Lojban la lojban.
Logo:
Pronunciation:	/la ˈloʒban/
Created by:	Logical Language Group	1987
Setting and usage:	A logically engineered language for various usages
Total speakers:	—
Category (purpose):	constructed languages  engineered languages   logical languages (descended from Loglan)    Lojban
Writing system:	Latin alphabet and others
Category (sources):	constructed languages  mixed a priori/a posteriori
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	jbo
ISO 639-3:	jbo
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Lojban (IPA /ˈloʒban/) is a constructed human language based on predicate logic. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... A constructed or artificial language — known colloquially as a conlang — is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been devised by an individual or group, instead of having naturally evolved as part of a culture. ... It has been suggested that Vorlin be merged into this article or section. ... Logical languages, sometimes called loglangs, are constructed languages usually intended as experiments in logic or philosophy. ... Loglan is a constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... A constructed or artificial language — known colloquially as a conlang — is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been devised by an individual or group, instead of having naturally evolved as part of a culture. ... An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose vocabulary and grammar were specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture as with natural languages. ... An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose vocabulary and grammar were specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture as with natural languages. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... A constructed or artificial language — known colloquially as a conlang — is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been devised by an individual or group, instead of having naturally evolved as part of a culture. ... ...

Development began in 1987 by The Logical Language Group (LLG), who intended to realize Loglan's purposes as well as further complement the language by making it more usable, and freely available (as indicated by its official full English name "Lojban: a realization of Loglan"). After a long initial period of debating and testing, the baseline was completed in 1998 with the publication of The Complete Lojban Language. Loglan is a constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. ...

The name "Lojban" is a combination of loj and ban, which are short forms of logji (logic) and bangu (language), respectively. Due to its name, Lojban is sometimes misunderstood to be within some exclusive domains such as formal logic or computer programming; however, it is perfectly usable for daily conversation. While it is meant to be capable of handling highly logical concepts, it is also highly flexible to an unparalleled degree. To whatever degree the speaker wishes, it can resemble its natural, programming, or other constructed counterparts, and it can be poetic, ambiguous, precise, or neutral.

The principal sources of its basic vocabulary were the six (at the time) most widely-spoken languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, Hindi, Russian, and Spanish, chosen to reduce the unfamiliarity or strangeness of the root words to people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. However, given the fact that English, Hindi, Russian and Spanish all derive from the same language source (Indoeuropean), the language has a certain level of 'language discrimination' with respect to speakers of other language families. Some Lojbanists acknowledge that the language has drawn on other constructed languages' components, a notable instance of which is Láadan's set of indicators. Also Toki Pona and Esperanto have mutuality with Lojban to some extent. Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Hindi ( , Devanagari: or , IAST: , IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the two central official languages of India, the other being English. ... Láadan is a constructed language created by Suzette Haden Elgin in 1982 to test the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis for women, specifically to determine if Western natural languages were better suited for expressing the views of men than women. ... Toki Pona is a constructed language first published online in mid-2001. ... This article is about the language. ...

In this article, explanations of its grammatical aspects will mostly be based on The Complete Lojban Language; the Latin alphabet mode will be used for the orthography.

History

Origin (1955-1987)

Lojban has a predecessor, Loglan, a language invented by James Cooke Brown in 1955 and developed by The Loglan Institute. Loglan was originally conceived as a means to examine the influence of language on the speaker's thought (an assumption known as Sapir-Whorf hypothesis). Loglan is a constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. ... Dr. James Cooke Brown (July 21, 1921 - February 13, 2000) was a sociologist and science fiction author. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH) states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. ...

As Brown started to claim copyright on the language's components, restraint was laid on the community's activity. In order to circumvent such control, a group of people decided to initiate a separate project, departing from the lexical basis of Loglan and reinventing the whole vocabulary, which led to the current lexicon of Lojban. In effect they established in 1987 The Logical Language Group, based in Washington DC. They also won a trial over whether they could call their version of the language "Loglan".^[1] Not to be confused with copywriting. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Flag Seal Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ...

Initial development (1987-1997)

Please help improve this article by expanding this section. See talk page for details. Please remove this message once the section has been expanded.

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The "freeze" period (1997-2002)

Following the publication of The Complete Lojban Language, it was expected that "the documented lexicon would be baselined, and the combination of lexicon and reference grammar would be frozen for a minimum of 5 years while language usage grew"^[2]. As scheduled, this period, which has officially been called the "freeze", expired in 2002. The speakers of Lojban are now free to construct new words and idioms, and decide where the language is heading.

Post-foundation (2002-)

Lojban still shares many of the characteristics of Loglan:

• Has a grammar that is based on predicate logic, designed to express complex logical constructs precisely.
• Has no irregularities or ambiguities in spelling and grammar (although word derivation relies on arbitrary variant forms). This gives rise to high intelligibility for computer parsing.
• Is designed to be as culturally neutral as possible.
• Allows highly systematic learning and use, compared to most natural languages.
• Possesses an intricate system of indicators which effectively communicate contextual attitudes or emotions.
• Does not have simplicity as a design criterion.

... An example of parsing a mathematical expression. ... Neutral means balanced between two or more opposites. ... The manner in which a child acquires language is a matter long debated by linguists and child psychologists alike. ... Attitude may refer to: Aircraft attitude Attitude (magazine) Attitude, a song by American pop and jazz singer Suede Attitudes (band) Attitude Adjustment (Hardcore/Crossover/Thrash metal band) Attitude, song from Metallica on their album Reload. ... For other uses, see Emotion (disambiguation). ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Simplicity Simplicity is the property, condition, or quality of being simple or un-combined. ...

Literature and vocabulary development

Lojban is considered to be an advantageous intellectual device for creative writing and is deemed to have many potential aspects yet to be discovered or explored. Creative writing is a term used to distinguish certain imaginative or different types of writing from technical writing. ...

