Nephropidae
American lobster, Homarus americanus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda Infraorder: Astacidea Family: Nephropidae Dana, 1852
Subfamilies and Genera
Neophoberinae Acanthacaris Thymopinae Nephropsis Nephropides Thymops Thymopsis Nephropinae Homarus Nephrops Homarinus Metanephrops Eunephrops Thymopides

Clawed lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. Lobsters are economically important as seafood, forming the basis of a global industry that nets US$1.8 billion in trade annually. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1802x2751, 662 KB) This file has been extracted from an original image in The New Students Reference Work: Image:LA2-NSRW-3-0102. ... Binomial name Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is a species of lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... Classes & Subclasses Branchiopoda Phyllopoda Sarsostraca Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Thecostraca Tantulocarida Branchiura Pentastomida Mystacocarida Copepoda Ostracoda Myodocopa Podocopa Malacostraca Phyllocarida Hoplocarida Eumalacostraca The nauplius larva of a dendrobranchiate Porcellio scaber, the common rough woodlouse, a terrestrial crustacean Pollicipes polymerus, the gooseneck barnacle Glyphea pseudastacus, a fossil glypheoid The crustaceans (Crustacea) are... // Subclasses Eumalacostraca Hoplocarida Phyllocarida See text for orders. ... Suborders Dendrobranchiata Pleocyemata See text for superfamilies. ... Superfamilies see text Astacidea is a group of decapod crustaceans including lobsters, crayfish and their close relatives. ... James Dwight Dana (February 12, 1813 - April 14, 1895) was an American geologist, mineralogist and zoologist. ... ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Species - American lobster - European lobster Homarus is a genus of lobsters, which include the common and commercially significant species Homarus americanus (American lobster) and the European lobster (Homarus gammarus). ... Binomial name Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (also called Dublin Bay prawn or langoustine), is a slim orange-pink lobster up to 24 cm long [2] found in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and North Sea as far north as Iceland and northern Norway, and south... Binomial name Homarinus capensis (Herbst, 1792) The Cape lobster, Homarinus capensis, is a small lobster that lives off the coast of South Africa, between Cape Town and East London. ... Species Metanephrops australiensis Metanephrops binghami Metanephrops boschmai Metanephrops challengeri Metanephrops formosanus Metanephrops japonicus Metanephrops mozambicus Metanephrops neptunus Metanephrops rubellus Metanephrops sagamiensis Metanephrops sibogae Metanephrops sinensis Metanephrops thomsoni Metanephrops velutinus Metanephrops is a genus of lobsters, commonly known as scampi. ... Classes & Subclasses Branchiopoda Phyllopoda Sarsostraca Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Thecostraca Tantulocarida Branchiura Pentastomida Mystacocarida Copepoda Ostracoda Myodocopa Podocopa Malacostraca Phyllocarida Hoplocarida Eumalacostraca The nauplius larva of a dendrobranchiate Porcellio scaber, the common rough woodlouse, a terrestrial crustacean Pollicipes polymerus, the gooseneck barnacle Glyphea pseudastacus, a fossil glypheoid The crustaceans (Crustacea) are... Spaghetti with seafood (Spaghetti allo scoglio). ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ...

Though several different groups of crustaceans are known as "lobsters," the clawed lobsters are most often associated with the name. Clawed lobsters are not closely related with spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters, which have no claws (chelae), or squat lobsters. The closest relatives of clawed lobsters are the reef lobster Enoplometopus and the three families of freshwater crayfish. Genera Jasus Linuparus Palinurus Panulirus Spiny lobsters, also known as rock lobsters are a family (Palinuridae) of about 45 species of achelate crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. ... Genera Acantharctus Antarctus Antipodarctus Bathyarctus Biarctus Chelarctus Crenarctus Eduarctus Galearctus Gibbularctus Ibacus Parribacus Petrarctus Remiarctus Scammarctus Scyllarus Scyllarides Thenus Slipper lobsters, sometimes called bulldozers, are a family of achelate (clawless) decapod crustaceans found in all warm oceans and seas. ... A claw is a curved pointed appendage, found at the end of a toe or finger or, in arthropods, of the tarsus. ... Families and genera Chirostylidae Ortmann, 1892 Chirostylus Ortmann, 1892 Eumunida Smith, 1883 Gastroptychus Caurelly, 1896 Pseudomunida Uroptychus Baba, 1988. ... Species Lütken, 1865 Intès and Le Loeuff, 1970 Kensley and Child, 1986 Chan and Yu, 1998 Holthuis, 1983 Holthuis, 1983 (De Saint Laurent, 1988) Gordon, 1968 (Randall, 1840) A. Milne Edwards, 1862 Türkay, 1989 Reef lobsters (genus Enoplometopus) constitute a single family of small lobsters that live... Families Astacoidea   Astacidae   Cambaridae Parastacoidea   Parastacidae Crayfish, often referred to as crawfish or crawdad, are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are closely related. ...

