NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Loperamide


Loperamide
Systematic (IUPAC) name
4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)- 4-hydroxy-1-piperidyl]- N,N-dimethyl- 2,2-diphenyl-butanamide
Identifiers
CAS number	53179-11-6 34552-83-5 (with HCl)
ATC code	A07DA03 A07 DA05
PubChem	3955
DrugBank	APRD00275
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₉H₃₃Cl N₂O₂
Mol. mass	477.037 g/mol (513.506 with HCl)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Not significantly absorbed from the gut
Protein binding	97%
Metabolism	hepatic
Half life	9.1 to 14.4 hours (average 10.8 hours)
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	? Loperamide, drawn by User:Jfdwolff in OpenOffice. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ... A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System A Alimentary tract and metabolism A07A Intestinal anti-infectives A07AA Antibiotics A07AA01 Neomycin A07AA02 Nystatin A07AA03 Natamycin A07AA04 Streptomycin A07AA05 Polymyxin B A07AA06 Paromomycin A07AA07 Amphotericin B A07AA08 Kanamycin A07AA09 Vancomycin A07AA10 Colistin A07AA11 Rifaximin A07AA51 Neomycin, combinations A07AA54 Streptomycin, combinations... A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System A Alimentary tract and metabolism A07A Intestinal anti-infectives A07AA Antibiotics A07AA01 Neomycin A07AA02 Nystatin A07AA03 Natamycin A07AA04 Streptomycin A07AA05 Polymyxin B A07AA06 Paromomycin A07AA07 Amphotericin B A07AA08 Kanamycin A07AA09 Vancomycin A07AA10 Colistin A07AA11 Rifaximin A07AA51 Neomycin, combinations A07AA54 Streptomycin, combinations... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules. ... The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i. ... A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ... A drugs efficacy may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within blood plasma. ... Drug metabolism is the metabolism of drugs, their biochemical modification or degradation, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. ... The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ... The biological half-life of a substance is the time required for half of that substance to be removed from an organism by either a physical or a chemical process. ... The kidneys are important excretory organs in vertebrates. ... The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. ...
Legal status	GSL(UK) OTC(US) Over the counter (OTC) in Canada The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ... Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to prescription drugs. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American...
Routes	oral, possible insufflation

"Imodium" redirects here. For the Nirvana song once called "Imodium", see Breed (song).

Loperamide, a synthetic piperidine derivative^[1], is a drug effective against diarrhea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In most countries it is available generically under brand names such as Lopex, Imodium, Dimor and Pepto Diarrhea Control. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1969. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ... This article is about the American grunge band. ... Breed is a song by American grunge band Nirvana, and the fourth track from the bands 1991 breakthrough album Nevermind. ... R-phrases , , Related Compounds Related compounds pyridine pyrrolidine piperazine Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H11N. It is a heterocyclic amine with a six-membered... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word Î´Î¹Î¬ÏÏÎ¿Î¹Î±; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting for 5 to 8 million deaths... See also Bacterial gastroenteritis and Diarrhea Gastroenteritis is a general term referring to inflammation or infection of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily the stomach and intestines. ... In medicine, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and, in some cases, the small intestine. ... Johnson & Johnson NYSE: JNJ is an international pharmaceutical, medical devices and consumer packaged goods manufacturer founded in 1885. ... Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ...

1 Mode of action
2 Contraindications
3 Crossing the blood-brain barrier
4 Side-effects
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Mode of action

Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the μ-opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids. An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ... The Î¼ opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin but low affinity for dynorphins. ... Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbachs plexus (or myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...

It works by decreasing the activity of the myenteric plexus which decreases the motility of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscles of the intestinal wall. This increases the amount of time substances stay in the intestine, allowing for more water to be absorbed out of the fecal matter. Loperamide also decreases colonic mass movements and suppresses the gastrocolic reflex.^[2] Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbachs plexus (or myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa. ... Smooth muscle Layers of Esophageal Wall: 1. ... The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is one of a number of physiological reflexes controlling the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract. ...

Loperamide does not cross the blood-brain barrier in significant amounts, and thus has no analgesic properties. Loperamide molecules that do cross the BBB are quickly exported from the brain by P-glycoprotein (PGP), also known as multidrug resistance protein (MDR1). Tolerance in response to long-term use has not been reported. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function. ... For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ... The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function. ...

