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Localism describes a range of political philosophies which prioritise the local. Generally they support local production and consumption of goods, local control of government, and local culture and identity. Localist politics have been approached from many directions by different groups. Nevertheless, localism can generally be described as related to Regionalism, and in opposition to Centralism. It is primarily a rural movement. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Circle-question. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... Regionalism is a term in international relations that refers to the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region. ... Centralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China An artists rendering of an aerial view of the Maryland countryside: Jane Frank (Jane Schenthal Frank, 1918-1986), Aerial Series: Ploughed Fields, Maryland, 1974, acrylic and mixed materials on apertured double canvas, 52...

History

Localists assert that throughout the world's history, the scale of most social and economic institutions has been local, as opposed to regional, inter-regional, or global. Only with imperialism and the industrial revolution did local scales become deingrated. Most strands of localism position themselves as defending aspects of this earlier way of life; the phrase "relocalization" is often used in this sense. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A Watt steam engine. ...

In the 20th Century, localism has drawn heavily on the writings of Leopold Kohr, E.F. Schumacher, Wendell Berry, and Kirkpatrick Sale, among others. More generally, localism has drawn on a wide range of movements and concerns that it proposes to address by re-localizing institutions. These include anarchism, bioregionalism, environmentalism, the Greens, and more specific concerns about food, monetary policy, and education. Political parties of all persuasions have also occasionally favored devolution of power to local authorities. In this vein Alan Milburn Labour Party MP has spoken of "making services more locally accountable, devolving more power to local communities and, in the process, forging a modern relationship between the state, citizens and services"^[1] Leopold Kohr (born October 5, 1909 in Austria/Oberndorf near Salzburg, died February 26, 1994 in Gloucester, England) was an economist, jurist, political scientist and a practicing philosopher. ... Ernst Friedrich Fritz Schumacher (1911-1977) was an economist with a professional background as a statistician and economist in Britain. ... Wendell Berry (born August 5, 1934, Henry County, Kentucky) is an American man of letters, academic, cultural and economic critic, and farmer. ... Kirkpatrick Sale is an author, technology critic (neo-luddite) and tax resister. ... Anarchism is a political philosophy or group of doctrines and attitudes centered on rejection of any form of authoritarian relationship, hierarchical institution or compulsory government (cf. ... Bioregional democracy (or the Bioregional State) is a set of environment concerns, e. ... For the psychology topic, see Environmental psychology. ... Greens are people who support some or all of goals of a Green Party without necessarily working with or voting for that or any party. ... Look up Devolution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Rt Hon. ... The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the principal political party of the left in England, Scotland and Wales. ...

Beginning in the 1980s, a particular visible strain of localism in the United States was a movement to buy locally produced products. This movement originated with organic farming, and likely gained impetus because of growing dissatisfaction with organic certification. While the advocates of local consumption drew on protectionist arguments, they also appealed primarily to an environmental argument: that pollution caused by transporting goods was a major externality in a global economy, and one that "localvores" could greatly diminish. Organic cultivation of mixed vegetables in Capay, California. ... Mixed organic bean sprouts Organic certification is a certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of promoting favored domestic industries through the use of high tariffs and other regulations to discourage imports. ... An environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. ... In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit from an economic transaction that parties external to the transaction receive. ...

Localism as a Political Philosophy

In the early 21st century, localists have frequently found themselves aligned with critics of globalisation, and especially with the Left. Variants of localism are prevalent within the Green movement. According to an article in the International Socialism Journal, localism of this sort seeks to "answer to the problems created by globalisation" with "calls to minimise international trade and to seek to establish economies based on ‘local’ self-sufficiency only."^[2] Globalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. ... Look up left in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that Greens be merged into this article or section. ... International Socialism (ISJ) is a quarterly journal of socialist theory published by the Socialist Workers Party (Britain) and currently edited by Chris Harman. ... International trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ...