Dan Parmenter:
The removal of grammatical ambiguity from modification [...] seems to heighten creative exploration of word combination. [...] Other areas of possible benefit are (surprisingly in a 'logical' language) emotional expression. Lojban has a fully developed set of metalinguistic and emotional attitude indicators that supplant much of the baggage of aspect and mood found in natural languages, but most clearly separate indicative statements from the emotional communication associated with those statements. This might lead to freer expression and consideration of ideas, since stating an idea can be distinguished from supporting that idea. The set of possible indicators is also large enough to provide specificity and clarity of emotions that is difficult in natural languages.

John Cowan:
There is a marker for "figurative speech" which would be used on "back stabber" and would signal "There is a culturally dependent construction here!" The intent is not that everything is instantly and perfectly comprehensible to someone who knows only the root words, but rather that non-root words are built up creatively from the roots. Thus "heart pain" would refer to the literal heart and literal pain; what would be ambiguous would be the exact connection between these two. Is the pain in the heart, because of the heart, or what? But "heart pain" would not be a valid tanru for "emotional pain", absent the figurative speech marker.

Computer Network Discussions on Loglan/Lojban and Linguistics: Lojban as seen by the linguistics and cognitive science community 20, 23

The language was built to attempt to remove some limits on human thought; these limits are not understood, so that the tendency is to try to remove restrictions whenever we find the language structure gets in our way. You definitely can talk nonsense in Lojban.

Bob LeChevalier:
In Lojban, a little grammar makes for a lot of semantic fun, since the grammar doesn't interfere with the semantic quibble you love. [...] In addition to its grammar, Lojban is definitely a priori in its words[...] We presume that everything can be covered as compounds of the classification scheme implied by the gismu. [...] We haven't, though, tried to impose a system on the universe like most a priori languages have. Instead, we have tried to broaden gismu flexibility so that multiple approaches to classifying the universe are possible. Our rule is that any word have one meaning, not that any meaning have one word. There is no 'proper' classification scheme in Lojban. [...] Lojban offers a new world of thought.

Why Lojban?

See also the proposed fourth tense of Lojban discussed by Arthur Protin, Bob LeChevalier, Carl Burke, Doug Landauer, Guy Steele, Jack Waugh, Jeff Prothero, Jim Carter, and Robert Chassell, as well as ZAhO tenses, the concepts which "average English speakers won't recognize" because most of them (the concepts) "have no exact English counterpart".

Like most languages with few speakers, Lojban lacks much of an associated body of literature and its creative extensions have not been fully realized (the true potential of its attitudinal system, for example, is considered to unlikely be drawn out "until and unless we have children raised entirely in a multi-cultural Lojban-speaking environment"^[3]). Also such collective or encyclopedic sources of knowledge like the Lojban wikipedia, which may help expand the language's lexical horizon, are in need of growth. Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ...

Presently accessible Lojbanic writings are principally concentrated on the Lojban.org, though there exist independent Lojbanic blog/journal sites as well. The Lojban IRC (or its archive) has a gathering of Lojbanic expressions too, but its grammatical correctness is not always guaranteed. These available materials on the internet include both original works and translations of classic pieces in the field of natural languages, ranging from poetry, short story, novel, and academic writing. This has been paralleled with a chrestomathy project aiming to produce a collection of translated writings in order to show wide samplings of various language, hopefully longer than 10000 words and with a variety of genres and styles^[4] (see also - External link: Literature). Exemplary works that are already available include: This article is about the art form. ... This article is in need of attention. ... This article is about the literary concept. ... For other uses, see Essay (disambiguation). ... Chrestomathy (Greek, from the words khrestos, useful, and mathein, to know) is a selection of linguistic writings which can help you to learn a language. ...

• Alice in Wonderland by the English-Irish author Lewis Carroll
• One Thousand Nights and a Night (a classic Arabic tale)
• The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (Chapter 1) by the science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein
• The Prophet by the Lebanese-American writer Kahlil Gibran
• The Little Things by the short story writer/poet Raymond Carver
• The Man and the Snake by the short story writer/satirist Ambrose Bierce
• The Book by the cosmic horror writer H. P. Lovecraft
• The Legend of Zelda (a classic NES fantasy game) by Nintendo

Other translation projects include: Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (IPA: ) (January 27, 1832 – January 14, 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer. ... Arabic literature (Arabic ,الأدب العربي ) Al-Adab Al-Arabi, is the writing produced, both prose and poetry, by speakers of the Arabic language. ... Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the most popular, influential, and controversial authors of hard science fiction. ... Khalil Gibran Gibran Khalil Gibran (January 6, 1883 - April 10, 1931) was a Lebanese poet and artist. ... Raymond Clevie Carver, Jr. ... Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (June 24, 1842 – 1914?) was an American editorialist, journalist, short-story writer and satirist, today best known for his Devils Dictionary. ... This article is about the author. ... Nes is: A municipality in the county of Akershus in Norway, see Nes, Akershus. ... Nintendo Company, Limited (任天堂 or ニンテンドー Nintendō; NASDAQ: NTDOY, TYO: 7974 usually referred to as simply Nintendo, or Big N ) is a multinational corporation founded on September 23, 1889[1] in Kyoto, Japan by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce handmade hanafuda cards. ...

• Eaton Interface: a translation of the Helen Eaton concept list into Lojban.
• Parliamentary Rules: Lojban terms for parliamentary actions.
• Lojban Adventure: a Lojban version of the classic Colossal Cave text adventure game.

Compound words (lujvo) and borrowed words (fu'ivla) are continually increasing as the speakers find demands. The number of root words (gismu) and structure words (cmavo) are basically unchanging, but new inventions are to be accepted as experimental components. In fact, it has been noticed that particular inclination or disproportion exists in the available vocabulary. Cortesi^[5] has pointed out the lack of certain terms for mathematics and geometry (although this demand may now be disputed as the current set of Lojban vocabulary does actually allow speakers to express such notions as steradian (stero), trigonometric tangent (tanjo), multiplicative inverse (fa'i), matrix transpose (re'a) among a number of other kinds of operators or metric units). Other instances which require speakers to construct noncanonical words: Parliamentary procedure is the name given to the set of rules governing the decision-making process used by a deliberative assembly. ... Adventure (also known as ADVENT or Colossal Cave) was the first computer game to appear in the genre of interactive fiction (before it was even called that). ...