However, loperamide can cause physical dependence. Symptoms of opiate withdrawal have been observed in patients abruptly discontinuing long-term therapy with loperamide. For this reason, the drug was briefly classified as a Schedule V controlled substance upon its introduction.^{[citation needed]} Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Contraindications

Treatment should be avoided in the presence of fever or if the stool is bloody. Treatment is not recommended for patients who could suffer detrimental effects from rebound constipation. If there is a suspicion of diarrhea associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as E. coli O157:H7 or salmonella, loperamide is contraindicated. In medicine, a contraindication is a condition or factor that increases the risk involved in using a particular drug, carrying out a medical procedure or engaging in a particular activity. ... An analogue medical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ... Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ... Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an emerging cause of foodborne illness. ... Species S. enterica This article is about the bacteria. ...

Crossing the blood-brain barrier

When loperamide is taken by itself, it cannot readily cross the blood-brain barrier; however, when loperamide-containing nanoparticles are coated with polysorbate 80 and injected, the results were the same as typical opiates and opioids -- long, effective analgesia. A solution prepared using loperamide coated with polysorbate 80 resulted in a very short duration of action and less effective analgesic effect. The same study concluded that loperamide does not cause any analgesic effects when taken by itself.^[3] The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membranic structure that acts primarily to protect the brain from chemicals in the blood, while still allowing essential metabolic function. ... Polysorbate 80 is a nonionic detergent [1] which is often used in foods. ... For other uses of painkiller, see painkiller (disambiguation) An analgesic (colloquially known as painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain. ...

Concurrent administration of P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as quinidine with loperamide has been found to produce respiratory depression, indicative of central opioid action. ^[4] Quinidine is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent in the heart. ...

Side-effects

Side effects can include drowsiness, constipation, abdominal pain or discomfort, dry mouth, fatigue, and in rare cases toxic megacolon, mild euphoria (at high doses). Toxic megacolon (megacolon toxicum) is a life-threatening complication of other intestinal conditions. ...

References

^ US National Cancer Institute, Drug Dictionary
^ Katzung, Bertram G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 9th ed. (2004). ISBN 0-07-141092-9
^ That's Poppycock! - Loperamide : From controlled substance to over-the-counter wonder
^ http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v68/n3/abs/clpt2000101a.html;jsessionid=DF4E10E08776A89B889FC05B3DB509CF