Some Localists believe that society should be organised politically along community lines, with each community being free to conduct its own business in whatever fashion its people see fit. The size of these communities is defined such that their members are both familiar and dependent on each other - a size something along the lines of a small town or village.^{[citation needed]}

In reference to Localism Edward Goldsmith, former editor of The Ecologist magazine, claims that "The problems facing the world today can only be solved by restoring the functioning of those natural systems which once satisfied our needs, i.e. by fully exploiting those incomparable resources which are individual people, families, communities and ecosystems, which together make up the biosphere or real world"^[3]. Edward (Teddy) Goldsmith (b. ...

Localism in Thailand

Self-sufficiency and its proponents

The chief proponent of localism in Thailand is King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who called it "self-sufficiency economic theory." The foundations of Bhumibol's theory included sustainability, moderation and broad-based development. The Learning Centre of King Bhumibol’s Philosophy of Economic Sufficiency claimed the concept focused on living a moderate, self-dependent life without greed or overexploitation of, for example, natural resources. Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ; IPA: ; Royal Institute: Phumiphon Adunyadet;  ) (born December 5, 1927), is the current King of Thailand. ...

After a thecoup d'état, the military junta claimed that some of the policies of deposed former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, e.g., universal healthcare scheme, poverty reduction, and a conservative fiscal policy, were inconsistent with the theory.^[1] The preamble of the junta's new constitution stated that promotion of self-sufficiency was one of the fundamental roles of the state.^[2] Wikinews has news related to: Category:2006 Thailand coup The 2006 Thailand coup détat took place on Tuesday 19 September 2006, when the Royal Thai Army staged a coup against the government of caretaker Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. ... Shinawatra redirects here. ...

Due to slowing economic growth, the junta government increased spending, resulting in budget deficit for fiscal year 2007 and 2008. These were the first budget deficits since 2003. It also cancelled several Thaksin-government poverty reduction programs due to rampant corruption.^[3][4] A budget deficit occurs when an entity (often a government) spends more money than it takes in. ...

Junta-appointed Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont pledged to allocate 10 billion baht (almost US$300 million) for projects to promote well-being in line with Bhumibol's sufficiency economy principle. He made the pledge while participating in Bhumibol's 80th birthday celebrations.^[5] General Surayud Chulanont (Thai: , RTGS: Surayut Chulanon, Nickname: Big Add) is the current Prime Minister of Thailand and head of Thailands Interim Government. ... Thai banknotes and coins. ...

In 2007, the Democrat Party-run Bangkok Metropolitan Administration gave away a million baht to each city community that joined the ”Self-sufficiency Community Plan According to His Majesty the King’s Self-sufficiency Initiative.” The program gave out one million baht to each community for pre-approved self-sufficiency activities.^[6] This article is part of or related to the Liberalism series Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Liberal parties | Thai political parties ... Thai banknotes and coins. ... Thai banknotes and coins. ...

Many non-Thais have been left confused as the concept of sufficiency economy remains somewhat unclear. After a meeting with Ministry of Finance officials where the need for more sufficiency was explained, Standard & Poor's director of sovereign ratings noted, "No one knows what [sufficiency economy] really means."^[2] The Asia Times noted that, "There is a concurrent risk that the royal philosophy will be twisted by less scrupulous government officials as an opportunity to abuse their authority for rent-seeking and extortion, particularly among foreign-invested concerns." Publications Standard & Poors publishes a weekly (48 times a year) stock market analysis newsletter called The Outlook, which is issued both in print and online to subscribers. ...

Self-sufficiency and its critics

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Progress of the philosophy

There have been the efforts by military junta government to incorporate the King's 'Sufficiency Economy' (Localism) in the national economic policy. The criticism over localism in Thailand does not direct to the philosophy itself because the fear of lese majeste (see: Bhumibol Adulyadej#L.C3.A8se majest.C3.A9) (in Thailand, it has also been known as 'self-sufficient economic philosophy'), but the criticism is directed towards the military junta government, i.e., to the practitioners not to the principle itself. The ineffective uses of the philosophy/principle are criticised as (a) The philosophy is not consistent with Thailand economic development, (b) nobody understands it and there are several unclear interpretations, (c) Other theories have historic academic ground, (d) If it is the best philosophy, why hasn't anyone used it? ^[4]. Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ; IPA: ; Royal Institute: Phumiphon Adunyadet;  ) (born December 5, 1927), is the current King of Thailand. ...

