Louis-Philippe-Joseph d'Orléans, by Antoine-François Callet.

Louis Philippe Joseph, duc d'Orléans (April 13, 1747 - November 6, 1793), called Philippe Égalité, was a member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the dynasty then ruling France. He actively supported the French Revolution, but was nonetheless guillotined during the Reign of Terror. His son Louis-Philippe became king of France in the July Revolution of 1830. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Duke of Orléans is one of the most important titles in the French peerage, dating back at least to the 14th century. ... April 13 is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... // Events January 31 - The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Dock Hospital April 9 - The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason; he was the last man to be executed in this way in Britain May 14 - First battle of Cape... November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... It has been suggested that France: Wars of Religion - Bourbon Dynasty be merged into this article or section. ... During the French Revolution (1789–1799) democracy and republicanism overthrew the absolute monarchy in France, and the French portion of the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. ... Public guillotining in Lons-le-Saunier, 1878 Guillotine from Baden (reconstruction) The Maiden, an older Scottish design Portrait of Dr. Guillotin The guillotine is a machine used for the mechanized application of capital punishment by decapitation. ... The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. ... Louis-Philippe of France (October 6, 1773–August 26, 1850), reigned as the Orléanist king of the French from 1830 to 1848. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, was a revolt by the middle class against Bourbon King Charles X which forced him out of office and replaced him with the Orleanist King Louis-Philippe. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Philippe Égalité was son of Louis Philippe, duc d'Orléans, and of Louise Henriette of Bourbon-Conti, and was born at Château de Saint Cloud, in Saint-Cloud, France. Having borne the title of Duke of Montpensier until his grandfather's death in 1752, he became Duke of Chartres, and in 1769 married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre (1753–1821), daughter and heiress of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duc de Penthièvre, grand admiral of France, and the richest heiress of the time. Her wealth made it certain that he would be the richest man in France, and he determined to play a part equal to that of his great-grandfather Philip II, Duke of Orléans (regent during the minority of Louis XV), whom (in the words of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica) "he resembled in character and debauchery." Louis Philippe, duc dOrléans (May 12, 1725 - November 18, 1785), son of Louis, duke of Orléans, was born at Versailles, and was known as the duke of Chartres until his fathers death in 1752. ... Saint Cloud or St. ... 1752 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1753 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duc de Penthièvre (1725 – March 4, 1793) was the son of Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, Comte de Toulouse. ... The title Admiral of France is one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France, the naval equivalent of Marshal of France. ... Philippe of Orléans Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Philippe Charles (August 2, 1674 - December 2, 1723) called Duke of Chartres (1674-1701), and then Duke of Orléans (1701-1723) was Regent of France from 1715 to 1723. ... // High public office A regent, from the Latin regens who reigns is anyone who acts of head of state, especially if not the Monarch (who has higher titles). ... Louis XV (February 15, 1710 – May 10, 1774), called the Well-Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1715 to 1774. ...

As duke of Chartres he opposed the plans of Maupeou in 1771, and was promptly exiled to his country estate of Villers-Côtterets (Aisne). When Louis XVI came to the throne in 1774 Chartres still found himself looked on coldly at court; Marie Antoinette hated him for his treachery, hypocrisy and selfishness. He was not slow to return her hatred with scorn. In 1778 he served in the squadron of D'Orvilliers, and was present in the naval battle of Ushant on July 27, 1778. He hoped to see further service, but the queen was opposed to this. He was removed from the navy due in part to the queen's hatred of him, but also due to his own incompetence and cowardice. As compensation, he was given the honorary post of colonel-general of hussars. René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou (February 25, 1714 - July 29, 1792), chancellor of France, was the eldest son of René Charles de Maupeou (1688-1775), who was president of the parlement of Paris from 1743 to 1757. ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Villers-Cotterêts is a commune of the Aisne département in the Picardie (Picardy) région in northern France. ... Aisne is a département in the northern part of France named after the Aisne River. ... Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 – January 21, 1793), was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French in 1791-1792. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France and Archduchess of Austria (born November 1755 – executed 16 October 1793) Daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria, wife of Louis XVI and mother of Louis XVII. She was guillotined at the height of the French Revolution. ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The naval First Battle of Ushant took place on 27 July 1778 during the American Revolutionary War, fought between French and British fleets 100 miles west of the isle of Ile dOuessant (Ushant to the English), a French island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... Polish Hussar Hussar (original Hungarian spelling: huszár, plural huszárok; vie the French hussard) refers to a number of types of cavalry used throughout Europe since the 15th century. ...