test

External links

v • d • e

Opioids

Opiate derivatives

6-methyldihydromorphine • 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine • Acetyldihydrocodeine • Acetyldihydrocodeinone • Acetylmorphone • Benzylmorphine • β-4-morpholinylethylmorphine • Codeine • Codeine-N-Oxide • Codeinone • Codoxime • Desomorphine • Diacetyldihydromorphine • Dihydrocodeine • Dihydrocodeinone enol acetate • Dihydrohydroxycodeinone • Dihydrodesoxymorphine • Dihydroheroin • Dihydroisocodeine • Dihydromorphine • Dipropanoylmorphine • Ethylmorphine • Heroin (Diamorphine) • Heterocodeine • Hydrocodone • Hydromorphinol • Hydromorphone • Laudanum • Methyldesorphine • Methyldihydromorphine • Methylnaltrexone • Metopon • Monoacetylmorphine • Morphine-N-Oxide • Morphine • Morphinone • Morphine-6-glucuronide • Myrophine • Nalbuphine • Nalmefene • Nalorphine • Naloxone • Naltrexone • Naltrindole • Nicocodeine • Nicodicodeine • Nicomorphine • Norcodeine • Normorphine • Omnopon • Opium • Oripavine • Oxycodone • Oxymorphone • Pantopon • Papaveretum • Paregoric • Pholcodeine • Pseudomorphine • Semorphone • Tetrapon • Thebacon • Thebaine An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ... Scoring the poppy pod. ... 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine (6-MDDM) is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of hydromorphone, where the 6-ketone group has been replaced by methylene. ... Acetyldihydrocodeine is an opiate derivative developed as a cough suppressant and analgesic. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Acetylmorphone (Dihydromorphinone acetate) is an opiate analogue that is an acetylated derivative of hydromorphone which was developed in the early 1900s as a potential cough suppressant and analgesic. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Codeine (INN) or methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties. ... Codeinone is a strong Opiod. ... Diacetyldihydromorphine (Paralaudin, Dihydroheroin) is a potent opiate derivative which is rarely used in some countries for the treatment of strong pain such as that caused by terminal cancer, as a more potent form of diamorphine. ... Dihydrocodeine, also called DHC, Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone and by the brand names of Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Panlor SS, SS Bron, Drocode, Paracodin, Codidol, Didor Continus, Dicogesic, Codhydrine, Dekacodin, DH-Codeine, Didrate, Dihydrin, Hydrocodin, Nadeine, Novicodin, Rapacodin, Fortuss, Dico, and DF-118 amongst others, is a semi-synthetic opioid... The chemical structure of dihydrocodeinone enol acetate Dihydrocodeinone Enol Acetate, or Thebacon, formerly marketed as its hydrochloride salt under the trade name Acedicon, is a semisynthetic opioid once used as an antitussive, primarily in Europe. ... Not to be confused with oxytocin. ... Diacetyldihydromorphine (Paralaudin, Dihydroheroin) is a potent opiate derivative developed in Germany in 1929 which is rarely used in some countries for the treatment of strong pain such as that caused by terminal cancer, as a more potent form of diamorphine. ... Dihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in the first years of the twentieth century. ... Dipropanoylmorphine is the 3,6-dipropanoyl ester of morphine, CAS number 10589-79-4. ... Ethylmorphine is a drug in the class of both opiates (representing a minor synthetic change from morphine) and opioids (being effective in the CNSs opioid reception system) . Its effects in humans mainly stem from its metabolic conversion to morphine. ... For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation). ... Heterocodeine (6-methylmorphine) is an opiate derivative, the 6-methyl ether of morphine, and a structural isomer of codeine. ... Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone (marketed as Vicodin, Anexsia, Dicodid, Hycodan (or generically Hydromet), Hycomine, Lorcet, Lortab, Norco, Novahistex, Hydroco, Tussionex, Vicoprofen, Xodol) is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from two of the naturally occurring opiates, codeine and thebaine. ... Hydromorphone is a drug developed in Germany in the 1920s and introduced to the mass market beginning in 1926. ... This article is about the medicine. ... Methylnaltrexone (MTNX) is one of the newer agents of peripherally-acting Î¼-opioid antagonists that act to reverse some of the side effects of opioid drugs such as constipation without affecting analgesia or precipitating withdrawals. ... Metopon (5-methylhydromorphone hydrochloride) is an opiate analogue that is a methylated derivative of hydromorphone which was invented in 1948 as an analgesic. ... 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) is one of 2 active metabolites of heroin (diacetylmorphine), the other being the much less active 3-monoacetylmorphine (3-MAM). ... This article is about the drug. ... Morphinone is a very strong Opiod. ... Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is of more than simply academic interest, since it is the major active metabolite of morphine, and as such is the molecule responsible for much of the pain-relieving effects of morphine (and heroin and codeine). ... Nalbuphine (nalbuphine hydrochloride) is a synthetic opioid used commercially as an analgesic under a variety of trade names, including Nubain. ... Nalmefene (Revex) is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence, and also has been investigated for the treatment of other addictions such as pathological gambling and addiction to shopping. ... Nalorphine (INN, also known as N-allyl-normorphine) is a narcotic antagonist. ... Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opioid overdose, for example heroin and morphine overdose. ... Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. ... Naltrindole is a highly potent, highly selective delta opioid receptor antagonist used in biomedical research. ... Nicocodeine (Lyopect) is an opiate derivative developed as a cough suppressant and analgesic. ... Nicodicodeine is an opiate derivative developed as a cough suppressant and analgesic. ... Nicomorphine (Vilan) is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of morphine. ... Papaveretum (BAN) is a preparation containing a mixture of hydrochloride salts of opium alkaloids. ... This article is about the drug. ... Oripavine is an opiate and the major metabolite of thebaine. ... Not to be confused with oxytocin. ... Oxymorphone (Opana, Numorphan) or 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic that is derived from thebaine, and is approximately 6â€“8 times more potent than morphine. ... Pantopon is a preparation of opiates made up of all of the alkaloids present in opium in their natural proportions as hydrochloride salts . ... Papaveretum (BAN) is a preparation containing a mixture of hydrochloride salts of opium alkaloids. ... Paregoric, or camphorated tincture of opium, is a medication known for its antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic properties. ... Pholcodeine is an opioid used primarily as an antitussant (to treat cough) with little abuse potential. ... Semorphone (Mr 2264) is an opiate analogue that is an N-substituted derivative of oxymorphone. ... The chemical structure of dihydrocodeinone enol acetate Dihydrocodeinone Enol Acetate, or Thebacon, formerly marketed as its hydrochloride salt under the trade name Acedicon, is a semisynthetic opioid once used as an antitussive, primarily in Europe. ... A minor constituent of opium, thebaine or paramorphine (C19H21NO3) is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but produces stimulatory rather than depressant effects. ...

