Yun rescues A Dou from Lady Sun

In Chapter 61 -- a fictionalization of a true incident -- Lady Sun, younger sister of powerful warlord Sun Quan married to Liu Bei to secure an alliance between the two, returned to her homeland to visit her sick mother. However, the sickness was a lie to persuade Lady Sun to bring along Liu Shan, who would then be used as a hostage to exchange for Jingzhou (荆州, present day Hubei and Hunan) with Liu Bei. When Zhao Yun learned of her departure, he rushed down to the quay, where Lady Sun had already boarded the boat manned by Zhou Shan (周善), whom Sun Quan sent to fetch her sister. Lady Sun, or most famously Sun Shangxiang (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) as she is called in Chinese opera and in contemporary culture, lived during the Three Kingdoms era of ancient China. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... Jingzhou (Simplified Chinese: 荆州; Traditional Chinese: 荊州; pinyin: ) is a city in the Hubei province of the Peoples Republic of China, on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning south of the lake). Hunan is sometimes called 湘 (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province. ...

Grabbing hold of a small fishing boat, Zhao Yun caught up with the larger boat and leapt onto it. Soldiers from the Kingdom of Wu were not able to stop him. Although Zhao Yun was able to forcibly retrieve Liu Shan from his stepmother, he was not able to get off the boat, which was speeding down the river back to Wu lands. Fortunately, the boat was intercepted by a fleet led by Zhang Fei. When Zhou Shan tried to resist, Zhang Fei slew him. The two generals then brought the only son of Liu Bei safely back while Lady Sun returned to her mother. The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. ...

Personal information

• Father
  • Liu Bei (Emperor Zhaolie)
• Mother
  • Lady Gan (甘夫人), Liu Bei's concubine, posthumously honored as Empress Zhaolie
• Wives
  • Empress Zhang (former), daughter of Zhang Fei (created 223, d. 237)
  • Empress Zhang (later), daughter of Zhang Fei (created 238)
• Major Concubines
  • Consort Li (committed suicide 264)
  • Consort Wang, mother of Crown Prince Xuan and Prince Yao
• Children
  • Liu Xuan (劉璿), the Crown Prince (created 238, killed in disturbance 264)
  • Liu Yao (劉瑤), the Prince of Anding (created 238)
  • Liu Cong (劉琮), the Prince of Xihe (created 252, d. 262)
  • Liu Zan (劉瓚), the Prince of Xinping (created 256)
  • Liu Chen (劉諶), the Prince of Beidi (created 259, committed suicide 263)
  • Liu Xun (劉恂), the Prince of Xinxing (created 259), later inherited the Dukedom of Anle
  • Liu Qian (劉虔), the Prince of Shangdang (created 259), might also be named Liu Qu (劉璩)

This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Empress Zhang (張皇后, personal name unknown) (d. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Liu Shan becomes second emperor of Shu-Han upon the death of his father, Liu Bei. ... Events Patriarch Eugenius I succeeds Patriarch Castinus as Patriarch of Constantinople Saint Babylas becomes Patriarch of Antioch Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia. ... Empress Zhang (張皇后, personal name unknown) was an empress of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhang Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a general of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Events Carpians invade Moesia, Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them. ... A swampy marsh area ... Events Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as ruler of the Chinese kingdom of Wu Births Deaths Deng Ai, Wei general Jiang Wei, Shu general,Grand Commander and strategist, and foster son of Zhuge Liang Zhang Yi, Shu general Zhong Hui, Wei general Categories: 264 ... Liu Xuan (劉璿) was a minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms Period of China. ... Events Carpians invade Moesia, Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them. ... Events Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as ruler of the Chinese kingdom of Wu Births Deaths Deng Ai, Wei general Jiang Wei, Shu general,Grand Commander and strategist, and foster son of Zhuge Liang Zhang Yi, Shu general Zhong Hui, Wei general Categories: 264 ... Events Carpians invade Moesia, Maximinus Thrax campaigns against them. ... Events Sun Liang succeeds Sun Quan as king of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu. ... // Events Births Deaths Xi Kang, author Other Often associated with the legendary Laurence 262, whos origins are unknown. ... Events Births Arius, founder of Arianism Deaths Invasions Goths invade Asia Minor. ... Liu Chen (劉諶,?-263) is the fifth son of Liu Shan, the latter ruler of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Valerian (david neiman was here) captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260) The Franks who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania Pope Dionysius elected. ... Events The Wei Kingdom conquered the kingdom of Shu Han, one of the Chinese Three Kingdoms. ... Valerian (david neiman was here) captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260) The Franks who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania Pope Dionysius elected. ... Valerian (david neiman was here) captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260) The Franks who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania Pope Dionysius elected. ...