He then abandoned himself to pleasure; he often visited London, and became an intimate friend of the prince of Wales (afterwards George IV); he brought to Paris the "anglo-mania," as it was called, and made jockeys as fashionable as they were in England. He also made himself very popular in Paris by his large gifts to the poor in time of famine, and by throwing open the gardens of the Palais Royal to the people. Before the assembly of notables in 1787 he had succeeded his father as duke of Orleans, and showed his liberal ideas, which were largely learnt in England, so boldly that he was believed to be aiming at becoming constitutional king of France. In November he again showed his liberalism in the lit de justice, which Brienne had made the king hold, and was again exiled to Villers-Côtterets. The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... George IV (George Augustus Frederick) (12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ... Gardens of the Palais-Royal: The illustration, from an 1863 guide to Paris, enlarges the apparent scale. ... 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism, an adherent of the ideology espousing individual liberty and private property, meaning varies country to country American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Modern liberalism, in the USA, describes a political ideology that favors government intervention to promote equality Political progressivism, a political... A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchical government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges a hereditary or elected monarch as head of state. ... Etienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne Etienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne (October 9, 1727 - 16 February 1794) was a French churchman and politician. ...

The approaching convocation of the Estates-General made his friends very active on his behalf; he circulated in every bailliage the pamphlets which the abbé Sieyès had drawn up at his request, and was elected in three - by the noblesse of Paris, Villers-Côtterets and Crépy-en-Valois. In the estate of the nobility he headed the liberal minority under the guidance of Adrien Duport, and led the minority of forty-seven noblemen who seceded from their own estate (June 1789) and joined the Third Estate. The part he played during the summer of 1789 is one of the most debated points in the history of the French Revolution. The royal court accused him of being at the bottom of every popular movement, and saw the "gold of Orleans" as the cause of the Reveillon riot and the storming of the Bastille, as the republicans later saw the "gold of Pitt" in every germ of opposition to themselves. There can be no doubt that he hated the queen, and bitterly resented his long disgrace at court, and also that he sincerely wished for a thorough reform of the government and the establishment of some such constitution as that of England; and no doubt such friends as Adrien Duport and Choderlos de Laclos, for their own reasons, wished to see him king of France. The Estates-General of 1789 was the first meeting of the French Estates-General, a general assembly consisting of representatives from all but the poorest segment of the French citizenry, since 1614. ... A bailiwick is the area of jurisdiction of a bailiff. ... It has been suggested that Emmanuel J. Sièyes be merged into this article or section. ... In France of the ancien régime and the age of the French Revolution, the term Second Estate (Fr. ... Adrien Duport (1759 - 1798) was a French politician. ... In France of the ancien régime and the age of the French Revolution, the term Third Estate (tiers état) indicated the generality of people which were not part of the clergy (the First Estate) nor of the nobility (the Second Estate). ... The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 was an important development in, and later a symbol of, the French Revolution. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. ... William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759–23 January 1806) was a British politician during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. ... Pierre Ambrose Choderlos de Laclos, a French official and army general, was born on October 18, 1741 in Amiens, France and died in Taranto, Italy on September 5, 1803. ...