Morphinans

Butorphanol • Cyclorphan • Dextro-3-hydroxy-N-allylmorphinan • Dextrorphan • Drotebanol • Levargorphan • Levallorphan • Levorphanol • Levorphan • Levophenacylmorphan • Levomethorphan • Norlevorphanol • Oxilorphan • Phenomorphan • Racemethorphan • Racemorphan Morphinan is the base chemical structures of a subgroup of opioids. ... Butorphanol (INN) is a morphinan-type synthetic opioid analgesic marketed in the U.S. under the trade name Stadol. ... Dextrorphan is a pharmacologically active metabolite of Dextromethorphan (DXM). ... Levorphanol is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain. ... Levomethorphan is an optical isomer of dextromethorphan. ... Oxilorphan is an opioid antagonist from the morphinan family of drugs. ... Phenomorphan is an opioid analgesic. ... Racemethorphan is a racemic mixture of the stereoisomers of methorphan , namely dextromethorphan , which is the active ingredient in DM cough syrups , and the lesser known levomethorphan which is described as a controlled substance in The Merck Index - likely because it has more potential for abuse than its dextro enantiomer . ...

Benzomorphans

Bremazocine • Cyclazocine • Dezocine • Ethylketocyclazocine • Ketazocine • Metazocine • Pentazocine • Phenazocine Cyclazocine is a mixed opiate agonist-antagonist. ... Dezocine (Dalgan, WY-16225) is an opioid analgesic related to pentazocine, with a similar profile of effects that include analgesic action and euphoria at low doses,[1] but produces dysphoria and hallucinations at high doses, most likely due to action at Îº-opioid receptors. ... Ketazocine (INN) is a cyclazocine derivative used in opioid receptor research. ... Metazocine is an opioid analgesic related to pentazocine. ... Pentazocine is a synthetically-prepared narcotic (opioid analgesic) drug used to treat mild to moderately severe pain. ... Phenazocine (Prinadol, Narphen) is an opioid analgesic, invented in the 1950s,[1][2] which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects that include analgesic action and euphoria, but may produce dysphoria and hallucinations at high doses, most likely due to action at Îº-opioid and Ïƒ receptors. ...