• There are few (almost non-existent) entries of African country names on the official list of root words while other country names (especially those with large populations of speakers of the six source languages) are covered to a remarkable extent.
• Such distinction as between palne (tray) and palta (plate) or such peculiar terms as nilda'ibandu ("armor class", used in role playing games) exist while no distinction between "illustration" and "photography" is made by the available set of gismu (that is, no exclusive root word for "photography" exists except the generic pixra (picture)) (see also - Grammar: Morphology: brivla: gismu).

Learning aids development

Apart from the actual practice of the language, some members of the community and LLG have been endeavoring to create various aids for the learners. The Complete Lojban Language, the definitive word on all aspects of Lojban, is one of them, finalized in 1997. Some of the projects in varying stages of completeness are:

• Phrasebook: Lojbanic Phrasebook Project, CVS/Wiki Lojban Phrasebook, Pocket Dictionary
• Parser: Lojban Parser/Machine Grammar (by Robin Lee Powell), jbofi'e (by Richard Curnow), valfendi (by Pierre Abbat)
• Database: jbovlaste (by Robin Lee Powell), Reference Database (by Matt Arnold on DabbleDB)
• Others: Lojban/Logic book and webpage (by John Clifford), TLI Loglan Interface (by Steven Belknap and Bob LeChevalier)

(see also - External link: Learning Courses/Resources)

A dedicated Lojban popup dictionary as a Firefox add-on has been suggested, but is still in the level of speculation as the present lexing and parsing system of Lojban does not cover JavaScript. Firefox may refer to: Firefox (novel), written by Craig Thomas, published in 1978 Firefox (film), the 1982 movie starring Clint Eastwood, based on the novel Firefox (arcade game), the laserdisc arcade game based on the movie Mozilla Firefox, a web browser The Red Fox or the Red Panda, based on... It has been suggested that Client-side JavaScript be merged into this article or section. ...

Community development

Currently, Lojban's learning resources available on the internet cover mainly those speakers of English, French, Spanish, Russian, Hebrew, and Esperanto, to varying degrees^[6][7].

Disproportion in the community population is still noticeable. It is reasonably hoped among Lojbanists that more people from different cultural/linguistic backgrounds join the community in order to maintain and further complement the intended neutrality of the language. (see also - Community)

Future goals

While the initial aim of the Loglan project was to investigate the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, the active Lojban community recognizes additional goals for the language to be attained in the future, including but not limited to: In linguistics, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis (SWH) states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. ...

• Eliminating ambiguity in language
• Use as a potential International Auxiliary Language
• Use as a potential academic language, such as in science or philosophy
• Use as an educational tool
• Research in linguistics
• Research in artificial intelligence and machine understanding
• Improved human-computer communication, storage ontologies, and computer translation of natural language text
• Improved human-human communication, due to the logical and unambiguous structure and greater means of expression
• Enjoyment as a hobby

An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) is a language used (or to be used in the future) for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language. ... This article is about institutionalized education. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... AI redirects here. ... This article is about ontology in philosophy. ... Look up translate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Grammar

Main article: Lojban grammar

Lojban is a constructed, human-speakable language, based on predicate logic. ...

Phonology

Lojban has 6 vowels and 21 consonants. Some of them have, apart from the preferred/standard sounds, permitted variants intended to cover dissimilitude in pronunciation by speakers of different linguistic backgrounds. Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ...

There are also 16 diphthongs (and no Triphthongs). Distinction between diphthongs and monophthongs can be made by inserting a comma in the Latin alphabet mode. In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... In phonetics, a triphthong (Greek τρίφθογγος, triphthongos, literally with three sounds, or with three tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another that passes over a third one. ...

The sounds may be allophoned. In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar phones that belong to the same phoneme. ...

For those who, given their native language background, may have trouble pronouncing (certain) consonant clusters, there is the option of inserting buffer vowels between them, as long as they differ sufficiently from the phonological vowels and are pronounced as short as possible. The resulting added syllables are completely ignored by the grammar, including for the purposes of stress determination. In linguistics, a consonant cluster is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. ...

Orthography

Lojban may be written in different orthography systems as long as it meets the required regularities and unambiguities. Some of the reasons for such elasticity would be as follows:

1. Lojban is rather defined by the phonemes (spoken form of words), therefore, as long as they are correctly rendered so as to maintain the Lojbanic audio-visual isomorphism, a representational system can be said to be an appropriate orthography of the language;
2. Lojban is meant to be as culturally neutral as possible, so it is never crucial or fundamental to claim that some particular orthography of some particular languages (e.g. the Latin alphabet) should be the dominant mode.

Some Lojbanist extends this principle so as to claim that even an original orthography of the language is to be sought^[8]. In spoken language, a phoneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words (i. ... In mathematics, an isomorphism (in Greek isos = equal and morphe = shape) is a kind of mapping between objects, devised by Eilhard Mitscherlich, which shows a relation between two properties or operations. ...

This article will use the common Latin alphabet mode.

Morphology

Lojban has 3 word-classes: predicate words, structure words, and name words. Each of them has uniquely identifying properties, so that one can unambiguously recognize which word is of which part of speech in a string of the language. They may be further divided in sub-classes. There also exists a special fragmental form assigned to some of the words, from which longer words can be compounded.^[9][10] In grammar, a part of speech or word class is defined as the role that a word (or sometimes a phrase) plays in a sentence. ...

