George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney (14 May 1737 - 31 May 1806) was a British statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat.

Biography

George Macartney was descended from an old Scottish family, the Macartneys of Auchinleck, who had settled in 1649 at Lissanoure, County Antrim, Ireland, where he was born. After graduating from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1759, he became a student of the Temple, London. Through Stephen Fox, elder brother of Charles James Fox, he was taken up by Lord Holland.

Appointed envoy extraordinary to Russia in 1764, he succeeded in negotiating with Catherine II an alliance between England and that country. After occupying a seat in the English parliament, he was in 1769 returned for Antrim in the Irish parliament, in order to discharge the duties of Chief Secretary for Ireland. On resigning this office he was knighted.

In 1775 he became governor of the Caribbee Islands was created a baron in the Peerage of Ireland in 1776, and became governor of Madras (now known as Chennai) in 1780. He declined the governor-generalship of India, and returned to England in 1786.

After being created Earl Macartney in the Irish peerage (1792), he was appointed the first envoy of Britain to China. He arrived in Beijing in 1793 with a large British delegation on board of a 64-gun man-of-war. He met the Emperor Qianlong, but failed in negotiating the British requests:

• the relaxation of the restrictions on trade between Britain and China
• the acquisition by Britain of "a small unfortified island near Chusan for the residence of English traders, storage of goods, and outfitting of ships"
• the establishment of a permanent British embassy in Beijing

The embassy returned to Britain in 1794.

On his return from a confidential mission to Italy (1795) he was raised to the English peerage as a baron in 1796, and in the end of the same year was appointed governor of the newly acquired territory of the Cape of Good Hope, where he remained till ill health compelled him to resign in November 1798. He died at Chiswick, Middlesex, on May 31, 1806, the title becoming extinct, and his property, after the death of his widow (daughter of the 3rd earl of Bute), going to his niece, whose son took the name.

References

Two members of the embassy to China published detailed accounts:

• An account of Macartney's embassy to China, by Sir George Leonard Staunton, was published in 1797, and has been frequently reprinted.
• The Life and Writings of Lord Macartney, by Sir John Barrow, appeared in 1807.

See also Mrs Helen Macartney Robbins's biography, The First English Ambassador to China (1908), based on previously unpublished materials in possession of the family.

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.