4-Phenylpiperidines

Pethidines (Meperidines)	Anileridine • Benzethidine • Carperidine • Difenoxin • Diphenoxylate • Etoxeridine (Carbetidine) • Furethidine • Hydroxypethidine (Bemidone) • Morpheridine • Oxpheneridine (Carbamethidine) • Pethidine (Meperidine) • Pethidine Intermediate A • Pethidine Intermediate B (Norpethidine) • Pethidine Intermediate C (Pethidinic Acid) • Pheneridine • Phenoperidine • Piminodine • Properidine (Ipropethidine) • Sameridine • WIN-7681 Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; pethanol; piridosal; AlgilÂ®; AlodanÂ®; CentralginÂ®; DemerolÂ®; DispadolÂ®; DolantinÂ®; DolarganÂ® (in Poland);[1] DolestineÂ®; DolosalÂ®; DolsinÂ®; MefedinaÂ®) is a fast-acting opioid analgesic drug. ... Anileridine (LeritineÂ®) is a synthetic opioid and strong analgesic medication. ... Benzethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Carperidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Difenoxin (Motofen) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... On opiod agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea. ... Etoxeridine (Carbetidine, Atenos) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Furethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Hydroxypethidine (Bemidone) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Morpheridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Oxpheneridine (Carbamethidine) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; pethanol; piridosal; AlgilÂ®; AlodanÂ®; CentralginÂ®; DemerolÂ®; DispadolÂ®; DolantinÂ®; DolarganÂ® (in Poland);[1] DolestineÂ®; DolosalÂ®; DolsinÂ®; MefedinaÂ®) is a fast-acting opioid analgesic drug. ... Pethidine Intermediate A is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is a precursor to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Norpethidine (Normeperidine, Pethidine Intermediate B) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine (meperidine). ... Pethidinic Acid (Meperidinic Acid, Pethidine Intermediate C) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine (meperidine). ... Pheneridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Phenoperidine is an opiod general anesthetic. ... Piminodine (Alvodine) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Properidine is an opiate analgesic and the isopropyl analog of Meperidine. ... Sameridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... WIN-7681 (Allylnorpethidine) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ...
Prodines	Allylprodine • α-meprodine • α-prodine • β-meprodine • β-prodine • Meprodine • MPPP • PEPAP • Prodine • Prosidol • Trimeperidine Prodine (Prisilidine, Nisentil) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Allylprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. ... Meprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Prodine (Prisilidine, Nisentil) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Meprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Prodine (Prisilidine, Nisentil) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Meprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... MPPP (1-methyl 4-phenyl 4-propionoxypiperidine) is an opioid analgesic drug. ... PEPAP is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Prodine (Prisilidine, Nisentil) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine (meperidine). ... Prosidol is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. ... Trimeperidine (Promedol) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. ...
Ketobemidones	Acetoxyketobemidone • Ketobemidone • Methylketobemidone • Propylketobemidone Ketobemidone structure Ketobemidone is a powerful opioid analgesic. ... Acetoxyketobemidone (O-Acetylketobemidone) is an opioid analgesic that is an acetylated derivative of ketobemidone. ... Ketobemidone structure Ketobemidone is a powerful opioid analgesic. ... Methylketobemidone is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of ketobemidone. ... Propylketobemidone is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of ketobemidone. ...
Others	Alvimopan • Loperamide • Picenadol

Open Chain Opioids

Amidones	Dextromethadone • Dipipanone • Isomethadone • Levomethadone • Methadone • Methadone Intermediate • Norpipanone • Phenadoxone (Heptazone) • Pipidone Alvimopan (Entereg) is a drug which behaves as a peripherally acting Î¼-opioid antagonist. ... Picenadol (LY-150720) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is an opioid analgesic drug. ... Dipipanone hydrochloride is an opioid painkiller. ... Methadone is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and anti-addictive. ... Phenadoxone (HeptalginÂ®) is an opioid analgesic of the open chain class (methadone and relatives) invented in Germany in 1947. ...
Methadols	Acetylmethadol • α-methadol • α-acetylmethadol • β-methadol • β-acetylmethadol • Dimepheptanol • Levo-α-acetylmethadol • Noracymethadol Levomethadyl acetate, also known as levo-Î±-acetylmethadol (LAAM) is a synthetic opioid similar in structure to methadone. ...
Moramides	Dextromoramide • Levomoramide • Moramide Intermediate • Racemoramide Dextromoramide (PalfiumÂ®, PalphiumÂ®, JetriumÂ®, DimorlinÂ®) is the right-handed isomer of the moramide molecule. ...
Thiambutenes	Diethylthiambutene • Dimethylthiambutene • Ethylmethylthiambutene Diethylthiambutene (N,N-Diethyl-1-methyl-3,3-di-2-thienylallylamine, Diethibutin, Themalon) is an opioid analgesic drug which was mainly used in veterinary medicine. ... Dimethylthiambutene (N,N-Dimethyl-1-methyl-3,3-di-2-thienylallylamine, Dimethibutin, Ohton) is an opioid analgesic drug. ... Ethylmethylthiambutene (N-ethyl-N-methyl-1-methyl-3,3-di-2-thienylallylamine, Emethibutin) is an opioid analgesic drug. ...
Phenalkoxams	Dextropropoxyphene • Dimenoxadol • Dioxaphetyl Butyrate • Levopropoxyphene • Propoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category. ... Dimenoxadol (Estocin) is an opioid analgesic which is a diphenylacetic acid derivative, related to other drugs such as dextropropoxyphene. ... Dioxaphetyl Butyrate (Amidalgon, Spasmoxal) is an opioid analgesic which is a diphenylacetic acid derivative, related to other drugs such as dextropropoxyphene. ... The structure of Levopropoxyphene Levopropoxyphene is an antitussive. ... Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category that is used to treat severe pain and severe coughs. ...
Ampromides	Diampromide • Phenampromide • Propiram Diampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram. ... Phenampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram and diampromide. ... Propiram (Algeril) is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs. ...
Others	Lefetamine