Syntax and semantics

According to What Is Lojban?^[11], the language's grammatical structures are "defined by a set of rules that have been tested to be unambiguous using computers", which is in effect called the "machine grammar". Hence the characteristics of the standard syntactic (not semantic) constructs in Lojban:

• each word has exactly one grammatical interpretation;
• the words relate grammatically to each other in exactly one way.

Such standards, however, are to be attained with certain carefulness:

It is important to note that new Lojbanists will not be able to speak 'perfectly' when first learning Lojban. In fact, you may never speak perfectly in 'natural' Lojban conversation, even though you achieve fluency in the language. No English speaker always speaks textbook English in natural conversation; Lojban speakers will also make grammatical errors when talking quickly. Lojbanists will, however, be able to speak or write unambiguously if they are careful, which is difficult if not impossible with a natural language.

Nick Nicholas and John Cowan. 'What Is Lojban? II.3

The computer-tested, unambiguous rules also include grammar for 'incomplete' sentences e.g. for narrative, quotational, or mathematical phrases.

Lojbanic expressions are modular; smaller constructs of words are assembled into larger phrases so that all incorporating pieces manifest as a possible grammatical unity. This mechanism allows for simple yet infinitely powerful phrasings; "a more complex phrase can be placed inside a simple structure, which in turn can be used in another instance of the complex phrase structure".

Its typology can be said to be basically Subject Verb Object and Subject Object Verb. However, it can practically be anything: Linguistic typology is the typology that classifies languages by their features. ... In linguistic typology, subject-verb-object (SVO) is the sequence subject verb object in neutral expressions: Sam ate oranges. ... In linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear (usually) in that order. ...

• mi prami do (SVO)
• mi do prami (SOV)
• do se prami mi (OVS)
• do mi se prami (OSV)
• prami fa mi do (VSO)
• prami do fa mi (VOS)

Such flexibility has to do with the language's intended capability to translate as many expressions of natural languages as possible, based on a unique positional case system. The meaning of the sentence {mi prami do} is determined by {prami} realizing, with its own predefined "place structure", a specific semantic relation between {mi} and {do}; when the positional relation between {mi} and {do} changes, the meaning of the sentence changes too. As shown above, Lojban has particular devices to preserve such semantic structure of words while altering their order.

As benefits to a logical language, there is a large assortment of logical connectives. Such conjunction words take different forms depending on what they connect, another reason why the (standard) Lojbanic expressions are typically precise and clear.

Multiple predicate words may be linked up together so as to narrow the semantic scope of the phrase. In skami pilno "computer user(s)", the modifying word skami narrows the sense of the modified word pilno to form a more specific concept (in which case the modifier may resemble English adverbs or adjectives).

Samples

Common expressions

Some unique Lojbanic expressions

• pei .o'ucu'i
  [?] [relaxation!] [neutral]
  Are you no longer in pain?
• mi nelci ko
  I is-fond-of you-[imperative]
  Make me be fond of you!
• le cukta be'u cu zvati ma
  that-which-is-described-as book [need!] is-at what
  Where's the book? I need it!
• ko ga'inai nenri klama le mi zdani
  you-[imperative] [me-the-social-inferior!] inside-type-of come that-which-is-described-as having-to-do-with-me house
  I would be honored if you would enter my residence.
• le nanmu cu ninmu
  one-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe-as "men" are women
  The man/men is/are a woman/women.
• seri'agi mi jgari lei djacu gi mi jgari le kabri
  With-physical-effect I grasp the-mass-of water, I grasp the cup.
  Therefore I grasp the water, I grasp the cup.

Tongue Twisters

• lo'u lu le la li'u le'u
• le crisa srasu cu rirci crino
• tisna fa la tsani le cnita tsina lo tinci tinsa
• la bab. zbasu loi bakyzbabu loi bakygrasu
• mi na djuno le du'u klama fa makau la makaus. makau makau makau

Others

• xekri je blanu nicte (help· info) (a Lojbanic poem)
• The Lord's Prayer

doi cevrirni.iu noi zvati le do cevzda do'u fu'e .aicai .e'ecai lo do cmene ru'i censa
.i le do nobli turni be la ter. ku se cfari
.i loi do se djica ba snada mulno vi'e le cevzda .e .a'o la ter.
.i fu'e .e'o ko dunda ca le cabdei le ri nanba mi'a
.i ko fraxu mi loi ri zu'o palci
.ijo mi fraxu roda poi pacyzu'e xrani mi
.i ko lidne mi fa'anai loi pacyxlu
.i ko sepri'a mi loi palci
.i .uicai ni'i loi se turni .e loi vlipa .e loi mi'orselsi'a cu me le do romei
fa'o Image File history File links Xekri_je_blanu_nicte. ... The Lords Prayer (sometimes known by its first two Latin words as the Pater Noster, in Greek as the , or the English equivalent Our Father) is probably the best-known prayer in Christianity. ...

Community

Please help improve this article by expanding this section. See talk page for details. Please remove this message once the section has been expanded.

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

The Internet

The activities of Lojban speakers are mostly via the Internet:

• Lojban.org: A user-maintained site, attempting to reflect a cross section of the Lojban community outside of the LLG.
• Lojban IRC (irc.freenode.net #lojban): Based on the Freenode IRC network. One may use a web interface as an alternative to IRC clients.
• Lojban Mailing List: A beginner-oriented means to talk/learn about the language.
• jbovlaste: An official, dictionary editing interface created by Jay Kominek, updated by Robin Lee Powell. People can post new Lojbanic words with definitions and examples, or vote for such experimental words.
• jbobac: A web-based forum that has posts/threads made up mainly of sound files.
• samxarmuj/The Lojban Moo: A multi user virtual environment, similar to the old text adventure games. A guide is given here.
• le jbopre pe lj's Journal: A communal Lojban blog.
• lojban-valsi: A-word-a-day mailing list on the Yahoo! Groups.
• uikipedias: The Lojban Wikipedia, where discussions may be conversed in English.

