Livonian Confederation Confederation of ecclesiastic states; State of the Holy Roman Empire 1228 – 1560 → → A confederation is an association of sovereign states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... This article is about the Christian buildings of worship. ... This is the main page for the list of states which were part of the Holy Roman Empire, as alphabetized in the adjacent template, at any time within the empires existence between 962 and 1806. ... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in c. ... Image File history File links Kurlandia. ... The Duchy of Courland as a part of The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1772 (above, yellow). ... Image File history File links Wappen_Deutscher_Bund. ... In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of... Image File history File links Baltic_coat_of_arms. ... Coat of arms Capital Walk 56°49′N, 24°30′E Language(s) Low German Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Confederation Legislature Landtag Historical era Middle Ages  - Conquest of Estonia 1208–27  - Established 1228  - Reval (Tallinn) gains Lübeck Rights 1248  - Reval joins Hanseatic League late 13th century  - Landtag formed 1419  - Livonian War 1558–82  - Wilno Pact 1560  - Kingdom of Livonia 1570–78

The Livonian Confederation was a loosely organized confederation in present-day Estonia and Latvia that existed from 1228 to the 1560s. It contained five small states (the Livonian Order, Archbishopric of Riga, Bishopric of Dorpat, Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, and Bishopric of Courland). Image File history File links Confederation_of_Livonia_1260. ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... Walk was the historical German name for the town that is now divided into Valga in Estonia and Valka in Latvia. ... Low German (in Low German, Platt(düütsch) or Nedderdüütsch) is any of a variety of West Germanic languages spoken in northern Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... A government is a body that has the power to make, and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporabgd, religious, academic, or other organization or group. ... A confederation is an association of sovereign states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ... A Landtag (Diet) is a representative assembly or parliament in German speaking countries with some legislative authority. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Combatants Livonian Order Estonian elderships Commanders Albert of Riga Anders Sunesen Caupo of Turaida † Theoderich von Treyden Volquin Wenno William of Modena Lembitu of Lehola † Vyachko † Strength unknown unknown The 13th century conquest of Estonia was undertaken by the Livonian Order, the Kingdom of Denmark, and their allies against the... January 31 - Inferior Swedish forces defeats the invading danes in Battle of Lena. ... January 11 first mention of city of Požega in a charter of Andrew II of Hungary March 19 - Pope Gregory IX succeeds Pope Honorius III as the 178th pope. ... The city of Tallinn is the capital city and main seaport of Estonia. ... County Harju County Mayor Jüri Ratas Area 159. ... Lübecks law was from the 13th century in the Middle Ages the foundation for municipal laws in many neighbouring cities on the Baltic Sea. ... For broader historical context, see 1240s and 13th century. ... Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539). ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... A Landtag (Diet) is a representative assembly or parliament in German speaking countries with some legislative authority. ... Events January 19 – Hundred Years War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England which brings Normandy under the control of England. ... The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. ... Events January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England July 13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. ... Gregorian Calendar switch: Year 1582 involved conversion to the Gregorian calendar. ... The Wilno Pact was an agreement reached on November 28, 1561 between Sigismund II Augustus and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. ... Livonia in 1561. ... Events January 23 - The assassination of regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray throws Scotland into civil war February 25 - Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull Regnans in Excelsis May 20 - Abraham Ortelius issues the first modern atlas. ... Events January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. ... Events The Sixth Crusade is launched by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX. Conrad IV of Germany becomes titular King of Jerusalem, with Frederick II as regent. ... William Shakespeare is born. ... The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Latin Fratres militiae Christi, literally the brothers of the army of Christ), also known as the Christ Knights, Sword Brethren or The Militia of Christ of Livonia, was a military order started in 1202 by Albert von Buxhövden, bishop of Riga (or Prince... The Archibishopric of Riga within the Livonian Confederation, circa 1260. ... The Bishopric of Dorpat was a medieval principality 1234-1558 in what are now Tartu, Põlva, Võru and Jõgeva counties in Estonia. ... The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (German: Bistum Ösel-Wiek, Estonian: Saare-Lääne piiskopkond) was a semi-independent principality in what is now Saare and Lääne counties of Estonia. ... Bishopric of Courland (light orange). ...