Anilidopiperidines

3-allylfentanyl • 3-methylfentanyl • 3-methylthiofentanyl • Alfentanil • α-methylacetylfentanyl • α-methylfentanyl • α-methylthiofentanyl • Benzylfentanyl • β-hydroxyfentanyl • β-hydroxythiofentanyl • β-methylfentanyl • Brifentanil • Carfentanil • Fentanyl • Lofentanil • Ohmefentanyl • Parafluorofentanyl • Phenaridine • Remifentanil • Sufentanil • Thenylfentanyl • Thiofentanyl • Trefentanil Lefetamine is a psychoactive drug which has effects similar to both morphine and methylphenidate. ... 3-Allylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... 3-Methylfentanyl (3-MF, mefentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... 3-methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Alfentanil (Alfenta) is a parenteral short-acting opioid painkiller, used for anaesthesia in surgery. ... Î±-methylacetylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Î±-methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Î±-methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Î²-hydroxyfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Î²-hydroxythiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Î²-Methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Brifentanil (A-3331) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl and was developed in the early 1990s. ... Carfentanil, also Carfentanyl, is an analogue of the popular opioid Fentanyl, and is currently the most potent opioid known [Actually Ohmefentanil is 13,000X morphine]. It has a quantitative potency approximately 10,000 times that of morphine and 100 times that of fentanyl (activity in humans starting at about 1... Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic, first synthesized by Janssen Pharmaceutica (Belgium) in the late 1950s, with a potency many times that of morphine. ... Lofentanil is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl and was developed in the early 1980s. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Para-fluorofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Phenaridine (2,5-Dimethylfentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Remifentanil is a potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. ... Sufentanil is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug approximately 5 to 10 times more potent than fentanyl. ... Thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. ... Trefentanil (A-3665) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl and was developed in the early 1990s. ...

Oripavine derivatives

7-PET • Acetorphine • Buprenorphine • Cyprenorphine • Dihydroetorphine • Diprenorphine • Etorphine Oripavine is an opiate and the major metabolite of thebaine. ... 7-PET is a potent analgesic drug, several thousand times stronger than morphine by weight. ... Acetorphine is a potent analgesic drug (painkiller), several thousand times stronger than morphine by weight. ... Buprenorphine, is an opioid drug with partial agonist and antagonist actions. ... Cyprenorphine (M-285) is a drug which is an opioid derivative. ... China is one of the only countries in the world to prescribe Dihydroetorphine, (a close relative of Etorphine) to humans. ... Diprenorphine (Revivon, M5050) is an opiate antagonist used to reverse the effects of the super-potent opioid analgesics such as etorphine and carfentanil that are used for tranquilizing large animals in veterinary medicine. ... Etorphine (ImmobilonÂ® or M99) is a synthetic cousin of morphine and 1000 - 80,000 times more powerful. ...

Phenazepines

Ethoheptazine • Meptazinol • Metheptazine • Metethoheptazine • Proheptazine Ethoheptazine (Zactane, Equagesic) is an opioid analgesic from the phenazepine family. ... Meptazinol is an opioid analgesic for use with moderate to severe pain, most commonly used to treat pain in obstetrics (childbirth). ... Metheptazine is an opioid analgesic from the phenazepine family. ... Metethoheptazine (WY-535) is an opioid analgesic from the phenazepine family. ... Proheptazine is an opioid analgesic from the phenazepine family. ...

Pirinitramides

Bezitramide • Piritramide Bezitramide (4-[4-(2-oxo-3-propanoyl-benzoimidazol-1-yl)-1-piperidyl]-2,2-diphenyl-butanenitrile MW: 492. ... Piritramide (DipidolorÂ®) is a synthetic opioid analgesic with about 65-75 percent of the mg-for-mg strength of morphine. ...