The best testimony for the behaviour of Orléans during this summer is the testimony of a Scottish lady, Mrs. Grace Dalrymple Elliott, who shared his heart with the comtesse de Buffon, and from which it is absolutely certain that at the time of the riot of July 12 he was on a fishing excursion, and was rudely treated by the king on the next day when going to offer him his services. He indeed became so disgusted with the false position of a pretender to the crown, into which he was being forced, that he wished to go to the United States, but, as the comtesse de Buffon would not go with him, he decided to remain in Paris. He was again accused, unjustly, of having caused the march of the women to Versailles on October 5. Lafayette, jealous of his popularity, persuaded the king to send the duke to England on a mission, and thus get him out of France, and he accordingly remained in England from October 1789 to July 1790. On July 7 he took his seat in the National Assembly (which reformed as the National Constituent Assembly two days later), and on October 2 both he and Mirabeau were declared by the Assembly entirely free of any complicity in the events of October. Grace Elliott , Grace Dalrymple Elliott (1754? - 1823) was a British courtesan who was resident in France at the time of the French Revolution and an eyewitness to events. ... July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. ... The French Revolution was a period in the history of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. ... October 5 is the 278th day of the year (279th in Leap years). ... Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette (September 6, 1757–May 20, 1834), was a French aristocrat most famous for his participation in the American Revolutionary War and early French Revolution. ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) was a transitional body between the Estates-General and the National Constituent Assembly which existed from June 17 to July 9 of 1789. ... The National Constituent Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale constituante) was formed from the National Assembly on July 9, 1789, during the first stages of the French Revolution. ... October 2nd is the 275th day (276th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 90 days remaining. ... Portrait of Mirabeau Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau, (often referred to simply as Mirabeau) (March 9, 1749 - April 2, 1791) was a French writer, popular orator and statesman. ...

He now tried to keep himself as much out of the political world as possible, but in vain, for the court would suspect him, and his friends would talk about his being king. The best proof of his not being ambitious of such a doubtful piece of preferment is that he made no attempt to get himself made king, regent or lieutenant-general of the kingdom at the time of the flight to Varennes in June 1791. He, on the contrary, again tried to make his peace with the court in January 1792, but he was so insulted that he was not encouraged to sacrifice himself for the sake of the king and queen, who persisted in remembering all old enmities in their time of trouble. In the summer of 1792 he was present for a short time with the army of the north, with his two sons, the duke of Chartres and the duke of Montpensier, but had returned to Paris before the insurrection of August 10. The Flight to Varennes (June 20-21, 1791) forms a dramatic, romantic and symbolic event in the history of the French Revolution. ... The French lordship of Montpensier (départment of Puy-de-Dôme), which became a countship in the 14th century, was sold in 1384 by Bernard and Robert de Ventadour to John, duke of Berry, whose daughter Marie brought the countship to her husband, John I, Duke of Bourbon, in... On August 10, 1792, during the French Revolution, a mob – with the backing of a new municipal government of Paris that came to be known as the insurrectionary Paris Commune – besieged the Tuileries palace. ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

After that day he underwent great personal risk in saving fugitives; in particular, he saved the life of the count of Champcenetz, the governor of the Tuileries, who was his personal enemy, at the request of Mrs. Elliott. It was impossible for him to recede, and, after accepting the title of "Citoyen Égalité", conferred on him by the commune of Paris, he was elected twentieth and last deputy for Paris to the Convention. In that body he sat as quietly as he had done in the National Assembly, but on the occasion of the king's trial he had to speak, and then only to give his vote for the death of Louis. His compliance did not save him from suspicion, which was especially aroused by the friendship of his eldest son, the duke of Chartres, with Dumouriez, and when the news of the desertion of Chartres with Dumouriez became known at Paris all the Bourbons left in France, including Égalité, were ordered to be arrested on April 5. He remained in prison till the month of October, when the Reign of Terror began. He was naturally the very sort of victim wanted, and he was decreed "of accusation" on October 3. He was tried on November 6 and was guillotined on the same day, with a smile upon his lips and without any appearance of fear. Tuileries Palace before 1871 - View from the Louvre courtyard Up to 1871 the Tuileries Palace was a palace in Paris, France, on the right bank of the River Seine. ... The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1789 until 1795, and especially from 1792 until 1795. ... This article is about a legislative body and constitutional convention during the French Revolution. ... Charles François Dumouriez Général Dumouriez Charles François Dumouriez (January 25, 1739 - March 14, 1823) was a French general. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... The Reign of Terror (June 1793 - July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in Leap years). ... November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... Public guillotining in Lons-le-Saunier, 1878 Guillotine from Baden (reconstruction) The Maiden, an older Scottish design Portrait of Dr. Guillotin The guillotine is a machine used for the mechanized application of capital punishment by decapitation. ...