Biology

Lobsters are invertebrates, and have a tough exoskeleton, which protects them. Like most arthropods, lobsters must molt in order to grow, leaving them vulnerable during this time. During the molting process, several species may experience a change in color. Invertebrate is a term that describes any animal without a spinal column. ... An exoskeleton is an external anatomical feature that supports and protects an animals body, in contrast to the internal endoskeleton of, for example, a human. ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... Ecdysis is the molting of the cuticula in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). ...

Lobsters live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the continental shelf. They generally live singly in crevices or in burrows under rocks.  Sediment  Rock  Mantle  The global continental shelf, highlighted in cyan The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow seas (known as shelf seas) and gulfs. ...

Lobsters typically eat live food, consisting of fish, mollusks, other crustaceans, worms, and some plant life. Occasionally, they will scavenge if necessary, and may resort to cannibalism in captivity; however, this has not been observed in the wild. Lobster skin in the stomachs of lobsters has been found before, although this is because lobsters will eat their shed skin after molting ^[1]. Lobsters grow throughout their lives and it is not unusual for a lobster to live for more than 100 years ^[2]. They can thus reach impressive sizes. According to the Guinness World Records, the largest lobster was caught in Nova Scotia, Canada and weighed 20.14 kg (44.4 lb). This article is about consuming ones own species. ... Ecdysis is the molting of the cuticula in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). ... Guinness World Records 2007 edition. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit(Latin) One defends and the other conquers Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis - Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 11 - Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area... The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et...

Being arthropods, lobsters are largely bilaterally symmetrical; clawed lobsters often possess unequal, specialized claws, like the king crab. A freshly caught lobster will have a claw that is full and fleshy, not atrophied. The anatomy of the lobster includes the cephalothorax which is the head fused with the thorax, both of which are covered by the carapace, of chitinous composition, and the abdomen. The lobster's head consists of antennae, antennules, mandibles, the first and second maxillae, and the first, second, and third maxillipeds. Because a lobster lives in a murky environment at the bottom of the ocean, its vision is poor and it mostly uses its antennae as sensors. Studies have shown that the lobster eye is formed with a reflective structure atop a convex retina. In contrast, most complex eyes use refractive ray concentrators (lenses) and a concave retina ^[3]. The abdomen of the lobster includes swimmerets and its tail is composed of uropods and the telson. Genera Acantholithodes Cryptolithodes Dermaturus Glyptolithodes Hapalogaster Lithodes Lopholithodes Neolithodes Oedignathus Paralithodes Paralomis Phyllolithodes Placetron Rhinolithodes King crabs, also called stone crabs, are a family of crab-like decapod crustaceans chiefly found in cold seas. ... The cephalothorax is an anatomical term used of arachnid and malacostracan arthropods for the first major body section. ... Diagram of a tsetse fly, showing the head, thorax and abdomen The thorax is a division of an animals body that lies between the head and the abdomen. ... The term carapace refers to a dorsal section of an exoskeleton or shell, in a number of animal groups. ... Structure of the chitin molecule, showing two of the N-Acetylglucosamine units that repeat to form long chains in beta-1,4 linkage. ... Insects display a wide variety of antennal shapes. ... The mouthparts of arthropods have evolved into a number of forms, each adapted to a different style of feeding. ... The maxillae are the largest bones of the face, except for the mandible, and form, by their union, the whole of the upper jaw. ... Antennules Pereiopods Carapace Pleopods Uropods Telson The body of a decapod crustacean is made up of nineteen body segments grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. ... Antennules Pereiopods Carapace Pleopods Uropods Telson The body of a decapod crustacean is made up of nineteen body segments grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. ... Antennules Pereiopods Carapace Pleopods Uropods Telson The body of a decapod crustacean is made up of nineteen body segments grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. ... The telson is the last division of the body of a crustacean. ...