Benzimidazoles

Clonitazene • Etonitazene Clonitazene is an opioid analgesic. ... Etonitazene is a highly potent narcotic analgesic (1000-1500x morphine). ...

Others

Ciramadol • Faxeladol • Herkinorin • Methopholine • Narcotine • O-Desmethyltramadol • SNC-80 • Tapentadol • Tilidine • Tramadol • Zipeprol Ciramadol (WY-15705) is an opioid analgesic that was developed in the late 1970s. ... Faxeladol is an opioid analgesic. ... Herkinorin is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of the natural product Salvinorin A. It was discovered in 2005 during structure-activity relationship studies into neoclerodane diterpenes, the family of chemical compounds of which Salvinorin A is a member. ... Methopholine is an opioid analgesic drug invented in the 1960s. ... Noscapine (also known as Narcotine) is an alkaloid opioid agonist from plants of the Papaveraceae family, without significant painkilling properties [1]. It is grouped as part of the benzylisoquinolines, of which papaverine is also included. ... O-Desmethyltramadol (M1) is an opioid analgesic which is made in the body from tramadol. ... SNC-80 is an opioid analgesic drug used in scientific research. ... Tapentadol (INN) is a centrally-acting analgesic with a unique dual mode of action as an agonist at the Î¼-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. ... Tilidine (INN, USAN), or tilidate (BAN) (ValoronÂ®, ValtranÂ®, Tilidin) is a synthetic opioid analgesic, used for treatment of moderate to severe pain, both acute and chronic[1]. Considered a low- to medium-potency opioid, it has the oral potency of about 0. ... Tramadol (INN) (IPA: ) is an atypical opioid which is a centrally acting analgesic, used for treating mild to moderate pain. ... Zipeprol is a cough suppressant. ...

v • d • e Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07)
Intestinal anti-infectives	Antibiotics (Neomycin, Nystatin, Natamycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin B, Paromomycin, Amphotericin B, Kanamycin, Vancomycin, Colistin, Rifaximin) - Sulfonamides (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Sulfaguanidine, Succinylsulfathiazole) - other (Miconazole, Broxyquinoline, Acetarsol, Nifuroxazide, Nifurzide)
Intestinal adsorbents	Charcoal - Bismuth - Pectin - Kaolin - Crospovidone - Attapulgite - Diosmectite
Antipropulsives	Diphenoxylate - Opium - Loperamide - Difenoxin - Loperamide
Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents	corticosteroids acting locally (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Betamethasone, Tixocortol, Budesonide, Beclometasone) - antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids (Cromoglicic acid) - aminosalicylic acid and similar agents (Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine, Olsalazine, Balsalazide)
Antidiarrheal micro-organisms	Saccharomyces boulardii
Other antidiarrheals	Albumin tannate - Ceratonia - Racecadotril