The Logfest

Gatherings of Lojbanists have been organized in USA annually since as early as 1990, called Logfest. It is mostly informal, taking place on a weekend, with the only scheduled activity being the annual meeting of the LLG. Those who cannot be present may still be involved via IRC. Activities may be whatever the attendees want to do: Lojban conversation, lessons, technical discussions, or socializing.

Population

The total number of Lojban speakers is unknown.

According to Lojban.org^[12], places known to have concentration of Lojbanists are:

• Australia, Israel, United States

Also Frappr.com shows^[13] that, as of August 2007, some people from following countries are interested in or enthusiasts of the language:

• Argentina, Canada, China, Estonia, France, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Venezuela.

It is generally noticed that there is little participation from Hindi peoples, in spite of the etymological nature of Lojban vocabulary.

Below are some of the notable personalities who have contributed to the development of Lojban:

• Bob LeChevalier (aka lojbab): the president of the LLG.
• John Cowan: the author of The Complete Lojban Language.
• Jorge Llambías (aka xorxes): one of the most active Lojbanists, having done several translations. He is also a prominent figure on the mailing list, helping the beginners with the language.
• Matt Arnold (aka epkat): one of the most active Lojbanists. He has been contributing to the translation project and software development.
• Nick Nicholas (aka nitcion): an Australian linguist. He is the first fluent Lojban speaker (although he insists that he was the second; he is known to be excessively modest). He has done a lot of Lojbanic writing, including Lojban For Beginners coauthored by Robin Turner.
• Robin Lee Powell (aka camgusmis): the current webmaster of Lojban.org. He provides the machine and bandwidth from which the site is served. He has also written several Lojbanic materials including a novel-sized story.
• Robin Turner: a British philosopher and linguist living in Turkey. He is the coauthor of Lojban For Beginners.

Comparison with other constructed languages

Esperanto

The current number of Lojban speakers, although indeterminable, is likely much lower than for Esperanto. However, the success of Esperanto as a constructed language may still be compared to that of Lojban. Esperanto's main advantages have been: This article is about the language. ...

• a larger community, more institutions, and more native speakers;
• a rich body of literature.

Some of the contrastive points between Esperanto and Lojban are as follows.

• Esperanto words are mostly European-oriented. Lojban has a wider range of lexical etymologies.
• Esperanto grammar is more apposite to usage by European people. Lojban syntax is capable of dealing with expressions in various natural languages and is systematic/clear enough to be easily parsed by computers (i.e. it is both human- and machine-oriented).
• Esperanto is often criticized for its sexism: the generic form of words is used for males while a derived form is used for females. Lojban morphology does not undergo any such prejudice: the marking of gender is always optional.
• Typing Esperanto requires some special typesetting. Lojban can be typed on any ordinary typewriter or computer keyboard.

While fluency in Esperanto is easily attainable, fluency in Lojban is difficult to achieve. Aside from the purely technical linguistic aspects, Esperanto and Lojban have different goals and differ greatly in which elements are considered most important. The differences in design clearly reflect this. Simplicity was a major issue for Esperanto's design, while it was not a goal when Lojban was designed.

The ex-Esperantist Lojbanist Nick Nicholas observes^[14]:

Since a great many Lojbanists studied Esperanto before coming to Lojbanistan, there is little overt rivalry (except on the vexing 'Sixteen Rules' issue...). The situation can be considered as a case of complementarity: International Auxilliary Language claims are renounced in order to focus on issues which simply don't exist in Esperanto. And yet we have the STS discussion on the mailing list right now... This seems to be primarily an artifact of the peculiar situation of Esperanto in America: the idealism of Esperanto, and the feel for a need for an IAL, do not have as much resonance in America as elsewhere, so there are proportionally many more people who would consider learning either Esperanto or Lojban only as a conlang. (Few outside the Anglo-Saxon world, I suspect [...] would learn Esperanto only as a conlang.) For that reason, the two languages are being compared by some (e.g. prospective students asking for comparisons on the mailing list) rather more directly than others (e.g. Esperantists or ex-Esperantists like me) may have expected, in terms of non-IAL specific issues like unambiguity or euphony.

See also: Esperanto as an international language

Esperanto was conceived as a language of international communication, more precisely as a universal second language. ...

Loglan

Loglan is now a generic term that refers both to James Cooke Brown's Loglan, and all languages descended from it. Since the organization that Dr. Brown established, The Loglan Institute (TLI), still calls its language Loglan, it is necessary to state that this section refers specifically to the TLI language, instead of the entire family of languages. Loglan is a constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. ... Dr. James Cooke Brown (July 21, 1921 - February 13, 2000) was a sociologist and science fiction author. ...

The principal difference between Lojban and Loglan is one of lexicon. A Washington DC splinter group, which later formed The Logical Language Group, LLG, decided in 1986 to remake the entire vocabulary of Loglan in order to evade Dr. Brown's claim of copyright to the language. After a lengthy battle in court, his claim to copyright was ruled invalid. But by then, the new vocabulary was already cemented as a part of the new language, which was called Lojban: A realization of Loglan by its supporters.

The closed set of five-letter words was the first part of the vocabulary to be remade. The words for Lojban were made by the same principles as those for Loglan; that is, candidate forms were chosen according to how many sounds they had in common with their equivalent in some of the most commonly spoken languages on Earth, which was then multiplied by the number of speakers of the languages with which the words had letters in common. The difference with the Lojban remake of the root words was that the weighting was updated to reflect more recent numbers of speakers for the languages. This resulted in word forms that had fewer sounds taken from English, and more sounds taken from Chinese. For instance, the Loglan word norma is equivalent to the Lojban word cnano (cf. Chinese 常, pinyin cháng), both meaning "normal". Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...

Grammatical words were gradually added to Lojban as the grammatical description of the language was made.