Investment and Loan

Investment. Because of lack of clarity, it is not outlined in detail as to how sufficiency economy fits with existing financial and capital markets.

The self-sufficiency philosophy is not one of the economic schools and can not be used solely without capitalism. It is only designed to cover the weaknesses in the capitalism, i.e. the philosophy alone cannot be used solely, but can be the implement to capitalism.

For example, the philosophy states that one must consider the investment at low risk, avoid the investment that possess the potential of over-finance. This idea is not new, but has already been in the financial textbook (close to the concepts in finance: Liquid ratio, acid ratio, debt-capitol ratio, etc.).

Loan. Another example, "one must invest with great care to the environment and future generation." This idea is close to (or even the same as) the concept of sustainable development. The philosophy over-emphasize on the externality that investment, in capitalism, creates. Externalities such as pollution and over-exploitation of resources have been emphasizes in the philosophy. The problem of externality may not need the new economic school to solve, but may be solved by the effective use of regulations. Sustainable development is defined by its proponents as balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. ... In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit from an economic transaction that parties external to the transaction receive. ... In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit from an economic transaction that parties external to the transaction receive. ...

However, the King brings the concept of sustainable development and features it as the main idea in his own localist-style philosophy. However, some Thais perceive the idea of sustainable development as the king-created concept that is far more superior than any other theories in capitalism.

Resource

Self-sufficiency economy (Localism) offers the idea of limited production for the purpose of saving the environment and scarce resources. The production is limited to the level that adequate for individual consumption the excess of the consumption will be for sale. This gives rise to the problems according to the four conditions of the availability of resources: renewable; abundance; scare; and unrenewable resources.

Social class and resource consumption. The King's philosophy holds that the rich can consume as much resource as they like if their consumptions do not incur loan. In contrary, the poor can consume resources only at the level that do not incur any loan, even the level is below the standard of living level.

Failure of the application

Asia Times Online has published an article that analyzes the Thai military junta government's economic policy that is fully influenced by the King's self-sufficient philosophy ^[5]. The article notices the unexpected, rather bold step in Thailand economic development of the military junta government, endorsed by the King, that willingly responds to the King's philosophy. The article criticizes the philosophy as being so new as to have no academic ground and no empirical approval. As a consequence, any misstep, whether improper interpretation from the philosophy to be economic policy or the unaudited practices, would have caused the Thai economy's demise. The article also claimed that the protectionism that the Thai government has used will disperse foreign investors and reduce short term cash flow from outside the country. The military junta government also widely educates the public with self-sufficient philosophy together with nationalism, which is another factor that contributes to the downturn of the Thai economy. The philosophy strengthens and emphasizes on individual saving, which, in turn, has caused the shortage of cash flow in Thai businesses. The economy in Thailand for 2007 shrinks and the GDP decreases. In addition, the nationalism agenda in Thailand has been linked with the King. In other words, Thailand means the King: without the King there will be no Thailand anymore. The use of nationalism, as a tool to strengthen the King's status, provides an uncomfortable environment to foreigners and cuts foreign investment. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

The article emphasizes on the contradiction between capitalism and self-sufficient economy, which it favor the long-term economic alignment and environmental friendly, that are the main principles in the philosophy, particularly in lowly-regulated market. The Thai model of sustainability is slightly differences to western sustainable development. In western concept of sustainable development, the force that drives the will to save the environment comes from corporations' need. In Thai model, the driving force comes from basic human psychological state of need. This psychological state of need comes from long government education of the public. The other name for localism in Thailand is called "Buddhist Economics" ^[6].