References

• Chen Shou (2002). San Guo Zhi. Yue Lu Shu She. ISBN 7-80665-198-5. 
• Luo Guanzhong (1986). San Guo Yan Yi. Yue Lu Shu She. ISBN 7-80520-013-0. 
• Lo Kuan-chung; tr. C.H. Brewitt-Taylor (2002). Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3467-9. 
• "阿斗的大名怎样读" by 吕友仁, 中华书局《文史知识》, 11th issue, 1988, retrieved November 30, 2006.

Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

See also

• Han dynasty
• Three Kingdoms
• Personages of the Three Kingdoms
• Table of Chinese monarchs
• Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms
• Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 AD - 24 AD  - Abdication to Cao... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... The following table of Chinese monarchs is in no way inclusive. ... The Sānguó Zhì (Chinese 三国志, or 三國誌), variously translated as Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Records of the Three States and Records of the Three Kingdoms, was the official and authoritative historical text on the Three Kingdoms Period compiled by Chen Shou during the Jin Dynasty (265-420). ... An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). ...

External links

• Translation of the biography of Liu Shan in the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms at Empire Divided

This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Emperors of the Chinese state Shu Han (221-263). ... Liu Shan becomes second emperor of Shu-Han upon the death of his father, Liu Bei. ... Events The Wei Kingdom conquered the kingdom of Shu Han, one of the Chinese Three Kingdoms. ... For the volcano in Indonesia, see Emperor of China (volcano). ... Liu Shan becomes second emperor of Shu-Han upon the death of his father, Liu Bei. ... Events The Wei Kingdom conquered the kingdom of Shu Han, one of the Chinese Three Kingdoms. ... Cao Huan, ch. ... The territories of Cao Wei (in yellow), AD 262 Capital Luoyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 220 - 226 Cao Pi  - 226 - 239 Cao Rui  - 239 - 254 Cao Fang  - 254 - 260 Cao Mao  - 260 - 265 Cao Huan Historical era Three Kingdoms  - Cao Pi taking over the throne of the Later...