Loglan and Lojban still have essentially the same grammars, and most of what is said in the Grammar section above holds true for Loglan as well. Most simple, declarative sentences could be translated word by word between the two languages; but the grammars differ in the details, and in their formal foundations. The grammar of Lojban is defined mostly in the language definition formalism YACC, with a few formal "pre-processing" rules. Loglan also has a machine grammar, but it is not definitive; it is based on a relatively small corpus of sentences that has remained unchanged through the decades, which takes precedence in case of a discrepancy. yacc is a computer program that serves as the standard parser generator on Unix systems. ...

There are also many differences in the terminology used in English to talk about the two languages. In his writings, Brown used many terms based on English, Latin and Greek, some of which were already established with a slightly different meaning. On the other hand, the Lojban camp freely borrowed grammatical terms from Lojban itself. For example, what linguists call roots or root words, Loglanists call primitives or prims, and Lojbanists call gismu. The lexeme of Loglan and selma'o of Lojban has nothing to do with the linguistic meaning of lexeme. It is a kind of part of speech, a subdivision of the set of grammatical words, or particles, which loglanists call little words and lojbanists cmavo. Loglan and Lojban have a grammatical construct called metaphor and tanru, respectively; this is not really a metaphor, but a kind of modifier-modificand relationship, similar to that of a noun adjunct and noun. A borrowed word in Loglan is simply called a borrowing; but in English discussions of Lojban, the Lojban word fu'ivla is used. This is probably because in Lojban, unlike Loglan, a certain set of CV templates is reserved for borrowed words. The root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. ... Definition A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are the same in basic meaning. ... In grammar, a part of speech or word class is defined as the role that a word (or sometimes a phrase) plays in a sentence. ... This article is about metaphor in literature and rhetoric. ... In grammar, a noun adjunct is a noun that modifies another noun and that is optional; that is, it can be removed without affecting the grammar of the sentence. ...

In the new phonology for Lojban, the consonant q and the vowel w were removed, and the consonant h was replaced by x. The consonant ' (apostrophe) was added with the value of [h] in the International Phonetic Alphabet, but its distribution is such that it can appear only intervocally, and in discussions of the morphology and phonotactics, it is described not as a proper consonant, but a "voiceless glide". (This phoneme is realized as [θ] by some speakers.) A rigid phonotactical system was made for Lojban, but Loglan does not seem to have had such a system. For the prime symbol (′) used for feet and inches, see Prime (symbol). ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Lojsk

Lojsk was conceived by Ari Reyes, heavily influenced by Loglan, Lojban, Universal Networking Language (UNL), Esperanto, Visual Basic, Dutton's Speedwords, Ceqli and Guaspi. It is designed to be more single-syllable oriented. If possible, that would nonetheless lead Lojsk to be even more sensitive to noisy environments than Lojban is, therefore its practicability in oral communication may be questioned. In machine translation, Universal Networking Language (UNL) is an artificial pivot language, that relies on the semi-automatic translation from the initial text in a natural language into its pivot equivalent. ... This article is about the Visual Basic language shipping with Microsoft Visual Studio 6. ... Dutton Speedwords (ISO 639-3: dws), sometimes named with the indigenous translation rapmotz, is an international auxiliary language as well a shorthand writing system. ...

Voksigid

Voksigid by Bruce R. Gilson attempts to construct a predicate language of a different type from those which had gone before. Its syntax was somewhat influenced by Japanese, and its vocabulary was based mostly on European language roots. Loglan and Lojban both use word order to mark the various places in the predication, but because remembering which position means which role in the predication might be beyond easy memorization for most people, Voksigid was designed in order to overcome this issue.

Guaspi

Guaspi is a descendent of Lojban and Loglan which uses Chinese-like tones to mark grammatical structure, develop by Jim Carter. By using tones instead of structure words, and cutting predicates from two to one syllable, Carter has fixed a minor flaw in Guaspi's predecessors -- they take a lot of syllables to say things.

Trivia

Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.

• Lojban does not require capitalization of letters in formal writing; in fact, such capitalization is discouraged.^[15]
• Lojban is the first language to survive a schism occurring before anyone spoke it^[16]
• There are generational "classes" of Lojbanists: Old Growth, Sci-Fi (in the late 1980s, recruited through Sci-fi cons), Conlangers (in the early 1990s, recruited through constructed language afficionadodom), Geeks (always present, but somewhat more prominent in the late 1990s, recruited mostly through computer science interest), New Growth. Also those who took part in the solidification period (1991-97) are called "tweeners". For some, there exist only two groups: the revolutionaries and the new schoolers. The former are the Loglaners that split and created Lojban, and the latter are "gen-x geeks" that came in after the language was solidified.^[17]
• "Lojbanana" is a term for a speaker or fan of Lojban, coined by Mark Shoulson^[18].
• The Lojban logo is defined as a Cartesian coordinate system superimposed on a Venn diagram, as the result of a poll of the members of the LLG. This definition does not mention color, but it is traditionally reproduced with the coordinate system in red and the Venn diagram in blue. No official explanation of its symbolism exists, but one might reasonably suppose that each of its components stands for the language's two major characteristics: the coordinate system for "rationality" (analytical observation and representation of groups of things), and the Venn diagram for "universality" (all of the possible logical relationships between groups of things). For more details and alternate proposals, see Lojban Logo.
• The official LLG book The Complete Lojban Language is often referred to as The Big Red Book due to its appearance, or simply The Book.
• Beginners of Lojban often misproduce expressions in the language as they conceive of things from their own peculiar cultural point of view. For those idiomatic, biased Lojban expressions there are common terms, the English version of which is malglico (mabla + glico), meaning "damn English".
• Something of the flavor of Lojban (and Loglan) can be imparted by this lightbulb joke:

Q: How many Lojbanists does it take to change a broken light bulb?
A: Two: one to decide what to change it into, and one to figure out what kind of bulb emits broken light. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Fig. ... A Venn diagram of sets A, B, and C Venn diagrams are illustrations used in the branch of mathematics known as set theory. ... A light bulb The light bulb joke is an example of an endless-variations joke and has possibly thousands of versions covering every imaginable culture, belief, occupation and special-interest group. ...