The philosophy has been made corporeal by Pridiyathorn Devakula, Minister of Finance, who proclaims he is the supporter of the King's self-sufficientcy economy or Localism. The examples of his policies that follow the King's localism are: Limiting foreign companies investment that enormously reduce liquidility in Thai economy; regulation concern investigation over foreigners's source of fund; and Capital controls that destroyed US$20 billion of market value in one day. As a consequence of capitol control and investigation over foreign investors, World Trade Organization (WTO) sent negative feedback to Thailand and doubts the ability of Thailand to continue to be the WTO member ^[7]. The failure of his policy can be attributable to the failure of the King's proposal. Follow the failure of his policy, the prime minister Surayud Chulanont, who also proclaims the King's localism, has called for the former minister of commerce Somkid Jatusripitak, who are pro-capitalism, to the service of the country. By this evidence, the capitalism is expected to be far more superior to Localism. Even the pro-localism prime minister Surayud prefers pro-capitalism Somkid to pro-localism Pridiyathorn. Articles appearing in the Bangkok Post on 22 February 2007 noted that Somkid Jatusripitak, who had been the finance minister in the previous Thaksin-led government, resigned his new position as spokesman for the sufficiency economy within days of being appointed. His appointment to the position had been heavily criticized, and Mr. Somkid said that he resigned in order to prevent ongoing divisions in Thai society. Mom Rajawongse Pridiyathorn Devakula (Thai: born 15 July 1947) has been Governor of the Bank of Thailand since 2001. ... For other uses of the initials WTO, see WTO (disambiguation). ... General Surayud Chulanont (Thai: , RTGS: Surayut Chulanon, Nickname: Big Add) is the current Prime Minister of Thailand and head of Thailands Interim Government. ... Somkid Jatusripitak (Thai: สมคิด จาตุศรีพิทักษ์ ) born 15 July 1953, Thai politician, is currently Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Commerce of the Kingdom of Thailand. ...

The Bangkok Post reported on 23 February 2007 that there is now discussion about whether the committee drafting the new constitution should include language defining Thailand's economic policy. The previous constitution, drafted in 1997, had identified capitalism and free markets as the Thai economic philosophy. It is widely perceived in Thailand that unfettered capitalism feeds rampant corruption in both government and private enterprises, and it is this perception that drives the ongoing discussion about the future of Thailand economic policy.

However, the current Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont cannot run away from the fact that: Thailand has long been practicing capitalism; and it is very unlikely that Thailand could easily turn to autarky without costs. He disgracefully speaks for the King's Self-sufficiency and free market together as the nation's future economic policy. Even though the King's Self-sufficiency refers to autarky and free market economy is closely associated with capitalism; both philosophies contradict each other and cannot run together. His strong claim makes scholars presume that Thailand would follow free market rather than the King's philosophy, since only one philosophy can be used at a time. The supporting evidence for the future of Thailand's economic philosophy is: Thai officials have signed Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with China and Japan. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is an aspect of globalisation as contradict to localism. The oxymoron in the Prime Minister's words happen because he cannot refuse any of the King's words, by doing so the Prime Minister would be removed from his post. In contrary, he also cannot leave country under autarky created by the King as it would ruin Thailand. The only choice left to hime is to disguise capitalism in form of the King's Self-sufficiency theory as he could save his post as the Prime Minister and leave no harm to the country. General Surayud Chulanont (Thai: , RTGS: Surayut Chulanon, Nickname: Big Add) is the current Prime Minister of Thailand and head of Thailands Interim Government. ...

In the effort to please the Thai King, the government has made the King's self-sufficient philosophy corporeal by promote the use of local currency, for example. (It is widely believed that every government office MUST delight the King at all cost, if they want to continue on their posts, as well as every big business and university in Thailand that often donate huge sum of money and honour degree to the King, respectively) The use of "Bea-Kud-Shum"^[8], as a local currency in specific part in rural Thailand, has been endorsed by the Thai government in August 2006. However, the use of currency instead of 'Baht' had been criminalised before. By using local currency such as "Bea-Kud-Shum", the currency itself is excepted from tax collection; and that would reduce the government income. If everybody try to avoid tax by using local currency, instead of official currency 'Baht', that would be the failure of the tax collection. At worst, no one will pay tax anymore, and there will be no more government services such as military, police, facility, water, electricity, etc. This is the failure of both the King's philosophy and government application.

Note.