Dong Zhao (董昭) was a minister that served under that of the late Han Dynasty. ... Guō Jiā (郭嘉)(170-207), courtesy name Fèngxiào (奉孝), was a famous strategist and advisor for the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China. ... Jia Xu (147 - 224 AD) was an advisor to the Wei Kingdom. ... Mi Heng (彌衡) (?-200 A.D) was a great scholar of the Three Kingdoms period. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Sima Yi (179 - 251) was a general, military strategist, and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. ... Sima Zhao (司馬昭) (211-264) was the son of Prime Minister Sima Yi of the Kingdom of Wei, during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ... Wang Lang (? - 228?) was a politician during the end of the Han Dynasty and then into the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Xun Yu (荀彧) was one of Cao Caos greatest advisors during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Fǎ Zhèng(法正), courtesy name Xiàozhí (孝直), was born in about 175 A.D. in China during the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... Fei Yi (費禕) (d. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Jiang Wan (? - 246 AD) was an officer of the Shu Kingdom. ... Ma Liang (馬良; style name Jichang 季常; sometimes called Bomei 白眉 White eyebrows) was an advisor to Liu Bei, ruler of the Three Kingdoms state of Shu until his death in 222. ... Ma Su (190 – 228) was a military strategist under the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Páng TÇ’ng (龐統) (178-213AD), courtesy name Shìyuán (士元), was an advisor to Liu Bei during the Later Han period. ... Xu Shu (徐庶) was one of Liu Beis advisors during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... Gu Yong was born in Wu county of Wu prefecture. ... Lu Su (鲁肃) was an advisor for the kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, having taken over the position from Zhou Yu. ... Lu Kang (陸抗; 226 – 274) was a son of Lu Xun and the grandson of Sun Ce. ... Lu Xun (Traditional Chinese: 陸遜; Simplified Chinese: 陆逊; Pinyin: Lù Xùn) (183 – 245), originally named Lu Yi (陸議/陆議), was a general of the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... Zhang Hong was a Confucianist and brilliant minister who served Sun Ce and Sun Quan, the leaders of the state of Wu. ... Zhang Zhao (張昭) (156 - 236) was a brilliantly minded civil officer who served under the Sun family at the time of the Three Kingdoms in China. ... Zhou Yu (175 - 210) was a famous militarist and strategist of Eastern Wu of the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... ZhÅ«gé Jǐn (諸葛謹) (174 - 241 AD) was a minister of the Kingdom of Wu of China and older brother of the famous Shu strategist Zhuge Liang. ... This article lacks information on the subject matters importance. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Li Ru (李儒) was the son-in-law of Dong Zhuo. ... Li Su was a famous general of the late Han Dynasty. ... Tian Feng was an advisor of Yuan Shao. ... Cao Hong (169 - 233) was a warrior of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. ... Cao Ren (168 – 223) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... Cao Zhang (曹彰; styled Ziwen 子文) was a son of Cao Cao and a general of the Wei during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... ... Deng Ai (鄧艾) was a talented young officer of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. ... Dian Wei (? – 197) was a warrior during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... Guo Huai was a minor Wei general who served under Cao Cao. ... Li Dian was a renowned scholarly general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Pang De (? – 219) was a prominent general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Xiahou Dun (? – 220) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Xiahou Yuan (? – 219) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Xu Chu was a warrior living in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Xu Xu Huang (169 – 227) was a prominent general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao and his successor Cao Pi during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Yu Jin (? – 220) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... An officer who joined Cao Cao early on in his quest for power (not to be confused with Yu Jin), he was a senior general holding a high rank. ... For the 15th Century fleet Admiral, see Zheng He Zhang He (張郃) (167 – 231) was a distinguished military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Zhang Liao (169 – 222) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... Guan Ping (關平, ? – 219) was the first son of the 3rd century Chinese military general Guan Yu and elder brother of Guan Xing. ... Guan Xing was the second son of the 3rd century Chinese military general Guan Yu and the younger brother of Guan Ping. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Guan (é—œ) Guan Yu (關羽) (160-219) was a Chinese military general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... Huang Zhong (黄忠; style name: Hansheng 汉升) (? - 220), was born Nanyang (in modern day Henan province). ... Jiang Wei (姜維, 202-264), or Jiang Boyue, was amongst some of the greatest generals (chiangchun, or jiangjun) during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ... Liao Hua (廖化; ? - 263 CE), courtesy name Yuanjian (元儉), a military and political figure in ancient Chinese history. ... In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Liu Feng was the adopted son of Liu Bei, founder of the Kingdom of Shu. ... Ma Chao (176 - 222) was the eldest son of Ma Teng and a general of the Three Kingdoms Period. ... Ma Dai was a general of the kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period and former officer under Ma Teng, and later Ma Chao. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Wang Ping is a figure in Chinese military history. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Qing Dynasty illustration. ... Yan Yan (嚴顏) was a brave and loyal general under Liu Zhang during the Three Kingdoms Period in Chinese history. ... Zhang Bao (張苞 å¼ è‹ž) was the oldest son of Shu Han general Zhang Fei. ... Zhāng FÄ“i (張飛, c. ... Zhao Yun (? - 229[1]) was an important military commander during the civil wars of the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Zhou Cang was a fictional character created by Luo Guanzhong in his Romance of the Three Kingdoms . ... Chen Wu (陳武 or 陈武) was a general of the Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... Cheng Pu was a veteran warrior skilled at using the serpent spear who served the Sun family for three generations. ... Ding Feng (Chengyuan) 丁奉 (承淵) Comprehensive Officer Biography Place of Birth: Anfeng County, Lu Jiang (Presently He Qui, An Hui Province) Lifespan: AD 190 – 271 (81 Years) Titles: General Who Eliminates the Bandits, Lord of An Feng, Great Minister of War Ding Feng was known as a brave warrior and skilful strategist. ... Dong Xi (董襲) was a courageous Wu kingdom general from Kuaiji who first entered service with Wu under Sun Ce. ... Gan Ning (甘寧) lived from 175 AD to about 218 AD during the period of Chinese history known as the Three Kingdoms Period. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Huang Gai (黃蓋) was an officer of the Kingdom of Wu in during Chinas Three Kingdoms period. ... Jiang Qin Also known as Gongyi. ... Ling Tong (凌 çµ±), Born in 189 AD at Yuhang, Wujun (Zhe Jiang Province). ... Lü Meng (å‘‚è’™ 178 - 219) was a great general of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. ... // [edit] Origin & Joining Wu Pan Zhang originated from Fagan in Dongjun (Presently Puyang in Henan Province). ... Very little is actually known about Sun Shao. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Xu Sheng (徐盛) (?-?) was a brave Wu general who participated in several battles for Wu. ... Zhou Tai (周泰), courtesy name Youping, was a tall, powerful man who served the kingdom of Wu in the Three Kingdoms era of China. ... Zhu Ran (182 - 248) was a general in the service of the Sun family, and later of the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... Zhu Zhi (156-224) was an officer of the Kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period in China. ... Gao Shun (? – 198) was a military officer under the minor warlord Lü Bu during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Han Sui (??–215) was a warrior and military leader in the waning years of the Han Dynasty and in the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ... He Jin (? – 189) was the elder half-brother of Empress He, consort to Emperor Ling of the late Eastern Han Dynasty. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hua Xiong (? – 190) was a military commandant under the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... An Officer under Yuan Shu, he lead a campaign against the three brothers Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. ... King Wutugu (兀突骨) is a character in the classical Chinese historical novel The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. ... Li Jue (simplified Chinese: 李傕) (died 197) took command of Dong Zhuos empire after the latter was assassinated by Lü Bu, and with the help of Guo Si, Zhang Ji and Fan Chou he managed to take over Chang An, and secure power within the Imperial Court. ... Wen Chou was a great military general under Yuan Shao nearing the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China. ... Xu Rong (? - 192) was a general in the service of Dong Zhuo at the end of the Han dynasty in China. ... Yan Liang (颜良) was a general serving under Yuan Shao during the Eastern Han Dynasty period of ancient China. ... Zhang Ren (?-213 AD) In the novel [[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] by Luo Guanzhong, Zhang Ren was an officer under the warlord Liu Zhang. ... Diao Chan (貂蟬, py: Diāo Chán) was one of the Four Beauties of ancient China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... Huà Tuó was a famous Chinese physician during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms era. ... Lady Wu(200-256) was a master swordsman. ... Lü Lingqi (呂玲綺) is the fictional name of the daughter of Lu Bu and his first wife Lady Yan. ... Sima Hui (司馬徽) is a character in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. His taoist name was Water Mirror, Shui-ching, or Shui Jing. ... Lady Sun, or most famously Sun Shangxiang (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) as she is called in Chinese opera and in contemporary culture, lived during the Three Kingdoms era of ancient China. ... Wang Yun was the father of Diao Chan, and is most famous for creating the great rift that led to the death of Dong Zhuo at the hands of Lu Bu. ... Homonymy : Zhurong is originally the name of a mythical emperor and fire deity of Chinese antiquity. ... Zuo Ci (左慈) is a semi-legendary personage of the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. ...