In general, lobsters move slowly by walking on the bottom of the sea floor. However, when they are in danger and need to flee, they swim backwards quickly by curling and uncurling their abdomen. A speed of 5 meters per second has been recorded ^[4]. The abdomen is a part of the body. ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ...

List of clawed lobster species

European lobster, Homarus gammarus

This list contains all known species in the family Nephropidae ^[5]: Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3008x2000, 2966 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lobster European lobster Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3008x2000, 2966 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lobster European lobster Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Binomial name Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) The European Lobster (Homarus gammarus) is a lobster whose range includes the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Lofoten Islands in northwestern Norway to the Azores and Morocco. ...

Binomial name Eunephrops bairdii S. I. Smith, 1885 Eunephrops bairdii is a species of marine lobster endemic to the Caribbean Sea. ... Binomial name Homarinus capensis (Herbst, 1792) The Cape lobster, Homarinus capensis, is a small lobster that lives off the coast of South Africa, between Cape Town and East London. ... Binomial name Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is a species of lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America. ... Binomial name Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) The European Lobster (Homarus gammarus) is a lobster whose range includes the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Lofoten Islands in northwestern Norway to the Azores and Morocco. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Metanephrops australiensis (Bruce, 1966) Metanephrops australiensis, commonly known as Australian scampi, is a lobster found off the north-western coast of Western Australia near Port Hedland [1]. ^ Lipke Holthuis (1991). ... Binomial name Metanephrops binghami (Boone, 1927) Metanephrops binghami, the Caribbean lobster or Caribbean lobsterette, is a lobster which inhabits the western Atlantic region: from the Bahamas and southern Florida to French Guiana, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea [1]. ^ Lipke Holthuis (1991). ... Binomial name Metanephrops boschmai (Holthuis, 1964) The bight lobster, Metanephrops boschmai is a species of lobster, which lives in the Indo-West Pacific [1]. ^ Lipke Holthuis (1991). ... Binomial name Metanephrops challengeri Balss, 1914 Metanephrops challengeri (the New Zealand lobster or New Zealand scampi) is a species of lobster that lives around the coasts of New Zealand at depths of between 250 m and 1000 m. ... Binomial name Metanephrops japonicus (Tapparone-Canefri, 1873) Metanephrops japonicus is a species of lobster found in Taiwanese waters [1]. ^ Lipke Holthuis (1991). ... Binomial name Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (also called Dublin Bay prawn or langoustine), is a slim orange-pink lobster up to 24 cm long [2] found in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and North Sea as far north as Iceland and northern Norway, and south...

Gastronomy

A 4–pound lobster ready to prepare

A dish including an American lobster

Lobster is best eaten fresh, and they are normally purchased live. Lobsters are usually shipped and sold with their claws banded to prevent them from injuring each other or the purchaser. Lobsters cannot open and close the claws when they are banded, which causes the claws to begin to atrophy inside the shell. Very fresh lobsters will not show this, and the claws will be full. Many restaurants that serve lobster keep a tank of the live creatures, often allowing patrons to pick their own. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x3072, 3397 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lobster Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x3072, 3397 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Lobster Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Binomial name Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is a species of lobster found on the Atlantic coast of North America. ...

If the lobster is to be boiled or steamed, most cooks place the live lobster into the pot. If the lobster is to be fried, grilled or baked it is best not to boil the lobster before further cooking. Freezing the lobster may toughen the meat.

When boiling a lobster, the general rule of thumb is to simmer the lobster for 7 minutes for the first pound and 3 minutes for each additional pound ^[6].