It should be noted here that the Asian Times's article "the King's 'Sufficiency Economy' (Localism)" is not the right quote and is led to be misunderstood. "Sufficiency Economy" is argued by the King proponents that it is not localism but the self-sufficient economy is Localism. "Sufficiency Economy" calls for partial localism - a quarter - not the whole^{[citation needed]}. In other words, "sufficiency economy" is meant to be "partial" localism. It is true that many parts of Thailand still enjoy capitalism. "Sufficiency Economy" calls on those to practice "some" localism particularly those in the rural areas.^{[citation needed]} However, the oppositions see no different between "Sufficiency Economy" and "Self-sufficient economy", i.e., they are the same as Localism ^[9]. Precisely, Kevin Hewison describes the self-suffcient political agenda in Thailand as Populist Localism.

Self-sufficiency as a Political agenda in Thailand

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Thailand's economy has long favoured capitalism. However, as the King proposes his philosophy that favours localism, the Thais tend to comply to the King. Even the King knows that revoking the national economic philosophy of Capitalism would harm Thailand, but he still persists on his idea without concern for the nation. As a result, Thailand becomes a country that foreign investors avoid and the Thai economy is nearly destroyed.

The well-respected King of Thailand is strengthening his philosophy by developing the link between nationalism and the King, because then his idea of Self-sufficiency is Thailandized. Criticism over the King's philosophy would be a demonstration that the critics do not respect the country of Thailand. A person who praises the King's philosophy would be honoured as a patriot.

The philosophy itself is portrayed as a national barrier that guards Thailand from evil foreign, greedy capitalists. The King has made the Thais believe that if they want to survive from harsh global competition, they must shift from capitalism to the King's philosophy. This is the only way they can survive.

As the King's popularity increased after he got rid of the former Prime Minister Thaksin, the King can exercise his influence over government offices. Every government office must comply to the nationalist tradition of: wearing the clothes that resemble the King and his goodness; praising the King's words as the new country's law, even higher than the Constitution of Thailand (see: Bhumibol Adulyadej#Royal powers); praising the King's Philosophy all the time; etc. Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai: ; IPA: ; Royal Institute: Phumiphon Adunyadet;  ) (born December 5, 1927), is the current King of Thailand. ...

After the oust of former Prime Minister Thaksin, the Thai government under the Prime minister Surayut began the massive political propaganda that trying to convert bulk of Thai citizens to believe that a new society under the King Bhumibol's Localism is the new Utopia, which highly enjoyable much more than current free market economy. Thus, Localism do not only serve as a political tool to wipe out Thaksin's proposal of Thaksinomics, instead it serves as the new canon to bring Thai citizens to the promising society of Utopia, which monarch shall reign because of his intellegent and benevolent. This promising Utopia, so-called "Self-Sufficient Utopia", try to erode the democracy according to Thai constituional of 1997 and try to revival the absolutist monarch status, half-god (the Jakri dynasty kings entitles 'Rama', name of the incarnation of hindu god Vishnu) and half-human, to rule all the citizen. According to extraordinary status of the King, Self-Sufficient Utopia is expected to be strict on class with no social mobility. In the end, if Thai really adopt Self-Sufficient Utopia, there will only be Self-Sufficient dystopia, the society in which the authority strictly restrict citizen rights such as freedom of speech and expression. Left panel (The Earthly Paradise, Garden of Eden), from Hieronymus Boschs The Garden of Earthly Delights. ... Rama ( in IAST, in Devanāgarī) or Ramachandra is a legendary or historical king of ancient India. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari ), (honorific: Sri Vishnu) also known as Narayana is the Supreme Being or Ultimate Reality for Vaishnavas and a manifestation of Brahman in the Advaita or Smarta traditions. ... A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος, alternatively, cacotopia[1], kakotopia or anti-utopia) is a fictional society that is the antithesis of utopia. ...