This joke makes use of two features of the language; first, the language attempts to eliminate polysemy; that is, having a phrase with more than one meaning. So while the English word "change" can mean "to transform into a different state", or "to replace", or even "small-denomination currency", Lojban has different words for each. In particular, the use of a brivla such as the word for "change" ("binxo") implies that all of its predicate places exist, so there must be something for it to change into. Another feature of the language is that it has no grammatical ambiguities that appear in English phrases like "big dog house", which can mean either a big house for dogs or a house of big dogs. In Lojban, unless you clearly specify otherwise with cmavo, such modifiers always group left-to-right, so "big dog house" is a house of big dogs, and a "broken light bulb" is a bulb that emits broken light (you can achieve the desired meaning with the appropriate cmavo or by creating a new word, in effect saying "broken lightbulb").

• Lojban project started exactly 100 years after Esperanto was created (1887-1987).

Polysemy (from the Greek πολυσημεία = multiple meaning) is the capacity for a sign to have multiple meanings. ...

Notes

1. ^ Johansen, Arnt Richard. Why I like Lojban (accessed August 2007)
2. ^ Lojban.org Official Baseline Statement
3. ^ Cowan, John. The Complete Lojban Language 13.16
4. ^ Lojban.org Official LLG Projects: Chrestomathy (accessed August 2007)
5. ^ Cortesi, David. Lack of Geometry
6. ^ Lojban.org Official LLG Projects (accessed August 2007)
7. ^ Lojban.org Word Lists (accessed August 2007)
8. ^ Kena. Vodka-Pomme: Considerations on wrinting: The case of lojban (accessed August 2007)
9. ^ Cowan, John Woldemar. The Complete Lojban Language: 4.1 (accessed August 2007)
10. ^ Nicholas, Nick, and John Cowan. What is Lojban?: 2.2 (accessed August 2007)
11. ^ Nicholas, Nick. John Cowan. What Is Lojban? II.3
12. ^ Lojban.org The Lojban Online Community. 2005
13. ^ Frappr.com Lojban (accessed August 2007)
14. ^ Nicholas, Nick. Lojban and Esperanto
15. ^ [1] What Is Lojban?: .i la lojban. mo, Chapter 2. Overview of Lojban Grammar
16. ^ LLG. ju'i lobypli #11. March 1990
17. ^ Lojban.org New Growth Lojbanist
18. ^ Lojban.org Lojbanana

References

• Goertzel, Ben: Potential Computational Linguistics Resources for Lojban. Self-published, March 6, 2005. [2]
• Speer, Rob; Havasi, Catherine: Meeting the Computer Halfway: Language Processing in the Artificial Language Lojban. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. [3]
• Lojban vs Loglan comparison
• Lojban with attitude!. Lojban for Beginners. Retrieved on 29 June 2005.

is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Lojban edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikibooks has more on the topic of

Lojban

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1058x1058, 477 KB) aa Wikipedia logo, version 1058px square, no text Wikipedia logo by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); compare Wikipedia File links The following pages link to this file: Arabic language Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Algorithm Talk:Anno Domini Talk:The... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ...

General/Miscellaneous

• Lojban.org
• le jbopre pe lj's Journal
• International Lojban Enthusiasts Society
• LogFest Store: Lojbanic Goods available on cafepress.com

Personal blogs

• lo cunso selpeisku
• le karni be fi la camgusmis by Robin Lee Powell
• C.I.T.O.K.A.T.E. by Matt Arnold (direct link to his Lojbanic contents)

Learning courses/resources

Beginner

• coirodo (a course featuring a children's book)
• Conversational Lojban
• Lojban: A Logical Language by Robin Turner
• What is Lojban? by John Cowan and Nick Nicholas
• Lojban For Beginners by Robin Turner and Nick Nicholas
• Everyday Lojban by Lojban.org
• Lojban Introductory Lessons
• jboski: an online Lojban-to-English translator by LLG
• Parallel 2: a free program for parallel reading and listening, based on the implicit learning approach
• jMemorize:
• Popup.app: a GNUstep based vocabulary learning tool that can use cmafi'e to extract the vocabulary from a given text.
• Quizlet:
• Lojbanic Number Trainer: a simple web tool
• Software Assisted Learning: miscellaneous software listed on Lojban.org

Advanced

• gimste: a full list of Lojban gismu
• Diagrammed Summary of Lojban Grammar Forms with Example Sentences by LLG
• The Lojban Reference Grammar by John Cowan
• The Level 0 Booklet
• Using UML to understand Lojban
• jbovlaste: an official Lojban dictionary project

Literature

Poetry

• xirli'u selsanga: a poem by Federico Garca Lorca, translated by xorxes
• skanunydji: by Michael Helsem
• sipna pemci: by Arnt Richard Johansen

Short stories, novellas, and novels

• le pijyctu: The Prophet by Kahlil Gibran, translated by Matt Arnold
• la .alis. cizra je cinri zukte vi le selmacygu'e: Alice's Adventures In Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, translated mostly by xorxes (Jorge Llambías)
• tu'a loi cmalu: The Little Things by Raymond Carver, translated by Jordan DeLong
• le nanmu kujo'u le since: The Man and the Snake by Ambrose Bierce, translated by Jordan DeLong
• tu'a le cukta: The Book by H. P. Lovecraft, translated by Michael Helsem
• na tanxe: Not a Box by Anotinette Portis, translated by Michael Turniansky
• la nicte cadzu: by camgusmis (Robin Lee Powell)
• ko'a marji lo rectu: by Terry Bisson