The shell of the lobster makes eating them a slow process for the unskilled or timid, who may require a number of implements including nutcrackers, a small fork, and a plastic bib. It is possible to shell a lobster by hand if one is careful to avoid the sharp points. The tail can be snapped open by first squeezing its sides inward, and then grabbing the edges of the shell, placing the thumbs on the dorsal side and pulling the sides apart. The claws usually open by hyper-extending the lobster's "thumb" and then pulling it out. Sometimes the claws can then be cracked by simply squeezing them. Otherwise, an ordinary fork is usually sufficient to snap open the side of the claw. Some restaurants will split the tail of the lobster and crack the claws in the kitchen. This is done to simplify their diner's meals and in some cases as a decorative step. (Especially when the lobster is to be served with a sauce poured over the tail.) A variety of nutcrackers A nutcracker consists of a mechanical device for cracking nuts. ... Binomial name Trisopterus luscus Linnaeus, 1758 Trisopterus luscus (also known as bib, pouting, pout whiting or pout) is a fish belonging to the cod family (Gadiformes). ... A scorpion tail The tail is the section at the rear end of an animals body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. ... Various seashells Danielle A shell is the hard, rigid outer covering, or integument, allanimals. ... Assorted forks. ...

The majority of the meat is in the tail and the two front claws, but smaller quantities can be found in the legs and torso. The larger the lobster the greater the proportion of meat in the small legs and body. Lobster can be consumed simply, boiled or steamed, or used in a wide array of dishes and salads. It can be served as lobster soup or bisque or mixed with mayonnaise for lobster rolls. Lobster meat is often dipped in melted butter, resulting in a sweetened flavor. CLAWS can also refer to the web site of Creating Livable Alternatives to Wage Slavery (CLAWS)[1] CLAWS is a modular open-source software package that provides account and identity management functions in a heterogeneous computing environment. ... In an extended sense, a leg is any part of an object that supports it off the ground. ... The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ... Kinnikuman character, see Meat Alexandria. ... Bisque can refer to: A fired piece of unglazed clay; see Bisque (pottery). ...

History

The European wild lobster, among whom is the royal blue lobster of Audresselles, is more expensive and rare than the American lobster but was always appreciated chiefly among the royal and aristocratic families of France and the Netherlands. Such scenes were depicted in Dutch paintings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Audresselles is a seaside French village and commune, south of Cape Gris Nez, in the Pas-de-Calais département, Nord-Pas-de-Calais région. ...

In North America prior to the 20th century, local lobster was not a popular food. In the Maritimes, eating lobster was considered a mark of poverty. In some parts of the Maritime provinces of Canada, lobster was used as a fertilizer for farmers' fields, and a great deal of lobster was fed to slaves or the lower members of society. Outside of the rural outports lobster was sold canned, losing much of its flavour, which can be disguised if the lobster is dipped in drawn butter. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The Maritime provinces. ...

The reputation of lobster changed with the development of the modern transportation industry that allowed live lobsters to be shipped from the outports to large urban centres. Fresh lobster quickly became a luxury food and a tourist attraction for the Maritime provinces and Maine and an export to Europe and Japan where it is especially expensive.