There have been the evidence that support that the King gives no concern to Localism idea and people that practising localism, and he treats his philosophy no more than just a political tool to undermine the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinnawatra's pro-capitalist regime. In 2004, Thai farmers sent pettition to the King hoping that he would exercise his influence to obstruct the Free Trade Agreement between Thailand and Australia as they fear the globalisation would destroy localism life ^[10]. Not even the King try to protect farmers. He ignores farmers' petition even globalisation sharply contradict to his Localism idea. Another example is the case of Economic Partnership Agreement between Japan and Thailand (JTEPA). In 2007, Japanese farmers sent petition to the King of Thailand for him to reconsider the negotiation process and allow him to design as he might seem proper ^[11]. Because the military junta government is endorse by the King, then the thai government has the obligation to obey the King and his Localism idea as the new national economic policy. However, the King ignores farmer's request and the Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont has signed the agreement with Japan. This two cases strengthen Thais' perceptions that the King's philosophy is only a poltical tool to averse Thaksin's pro-capitalist regime. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... General Surayud Chulanont (Thai: , RTGS: Surayut Chulanon, Nickname: Big Add) is the current Prime Minister of Thailand and head of Thailands Interim Government. ...

note: 1. There is no evidence that the King tries to strengthen his philosophy by taking forcing others. However, due to the level of respect Thai people have for the King, many individuals and organizations adopt this philosophy in many ways so they can gain preference from Thai crowd, making the philosophy easily misinterpreted. 2. the King did not get rid of the former prime minister, Thaksin. However, the King was used as a figure head and a tool to refer to many time to be a saver to Thaksin's opponents.

Localism and concern for the third world

Many localists are concerned with the problems of the development of the third world. Many advocate that third world countries should aim to rely on their own goods and services in order to escape from what they see are the unfair trade relations with the developed world. This idea has been criticized by George Monbiot who claims that it does not recognise the fact that, though Third world countries often get a raw deal in trade relations, not trading at all would be a significant blow because the countries need the revenue generated by trade.^[12] For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... A developed country is a country that has achieved (currently or historically) a high degree of industrialization, and which enjoys the higher standards of living which wealth and technology make possible. ... George Monbiot. ...

Some localists are also against immigration from poor countries to rich ones. One of the problems they claim results from such immigration is the drain on the intellectual resources of poor countries, so called brain drain. For example, in the past decade Bulgaria is estimated to have lost more than 50,000 qualified scientists and skilled workers through emigration every year. About one fifth of them were highly educated specialists in chemistry, biology, medicine and physics.^[13][14] A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals (human capital) to other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, health hazards where they are living, discrimination or other reasons. ...

International relations

Some Localists are against political intervention and peace keeping measures. They believe that Communities should find solutions to their own problems and in their own time, in what ever fashion they decide. They believe that all societies are capable of achieving long term peace once given the opportunity to do so.

Localist activism

Localism usually describes social measures or trends which emphasise or value local and small-scale phenomena. This is in contrast to large, all-encompassing frameworks for action or belief. Localism can therefore be contrasted with globalisation, although the two are best seen as complementary rather than opposing. Localism can be geographical, but often it is not. Globalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. ...

Examples of localism are:

• The slow food movement, using diverse, seasonal, natural food in reaction to multinational merchandising of food which is uniform, produced using industrial methods, and called fast food.
• The Interactive Local Media movement as evidenced by:
  • The Kelsey Group
  • The Northwest Voice
  • Backfence.com
• Local radio broadcasting, which is useful to small local communities rather than the national or international community.
• Tertiary government where small community councils make relevant decisions, with some degree of independence from local or national government.
• Workers councils, where the employees of a particular workplace discuss and negotiate with their employer, rather have this done by a national union which may be remote from local issues .
• Postmodernism can be seen as a sort of cultural localism, where accepted cultural values may be ignored in favour of people creating their own criteria of value.
• Federalism and devolution are examples of politically localistic movements.

• Religion (Protestantism and heresies):
  • Exclusive localism holds that there can't be more than one legitimate institutionally visible church at one given location, the variation of which varies but is usually held to be either a city or a neighbourhood.
  • Localism is more generally the congregationalist idea that each local church should be autonomous, only extended to reject any formal association of churches. It is specially relevant among Baptists, where localists reject the forming of Conventions.