An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) is a language used (or to be used in the future) for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language. ... Adjuvilo was a language created by Claudius Colas (under the pseudonym of Profesoro V. Esperema) in 1908. ... Look up Appendix:Basic English word list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the language. ... Europanto is a constructed language, a linguistic jest with a hodge-podge vocabulary from many European languages. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Glosa. ... Idiom Neutral is an international auxiliary language, published in 1902 by the International Academy of the Universal Language (Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal) under the leadership of Waldemar Rosenberger, a St. ... Ido (pronounced ) is a constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier to learn than ethnic languages. ... This article is about the auxiliary language created by the International Auxiliary Language Association. ... The language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned language created by the Estonian naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl and published in 1922. ... Latino sine flexione (Latin without inflections) is an auxiliary language invented by the mathematician Giuseppe Peano in 1903. ... Lingua Franca Nova is an auxiliary constructed language created by Dr. C. George Boeree of Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania. ... Neo is an international auxiliary language created by Arturo Alfandari in 1961. ... Novial [nov-, new + IAL, International Auxiliary Language] is a constructed language devised by Professor Otto Jespersen, a Danish linguist who had previously been involved in the Ido movement. ... - Please look at the text in Interlingue and actualize this text! Thank you! - Solresol is an artificial language, devised by a Frenchman, François Sudre, beginning in 1817. ... Sona is an international auxiliary language created by Kenneth Searight and described in a book he published in 1935. ... Toki Pona is a constructed language first published online in mid-2001. ... Volapük is a constructed language, created in 1879–1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest in Baden, Germany. ... Logical languages, sometimes called loglangs, are constructed languages usually intended as experiments in logic or philosophy. ... It has been suggested that Vorlin be merged into this article or section. ... Blissymbolics or Blissymbols were conceived of as an ideographic writing system consisting of several hundred basic symbols, each representing a concept, which can be composed together to generate new symbols that represent new concepts. ... Example of Ithkuil script Ithkuil (IÅ£kuîl) is an extremely complicated constructed human language created by American linguist John Quijada from 1978 till 2004. ... Láadan is a constructed language created by Suzette Haden Elgin in 1982 to test the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis for women, specifically to determine if Western natural languages were better suited for expressing the views of men than women. ... Loglan is a constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. ... Look up ro, RO in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An artistic language (artlang) is a constructed language designed for aesthetic pleasure. ... In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Adûnaic (language of the west) was the language of the Men of Númenor during the Second Age. ... The Atlantean language is a constructed language created by Marc Okrand for Disneys film Atlantis: The Lost Empire. ... The Black Speech is the fictional language of Mordor in The Lord of the Rings. ... Brithenig is an invented language, or constructed language (conlang). It was created as a hobby in 1996 by Andrew Smith from New Zealand, who also invented the alternate history of Ill Bethisad to explain it. ... Myst franchise Games and their Ages Novels Book of Atrus Book of Tiana Book of Dni Book of Marrim Comic Books #0   #1 Miscellaneous Dni   Dni Ages   The Art   Timeline   Items   Kings   Language   Numerals   People   Wildlife   Organizations Brøderbund   Cyan   Presto   Ubisoft   DRC Note: Fictional details... Elvish languages are constructed languages used typically by elves in a fantasy setting. ... This article is about the Angelical Language recorded in the journals of Dr. John Dee. ... The Glide language, or simply Glide, is a highly-abstract visual constructed language created by Diana Reed Slattery and features prominently in her science fiction novel The Maze Game. ... Huttese is the fictional language spoken by the Hutt species in Star Wars. ... Khuzdul is the fictional language of the Dwarves in J. R. R. Tolkiens Middle-earth, written with Cirth script. ... The Klingon language (tlhIngan Hol in Klingon) is the constructed language spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe. ... The fictional universe of Star Wars is a multilingual one, in which it is common to have either a passive or active fluency of many multiple languages from numerous alien races and cultures. ... The languages of Middle-earth are artificial languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien and used in his books about Middle-earth, including The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. ... Hildegards 23 litterae ignotae Lingua Ignota (unknown language) is a language described by the German abbess, visionary, artist, composer, physician, and mystic St Hildegard of Bingen in the 12th century, apparently for mystical purposes. ... Nadsat is a constructed slang dialect of English with many Russian influences invented by the linguist, novelist, and composer Anthony Burgess. ... Newspeak is a fictional language in George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. ... Pravic is a fictional language used and referred to in the science-fiction book The Dispossessed, by Ursula K. Le Guin. ... Quenya is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi) the ones who speak. The first-found children of Ilúvatar, in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien. ... Sindarin is an artificial language (or conlang) developed by J. R. R. Tolkien. ... The Talossan language (El Glheþ Talossán) is a constructed language created by R. Ben Madison for the micronation he founded, the Kingdom of Talossa. ... Teonaht is a constructed language that has been developed since 1962 by science fiction writer and University of Rochester English professor Sarah Higley, under the pseudonym of Sally Caves. ... Tsolyáni is one of several languages spoken on the world of Tékumel, and was the first conlang published as part of a role-playing game. ... The Utopian language is the constructed language of the fictional land of Utopia. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Wenedyk (in English: Venedic) is a constructed language of the naturalistic kind, created by the Dutch translator Jan van Steenbergen. ... A conlanger is person who invents conlangs (constructed languages). ... Ill Bethisad is an ongoing, collaborative alternative history project with currently ca. ... Langmaker is a wiki maintained by Jeffrey Henning and a staff of volunteers that serves largely, but not exclusively, as a database of over 1000 constructed languages, also known as model languages or conlangs. ... The Language Creation Conference (LCC) is a conference about conlanging. ... The Language Construction Kit is a collection of HTML documents written by Mark Rosenfelder and hosted at Zompist. ... A translation relay is a version of the well-known telephone game. ... Zompist. ... This list of constructed languages is in alphabetical order, and divided into auxiliary, engineered, and artistic languages, and their respective subgenres. ... An artificial or constructed script (also conscript or neography) is a new writing system specifically created by an individual or group, rather than having evolved as part of a language or culture like a natural script. ... A language game (also called secret language) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear. ... This article needs cleanup. ...