The expense of eating lobster has led to supermarkets selling "faux lobster"; (which is clearly labeled as such), and it is made from fish (often pollock or other whitefish) that has been altered to look and taste similar to lobster. A few restaurants have gone so far as to sell "langostino lobster". Langostino translates into prawn, however the actual animal is, (more likely than not), a crab. Maine fishermen are upset that restaurants are passing off the fake as though is an actual lobster, (the spiny lobster is also called langouste). It is doubtful that the customers would be very happy to find out they are paying more for what is probably nothing more than a fancy-named crab. Rubio's Fresh Mexican Grill sold a "Lobster Burrito" which was made from squat lobster, another shellfish which is also very similar to the crab ^[7]. Species Pollachius pollachius Pollachius virens Pollock is the common name used for either of the two species of marine fish in the Pollachius genus. ... Whitefish (or white fish) has several meanings: It is a fisheries term referring to the flesh of many types of fish; see Whitefish (fisheries term) It refers precisely to the whitefishes of the salmonid genus Coregonus It can refer specifically to the common whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) It was formerly used... The term langostino is a Spanish word meaning prawn but is commonly used in the restaurant trade to refer to the meat of the squat lobster, neither a true lobster nor a true prawn. ... Superfamilies Penaeoidea Aristeidae Benthesicymidae Penaeidae Sicyoniidae Solenoceridae Sergestoidea Luciferidae Sergestidae Prawns are shrimp-like crustaceans, belonging to the sub-order Dendrobranchiata [1]. Prawns are distinguished from the superficially similar shrimp by the gill structure which is branching in prawns (hence the name, dendro=tree; branchia=gill), but is lamellar in... Superfamilies Dromiacea Homolodromioidea Dromioidea Homoloidea Eubrachyura Raninoidea Cyclodorippoidea Dorippoidea Calappoidea Leucosioidea Majoidea Hymenosomatoidea Parthenopoidea Retroplumoidea Cancroidea Portunoidea Bythograeoidea Xanthoidea Bellioidea Potamoidea Pseudothelphusoidea Gecarcinucoidea Cryptochiroidea Pinnotheroidea * Ocypodoidea * Grapsoidea * An asterisk (*) marks the crabs included in the clade Thoracotremata. ... Genera Jasus Linuparus Palinurus Panulirus Spiny lobsters, also known as rock lobsters are a family (Palinuridae) of about 45 species of achelate crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. ... Rubios Fresh Mexican Grill, formerly known as Rubios Baja Grill, also simply known as Rubios, is a fast casual restaurant chain specializing in Mexican food, with an emphasis on fish tacos. ... Families and genera Chirostylidae Ortmann, 1892 Chirostylus Ortmann, 1892 Eumunida Smith, 1883 Gastroptychus Caurelly, 1896 Pseudomunida Uroptychus Baba, 1988. ...

Catching

The usual method of catching lobsters has been to use baited, one-way traps located deep underwater with a coded marker buoy at the surface so that fishermen can find their cages and not pull up someone else's traps. Around the year 2000, due to overfishing and demand overwhelming supply, many countries began to try lobster farming, which is similar to fish farming. A demonstration aquaculture facility Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture. ...

Capacity for pain and suffering

The question of whether or not lobsters can experience pain is unresolved. Because of the ambiguous nature of suffering, most people who contend that lobsters do have this capacity approach the issue using 'argument by analogy' -- that is, they hold that certain similarities between lobsters' and humans' biology or behavior warrants an assumption that lobsters can feel pain ^[8]. Others argue that the dissimilarities of lobsters and humans — in, for example, their quantity of neurons or nervous system organization — show that a capacity for pain is unlikely ^[9]

In February 2005, a review of the literature by the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety tentatively concluded that "it is unlikely that [lobsters] can feel pain," though they note that "there is apparently a paucity of exact knowledge on sentience in crustaceans, and more research is needed." This conclusion is based on the lobster's simple nervous system. The report assumes that the violent reaction of lobsters to boiling water is a reflex to noxious stimuli ^[10]. However, a Scottish review released in the same year reported that "scientific evidence ... strongly suggests that there is a potential for [lobsters] to experience pain and suffering," primarily because lobsters (and other decapod crustaceans) "have opioid receptors and respond to opioids (analgesics such as morphine) in a similar way to vertebrates," and because of similarities in lobsters' and vertebrates' stress systems and behavioral responses to pain ^[8].

Opioids

In vertebrates, endogenous opioids are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opiate receptors. Opioid peptides and opiate receptors occur naturally in crustaceans, and although "at present no certain conclusion can be drawn,"^[10] some have interpreted their presence as an indication that lobsters may be able to experience pain ^[10][8]. The aforementioned Scottish paper holds that lobsters' opioids may "mediate pain in the same way" as in vertebrates ^[8]. An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ...

Morphine, an analgesic, and naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, may affect a related species of crustacean (Chasmagnathus granulatus) in much the same way they affect vertebrates: injections of morphine into crabs produced a dose-dependent reduction of their defensive response to an electric shock ^[11]. (However, the attenuated defensive response could originate from either the analgesic or sedative properties of morphine, or both ^[12].) These findings have been replicated for other invertebrate species ^[12], but similar data is not yet available for lobsters. Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is a highly potent opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate. ... Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opioid overdose, for example heroin and morphine overdose. ...