The Slow Food movement was created to combat fast food and claims to preserve the cultural cuisine and the associated food plants and seeds, domestic animals, and farming within an ecoregion. ... Fast food is food prepared and served quickly at a fast-food restaurant or shop at low cost. ... Tertiary government usually refers to the lowest organizational level of government within three-layered federal systems. ... A workers council is a council, or deliberative body, composed of working class or proletarian members. ... Postmodernist architecture of the Stata Center by Frank Gehry Sydney Opera House The term Postmodernism (sometimes referred to as Pomo, Po-Mo, or PoMo [1], [2], [3]) was coined in the early 1960s to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture, founding the postmodern architecture. ... Political federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. ... Look up Devolution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Baptist churches are part of a Christian movement often regarded as an Evangelical, Protestant denomination. ...

Trivia

Localism in Thailand is the political philosophy that the King Bhumibol Adulyadej uses to challenge the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's dual-track economic policy, "Thaksinomics". Thaksinomics is strong on capitalism and globalization, but the Localism in Thailand is strong on socialism and nationalism.^{[citation needed]} Thaksinomics is a term used to refer to the economic policies of Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime Minister of Thailand since 2001. ...

One of the underlying but unspoken objectives of this philosophy is to maintain social control. In particular it de-emphasises the role of education and ensures that the general population should keep their place rather than strive for self-betterment

Comparisons can be made to the North Korean philosophy of "Juche". Manse Manse! Kim Jong Il! The Juche Idea (also Juche Sasang or Chuche; pronounced // in Korean, approximately joo-cheh) is the official state ideology of North Korea and the political system based on it. ...

Note: The King's philosophy had been introduced to Thailand before Thaksin was a prime minister. www.chipat.or.th/chaipat/journal/aug99/eng/self.html

References

1. ^ Localism: The need for a new settlement, Alan Milburn MP, Speech given to the "Demos" group in 2004.
2. ^ Feedback: Transport and climate change—a reply to James Woodcock, Mark Tomas, International Socialism Journal, Issue: 109
3. ^  De-industrialising society, Edward Goldsmith
4. ^ Self-Sufficiency Economy Topic, Chaweewan Saiboa, Prachachat Newspaper, 8 February 2007.
5. ^ Thailand's Royal Wealth, Asia Sentinel, 01 March 2007.
6. ^ Thailand's new economic logic, Shawn W Crispin, Asia Times, 2 February 2007.
7. ^ Buddhist Economics, George Wehrfritz, Newsweek International Edition, 22 January 2007.
8. ^ WTO doubts Thailand, Prachachat business newspaper, 19 April 2007.
9. ^ Bea-Kud-Chum as a new currency, Prachachat business newspaper, 15 February 2007.
10. ^ Localism in Thailand a study of globalisation and its discontents, Kevin Hewison, 1999.
11. ^  [15], Bilaterals, FTA BACKLASH: Farmers petition the King, 7 July 2004
12. ^  [16], Thaingo.org, 31 March 2007
13. ^ The myth of localism, George Monbiot, The Guardian, September 9, 2003.
14. ^  East-West brain drain, Hélène Michaud, Radio Netherlands, April 2005.
15. ^  Edward J. Feser and Stuart H. Sweeney, Out-migration, population decline, and regional economic distress, Washington, DC: Economic Development Administration, 1998.

The Rt Hon. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... International Socialism (ISJ) is a quarterly journal of socialist theory published by the Socialist Workers Party (Britain) and currently edited by Chris Harman. ... Edward (Teddy) Goldsmith (b. ... George Monbiot. ... The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

This entry is related to, but not included in the Political ideologies series or one of its sub-series. Other related articles can be found at the Politics Portal.

• Renewable energy
• Self-sufficiency
• Localvore
• Global justice

• disambiguation: Localism

Political Ideologies Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... World renewable energy in 2005 (except 2004 data for items marked* or **). Enlarge image to read exclusions. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... Global justice is a concept in political philosophy denoting justice between societies or between individuals in different societies, as opposed to within a specific society. ... Localism usually describes social measures or trends which emphasise or value local and small-scale phenomena. ...

External links

• Sustainable Community Action wiki: Local needs met locally
• Foundation for Self-Sufficiency in Central America
• The Populist Party of America
• Localism, Allan Carlson, American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia
• Sufficiency Economy, the Chaipattana Foundation Journal