This division was created by Papal Legate William of Modena in 1228 as a compromise between the church and the powerful Livonian Order, both factions led by Germans, after the German knights had conquered and subdued the territories of several indigenous tribes: Finnic-speaking Estonians and Livs. and Baltic-speaking Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians and Curonians. The theoretical formula for dispersing the lands was one-third to the Order and the remaining two-thirds to the church. In reality, most of Livonia's territory was controlled by the Order and conflicts between the Order, the bishops, and the powerful Hanseatic cities were common throughout the existence of the Confederation. To solve internal disputes, the Livonian Diet or Landtag was formed in 1419. The city of Walk was chosen as the site of the Diet. The Diet was comprised of members of the Livonian Order, Livonian Bishops, vassals and city representatives. A papal Legate, from the Decretals of Boniface VIII (1294 to 1303). ... William of Modena, Bishop of Modena in 1221, was frequently appointed a legate, or papal ambassador by the popes Honorius III and Gregory IX, especially in Livonia in the 1220s and in the Prussian questions of the 1240s. ... Events The Sixth Crusade is launched by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX. Conrad IV of Germany becomes titular King of Jerusalem, with Frederick II as regent. ... The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota... Geographical distribution of Finno-Ugric (Finno-Permic in blue, Ugric in green). ... The Livonians were the indigenous Finnics who since ancient times populated the shores of the Gulf of Riga adjacent to the Indo-European Balts. ... The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. ... The term Latgalians (also spelt Latgallians and sometimes known as Lettigalls, Latgolans, or Lettigallians) can refer to the inhabitants of the Latgale region in eastern Latvia in general, the ethnic Latvians of Latgale (especially those who speak the Latgalian dialect of Latvian), or to the ancient Baltic tribe. ... Selonians were a tribe of Baltic peoples that are now extinct. ... The Semigallians (Latvian Zemgaļi, also Zemgalians, Semigalls, Semigalians) are one of the Baltic tribes that lived in the southern middle part of Latvia, Zemgale. ... The Curonians (also called Kursi, Latvian Kurši) are one of the extinct Baltic tribes that later formed the Latvian nation. ... Baltic Tribes, ca 1200 CE This article is about the region in Europe. ... The foundations of the Hanseatic League (German: Hanse), an alliance of trading cities that for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic, can be seen as early as the 12th century, with the... A Landtag (Diet) is a representative assembly or parliament in German speaking countries with some legislative authority. ... Events January 19 – Hundred Years War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England which brings Normandy under the control of England. ... Walk was the historical German name for the town that is now divided into Valga in Estonia and Valka in Latvia. ...

All five states of the Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–82). The Livonian Order was dissolved by the Wilno Pact in 1560. The following year, the Livonian Diet decided to ask protection of Zygmunt II August, the King of Poland, and the Grand Duke of Lithuania. With the end of government by the last Archbishop of Riga William of Brandenburg, Riga became a Free Imperial City. The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. ... Events January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England July 13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. ... Gregorian Calendar switch: Year 1582 involved conversion to the Gregorian calendar. ... The Wilno Pact was an agreement reached on November 28, 1561 between Sigismund II Augustus and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... Reign From April 1, 1548 until July 6, 1572 Coronation On September 15, 1697 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Jagiellon Parents Zygmunt I Stary Bona Sforza Consorts Elżbieta Habsburzanka Barbara RadziwiÅ‚Å‚ Katarzyna Austriaczka Barbara Giżycka Children with Barbara Giżycka Barbara Date of Birth... Wilhelm of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Riga, was a member of the house of Hohenzollern. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of...

Livonia in the 15th century

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x900, 2286 KB) Beschreibung: Historische Karte von Livland, vermutlich 15. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x900, 2286 KB) Beschreibung: Historische Karte von Livland, vermutlich 15. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...

See also

• Kingdom of Livonia
• Üxküll (Ikšķile)
• Northern Crusades