The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica writes, "No man ever was more blamed than Orléans during the Revolution, but the faults of ambition and intrigue were his friends', not his own; it was his friends who wished him to be on the throne. Personally he possessed the charming manners of a polished grand seigneur: debauched and cynical, but never rude or cruel, full of gentle consideration for all about him but selfish in his pursuit of pleasure, he has had to bear a heavy load of blame, but it is ridiculous to describe the idle and courteous voluptuary as being a dark and designing scoundrel, capable of murder if it would serve his ambition. The execution of Philippe Égalité made the friend of Dumouriez, who was living in exile, duke of Orleans."

Marriage and children

He married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre at the Palace of Versailles, on June 6, 1769. Their children included: Versailles: Louis Le Vau opened up the interior court to create the expansive entrance cour dhonneur, later copied all over Europe Versailles: Garden front The Château de Versailles — often called the Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles — is a royal château, outside the gates of which the... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

• Louis-Philippe (1773-1850), king of the French from 1830 to 1848
• Antoine Philippe d'Orléans (1775-1807), Duc de Montpensier died during exile.
• Louise Marie Adelaide Eugènie d'Orléans (1777-1847)
• daughter (1777-1782) a twin of the above.
• Louis Charles Alphonse Leodégard d'Orléans (1779-1808), Comte du Beaujolais died during exile.

Louis-Philippe of France (October 6, 1773–August 26, 1850), reigned as the Orléanist king of the French from 1830 to 1848. ... 1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1850 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A monarch is a type of ruler or head of state, whose titles and ascent are often inherited, not earned, and who represents a larger monarchical system which has established rules and customs regarding succession, duties, and powers. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The French lordship of Montpensier (départment of Puy-de-Dôme), which became a countship in the 14th century, was sold in 1384 by Bernard and Robert de Ventadour to John, duke of Berry, whose daughter Marie brought the countship to her husband, John I, Duke of Bourbon, in... Louise Marie Adelaide Eugènie dOrléans (August 23, 1777 - December 31, 1847) was the daughter of Louis Philip II, Duke of Orléans, and the sister of King Louis-Philippe of France. ... 1777 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1777 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

See also

• Duc de Nemours
• Grace Elliott
• Maria Stella

In the 12th and 13th centuries the lordship of Nemours, in the Gatinais, France, was in possession of the house of Villebeon, a member of which, Gautier was marshal of France in the middle of the 13th century. ... Grace Elliot (1754?–1823). ... Maria Stella (? - December 23, 1843) the self-styled legitimate daughter of Louis Philip II, Duke of Orléans. ...

References

This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, which is in the public domain. Please update as needed. The Britannica gives the following references: Supporters contend that the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) represents, in many ways, the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

• Baschet, Histoire de Philippe Égalité
• Journal of Mrs. Grace Dalrymple Elliott (1859)
• A Nettement, Philippe-Égalité (Paris, 1842)
• Laurentie, Histoire des ducs d'Orleans (Paris, 1832)
• G Peignot, Précis historique de la maison d'Orleans (Paris, 1830)
• LC Rousselet, Correspondance de Louis-Philippe Joseph d'Orleans avec Louis XVI (Paris, 1800)
• Rivarol, Portrait du duc d'Orleans et de Madame de Genlis
• Tournois, Histoire du Louis Philippe Joseph duc d'Orleans (Paris, 1842).