Animal rights issues

The most common way of killing a lobster is by placing it, live, in boiling water. (This method is also used to kill crayfish and shrimps.) This is controversial because some people believe that the lobster suffers. The practice is illegal in some places, such as in Reggio Emilia, Italy, where offenders face fines of up to €495 ^[13]. The Norwegian study states that the lobster may be de-sensitized by placing it in a salt-solution 15 minutes before killing it. The quickest way to kill a lobster may be to insert a knife into its head and cleave the head in two, thereby destroying two of the most important nerve clusters of the lobster. Some feel that this is more humane than placing the live lobster into boiling water. Freezing the lobster for 15 minutes to 2 hours before boiling may de-sensitize the lobster, although no proof of this exists. In addition, this freezing will delay the preparation of a lobster dish in the restaurant. Country Italy Region Emilia-Romagna Province Reggio Emilia (RE) Mayor Graziano Delrio (from July 1, 2004) Elevation 58 m Area 231 km² Population  - Total 141,383  - Density 612/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Reggiani Dialing code 0522 Postal code 42100 Frazioni see list Patron San Prospero  - Day...

Some stores will kill a lobster upon purchase by microwaving it. Whether or not death occurs more quickly than when the lobster is dropped in boiling water is not clear. There are, however, locations where the sale of a dead lobster to be eaten is illegal, including Massachusetts ^[14]. Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²)  - Width 183 miles (295 km)  - Length 113 miles (182 km)  - % water 13. ...

In 2006, British inventor Simon Buckhaven invented the CrustaStun, which electrocutes lobsters with a 110 V electric shock, killing them in about five seconds. This ensures a quicker death for the lobster. Seafood wholesalers in Britain already use a commercial version. A home version measuring about 46 cm width and depth will be out by the end of 2006 for about GB£2000 ^[15][16]. Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ... Sign warning of possible electric shock hazard An electric shock can occur upon contact of a human or animal body with any source of voltage high enough to cause sufficient current flow through the muscles or nerves. ... A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ... “GBP” redirects here. ...

See also

• Symbion
• Lobster Newberg
• Lobster Thermidor
• Shrimp
• Crayfish

Binomial name Symbion pandora Funch & Kristensen, 1995 Symbion is a genus of peculiar animals, with a single species, . It was discovered in 1995 by Reinhardt Kristensen and Peter Funch on the mouthparts of the Norwegian lobster Nephrops norvegicus. ... Lobster Newberg is a seafood dish made from lobster, butter, cream, and eggs. ... Lobster Thermidor is a French dish consisting of a creamy, cheesy mixture of cooked lobster meat, egg yolks, and brandy or sherry, stuffed into a lobster shell, and optionally served with an oven-browned cheese crust. ... Superfamilies Alpheoidea Atyoidea Bresilioidea Campylonotoidea Crangonoidea Galatheacaridoidea Nematocarcinoidea Oplophoroidea Palaemonoidea Pandaloidea Pasiphaeoidea Procaridoidea Processoidea Psalidopodoidea Stylodactyloidea True shrimp are swimming, decapod crustaceans classified in the infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water. ... Families Astacoidea   Astacidae   Cambaridae Parastacoidea   Parastacidae Crayfish, often referred to as crawfish or crawdad, are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are closely related. ...

References

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... David Foster Wallace (born February 21, 1962) is an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. ... Cover Consider the Lobster (2005) is a collection of essays by novelist David Foster Wallace. ... Little, Brown and Company is a publishing house established by Charles Coffin Little and his partner, James Brown. ... Nature is one of the most prominent scientific journals, first published on 4 November 1869. ... The Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), also referred to as Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Pêches et Océans Canada), is the department within the government of Canada with responsibility for the management and safety of waters under federal jurisdiction. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Journal of Crustacean Biology is the worlds leading carcinology journal, with an impact factor of 0. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The San Diego Union-Tribune is a daily newspaper published in San Diego, California by the Copley Press. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap, UMB) is a university in Norway, established as agricultural school in 1859. ... County District Østlandet Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... This article concerns the British newspaper. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Massachusetts General Court is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Homarus

• Lipke Holthuis. Marine Lobsters of the World. Food and Agriculture Organization.
• Lobster Liberation