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Antidiarrhoeals | Opioids An antidiarrhoeal drug is the term used for any drug which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhoea. ... The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System A Alimentary tract and metabolism A07A Intestinal anti-infectives A07AA Antibiotics A07AA01 Neomycin A07AA02 Nystatin A07AA03 Natamycin A07AA04 Streptomycin A07AA05 Polymyxin B A07AA06 Paromomycin A07AA07 Amphotericin B A07AA08 Kanamycin A07AA09 Vancomycin A07AA10 Colistin A07AA11 Rifaximin A07AA51 Neomycin, combinations A07AA54 Streptomycin, combinations... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments and eyedrops. ... Nystatin (Nystan®, Infestat®, Nystamont®) is an polyene antimycotic drug Nystatin is considered one of the clean drugs as it has no proven side effects. ... Natamycin, also known as pimaricin, is a polyene antifungal drug. ... Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis. ... Polymyxin B (also referred to as PMB) are antibiotics primary used for resistant gram negative infections. ... Paromomycin sulfate (brand name HumatinÂ®) is a drug that fights intestinal infections such as cryptosporidiosis and amoeba infection, or amoebiasis and was developed as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis by the Institute for OneWorld Health. ... Amphotericin B (FungilinÂ®, FungizoneÂ®, AbelcetÂ®, AmBisomeÂ®, FungisomeÂ®, AmphocilÂ®, AmphotecÂ®) is a polyene antimycotic drug, used intravenously in systemic fungal infections. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Crystal structure of a short peptide L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (bacterial cell wall precursor, in green) bound to vancomycin (blue) through hydrogen bonds. ... Colistin (polymyxin E) is a polymyxin antibiotic produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. ... Rifaximin Xifaxan Rifaximin is a nonabsorbable antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. ... There are several sulphonamide-based groups of drugs. ... Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent commonly applied topically (to the skin) or mucus membranes to cure fungal infections. ... Nifuroxazide (INN) is an oral nitrofuran antibiotic used to treat colitis and diarrhea. ... In chemistry, adsorption of a substance is its concentration on a particular surface. ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bismuth, Bi, 83 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 15, 6, p Appearance lustrous reddish white Atomic mass 208. ... Pectin, a white to light brown powder, is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of higher terrestrial plants. ... Kaolin Kaolinite (Aluminium Silicate Hydroxide) Kaolinite is a mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Palygorskite (also known as attapulgite) is a magnesium aluminum silicate from a type of clay soil common to the Southeastern United States. ... An antipropulsive is a drug which is used in the treatment of diarrhea. ... On opiod agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea. ... This article is about the drug. ... Difenoxin (Motofen) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine). ... Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone. ... Hydrocortisone is a synthetic corticosteroid drug which may be given by injection or by topical application. ... Prednisone is a synthetic corticosteroid drug which is usually taken orally but can be delivered by intramuscular injection and can be used for a great number of different conditions. ... Betamethasone dipropionate is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive abilities, used especially where water retention is undesirable. ... Tixocortol is a corticosteroid used as a intestinal anti-inflammatory and decongestant. ... Budesonide is a glucocorticoid steroid for the treatment of asthma, non-infectious rhinitis (including hay fever and other allergies), and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. ... Beclometasone is an inhaled corticosteroid drug for the use of prophylaxis of asthma. ... Cromoglicate (INN) (also referred to as cromolyn (USAN) or cromoglycate (former BAN)) is traditionally described as a mast cell stabilizer, and is commonly marketed as the sodium salt sodium cromoglicate. ... Aminosalicylic acid (C7H7NO3) is also known as para-aminosalicylic acid, p-aminosalicylic acid or 4-aminosalicylic acid; abbreviated 4-ASA, PAS or P. It is sold in the US by Jacobus Pharmaceutical as PaserÂ®. 5-aminosalicylic acid is a closely related compound that also has medical uses. ... Sulfasalazine is a sulfa drug, a derivative of Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid abbreviated as 5-ASA), used primarily as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease as well as for rheumatoid arthritis. ... Mesalazine (INN, BAN), also known as Mesalamine (USAN) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat inflammation of the digestive tract (Crohns disease) and mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. ... Olsalazine is an anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. ... Balsalazide is an anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces boulardii Henri Boulard Saccharomyces boulardii is a tropical strain of yeast first isolated from lychee and mangosteen fruit in 1923 by French scientist Henri Boulard. ... Binomial name Linnaeus The Carob tree (from Arabic: Ø®Ø±ÙˆØ¨ kharoub and Hebrew: ×—×¨×•×‘ Charuv), Ceratonia siliqua, is an evergreen shrub or tree native to the Mediterranean region, cultivated for its edible seed pods. ...

Results from FactBites:

Loperamide (Imodium®) (688 words)
	Loperamide is a synthetic piperidine derivative, a weak narcotic with antidiarrheal properties.
	Loperamide should not be used in animals with known hypersensitivity or allergy to the drug.
	Loperamide should be avoided in patients with diarrhea caused by toxin ingestion until the toxin is eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract.

loperamide Side Effects, Interactions and Information - Drugs.com (1425 words)
	Loperamide slows the rhythm of digestion so that the small intestines have more time to absorb fluid and nutrients from the foods you eat.
	Loperamide is also used to reduce the amount of stool in people who have an ileostomy (re-routing of the bowel through a surgical opening in the stomach).
	Loperamide is available with a prescription and over-the-counter under several brand and generic names.

More results at FactBites »

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