Lombardic or Langobardic is the extinct language of the Lombards (Langobardi), the Germanic speaking settlers in Italy in the 6th century. The language declined from the 7th century, but may have been in scattered use until as late as ca. AD 1000. The language is only preserved fragmentarily; in the absence of Lombardic texts, it is not possible to draw any conclusions about the language's morphology and syntax. Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred languages and dialects (443 according to the SIL estimate), including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and Southern Asia. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code Twenty-two of the languages have two three-letter codes: a code for bibliographic use (ISO 639-2/B) a code for terminological use (ISO 639-2/T). ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone = sound/voice) is the study of sounds (voice). ... Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... This is a concise version of the International Phonetic Alphabet for English sounds. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe that entered the late Roman Empire. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ... // Events World Population 300 million. ...

Phonologically, Lombardic is now classified as an early High German dialect. This is based the evidence that Lombardic participated in, and indeed shows some of the earliest evidence for the High German consonant shift. The Historia Langobardorum of Paulus Diaconus mentions a duke Zaban of 574, showing /t/ shifted to /ts/. The term stolesazo (the second element is cognate with English seat) in the Edictum Rothari shows the same shift. Many names in the Lombard royal families show shifted consonants, particularly /p/ < /b/ in the following name components: Subdivisions Central German Upper German High German (in German, Hochdeutsch) is any of several German dialects spoken in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Luxembourg (as well as in neighbouring portions of Belgium, France (Alsace), Italy, Poland, and Romania (Transylvania) and in some areas of former colonial settlement, for example in... In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or Second Germanic consonant shift (German: hochdeutsche or zweite germanische Lautverschiebung) was a phonological development (sound change) which took place in the southern dialects of German in several phases, probably beginning between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, and was almost complete... The Historia gentis Langobardorum (history of the Lombards) is the chief work by Paul the Deacon, written in the late 8th century. ... Paul the Deacon (c. ... The Edictum Rothari (also Edictus Rothari or Edictum Rotharis) was the first written compilation of Lombard law, codified and promulgated 22 November 643 by King Rothari. ...

• pert < bert: Aripert, Godepert
• perg < berg: Perctarit, Gundperga (daughter of King Agilulf)
• prand < brand: Ansprand, Liutprand

It has been suggested that the consonant shift may even have originated in Lombardic.^{[citation needed]}

Formerly, Lombardic was classified as Ingaevonian (North Sea Germanic), but this classification is considered obsolete. The classification of Lombardic within the Germanic languages may be complicated by issues of orthography. According to Hutterer (1999) it is close to Old Saxon. According to Paulus Diaconus (8th century) and the Codex Gothanus (9th century), the Lombards were of Scandinavian origin ultimately, but they had settled at the Elbe before entering Italy, and Tacitus counts them among the Suebi. The Ingaevones or Ingvaeones (also referred to as North Sea Germans) — Ingäwonen, Ingwäonen, Nordsee-Germanen in German — were a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe along the North Sea coast. ... Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is a Germanic language. ... Paul the Deacon (c. ... The River Elbe (Czech Labe , Sorbian/Lusatian Łobjo, German Elbe) is one of the major waterways of Central Europe. ... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius (or: Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (c. ... Suebi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Longbardic fragments are preserved in runic inscriptions, in latinized forms, and in transcriptions influenced by Old High German orthography. This Lombardic alphabet, as commonly transcribed, consists of the following graphemes: A rune can mean a single character in the Runic alphabet as well as an inscription of several runic charcters or symbols. ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ...

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q(u), r, s, ʒ, t, þ, u, w, z

The qu represents a [kw] sound. The ʒ is [s], e.g. skauʒ [skaus] "womb". The z is [ts]. h is [h] word-initially, and [x] elsewhere. Þþ The letter Þ (miniscule: þ), which is also known as thorn or þorn is a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic alphabets. ...

Among the primary source texts are short inscriptions in the Elder Futhark, among them the "bronze capsule of Schretzheim" (ca. 600): The 24 runes of the Elder Futhark The Elder Futhark (or Elder Fuþark, Older Futhark, Old Futhark) are the oldest form of the runic alphabet, used by Germanic tribes for Proto-Norse and other Migration period Germanic dialects of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artefacts (jewellery...

On the lid: arogisd

On the bottom: alaguþleuba : dedun

("Arogisl/-gast. Alaguth (and) Leuba made (it)"^[1], less likely "Arogis and Alaguth made love")

And also the two fibulae of Pallersdorf, Hungary (mid 6th century):

Fibula A: godahid unj[a]

Fibula B: (k?)arsiboda segun

("To Godahi(l)d, (with) sympathy (?), Arsiboda's bless"^[2])

There are a number of Latin texts which include Lombardic names, and Lombardic legal texts contain terms taken from the legal vocabulary of the vernacular, including:

• Origo gentis Langobardorum
• Paulus Diaconus, Historia Langobardorum
• Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani
• Edictum Rothari

In 2005, there were claims that the inscription of the Pernik sword may be Lombardic. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum is a short 7th century text, detailing a legend of the origin of the Lombards, and their history up to the rule of Perctarit (672–688). ... Paul the Deacon (c. ... The Historia gentis Langobardorum (history of the Lombards) is the chief work by Paul the Deacon, written in the late 8th century. ... The Edictum Rothari (also Edictus Rothari or Edictum Rotharis) was the first written compilation of Lombard law, codified and promulgated 22 November 643 by King Rothari. ... An early medieval sword found in Pernik, western Bulgaria, in 1921, bearing an inscription in silver inlay on the blade. ...

Notes

External links

• Sources of Lombard history

References

• Adolf Bach, Gechichte der deutschen Sprache, 8th edn, (Heidelberg 1961)
• Claus Jürgen Hutterer, Die Germanischen Sprachen, Wiesbaden (1999), 336–341.
• J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West 400-1100, 3rd edn (London 1969), Ch. 3, "Italy and the Lombards"