NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Louis the Pious

Louis the Pious (also known as Louis I, Louis the Fair, and Louis the Debonaire, German: Ludwig der Fromme, French: Louis le Pieux or Louis le Débonnaire, Spanish: Luis el Piadoso, Italian: Ludovico Pío) (April 16, 778 – June 20, 840) was Emperor and King of the Franks from 814 to his death 840. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (700x924, 175 KB) Summary From German Wikipedia, see http://upload. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (700x924, 175 KB) Summary From German Wikipedia, see http://upload. ... Events The Danish king accepts Christianity. ... Rabanus Maurus (left) presents his work to Otgar of Mainz Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c. ... Also see: France in the Middle Ages. ... // For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation). ... Pippinid are the members of a family of Frankish nobles whose eldest scion served as major-domo, de facto ruler, of the Frankish Kingdom nominally ruled by the Merovingians. ... Pippin of Landen, also known as Pippin the Elder (580 - 640), was the Frankish Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under the Merovingian kings Clotaire II, Dagobert I and Sigebert III from 615 or 623 to 629. ... Grimoald the Elder or Grimaud (d. ... When King Sigebert III died in 656, Grimoald had Sigeberts son Dagobert II shorn of hair and packed off to an Irish monastery and then proclaimed his own son, Childebert the Adopted, king of Austrasia. ... The Pippinids or Arnulfings are the members of a family of Frankish nobles whose select scions served as major-domos, de facto rulers, of the Frankish kingdoms of Neustra and Austrasia that were nominally ruled by the Merovingians. ... Arnulf of Metz (August 13, 582 â€“ August 16, 640) was a Frankish noble who had great influence in the Merovingian kingdoms as a bishop and was later canonized as a saint. ... Chlodulf was bishop of Metz approximately from 657 to 697. ... Ansegisel, or Duke Angiese, was the son of Arnulf of Metz and his wife Doda. ... Pippin of Herstal (or Pepin; PÃ©pin), also known as Pippin the Middle, Pippin the Younger (as with his grandson), or Pippin II, (635 or 640â€“December 16, 714, Jupille) was the grandson of Pippin (I) the Elder through the marriage of Ansegisel and Begga, the daughter of the Elder. ... Grimoald II (or French Grimaud) (d. ... Drogo (670-708), son of Pepin the Middle and Plectrude, was the duke of Champagne by appointment of his father in 690 and duke of Burgundy from the death of Nordebert in 697. ... Theudoald or Theodald was the mayor of the palace of Neustria, briefly in 714, after the death of his father, Grimoald II. He was illegitimate, but his grandmother Plectrude tried anyway to have him recognised by Pepin of Heristal as the legitimate heir to all the Pippinid lands instead of... The Carolingians were a dynasty of rulers that eventually controlled the Frankish realm and its successors from the 8th to the 10th century, officially taking over the kingdom from the Merovingian dynasty in 751. ... For the 13th century titular King of Hungary, see Charles Martel dAnjou. ... Carloman (716â€“754) was the son of Charles Martel, major domo or Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and Chrotrud. ... Pippin the Younger (714-September 24, 768) often known under the mistranslation Pippin the Short (French, PÃ©pin le Bref; German, Pippin der Kleine, Pippin der Kurze, Pippin der JÃ¼ngere), was a King of the Franks (751-768). ... Carloman (751 - December 4, 771) was a King of the Franks (768 - 771). ... Charlemagne (742 or 747 â€“ 28 January 814) (also Charles the Great[1]; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. ... In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms. ... Lothair I Lothair I (German: Lothar, French: Lothaire) (795 â€“ 2 March 855), king of Italy (818 â€“ 855) and Holy Roman Emperor (840 â€“ 855), was the eldest son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingerman, duke of Hesbaye. ... Charles the Bald - Detail from a painting in the First Bible of Charles the Bald, painted ca. ... Louis the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (804 - August 28, 876), the third son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, was the king of Bavaria from 817, when his father partitioned the empire, and king of East Francia... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... Events Charlemagne fights the Moors in Spain. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... Events After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German fight over the division of the empire, with Lothair succeding as Emperor. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... The following list of Frankish Kings is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ... Events Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor. ... Events After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German fight over the division of the empire, with Lothair succeding as Emperor. ...

Rule in Aquitaine

Born in Casseuil-sur-Garonne, in today's Gironde, France, the third son of Charlemagne by his third wife, Hildegard of Savoy, Louis was crowned king of Aquitaine as a child in 781 and sent there with regents and a court to rule in order to quiet rebellions which were forming after Charlemagne's defeat by the Moors in Spain (778). Charlemagne's intention was to see his all sons brought up as natives of their given territories, wearing the national costume of the region and ruling by the local customs. Thus were the children sent to their respective realms at so young an age. Each kingdom had its importance in keeping some frontier, Louis's was the Spanish March. In 797, Barcelona, the greatest city of the Marca, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Córdoba and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis marched the entire army of his kingdom over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The sons were not given independence from central authority, however, and Charlemagne ingrained in them the concepts of empire and unity by sending them on military expeditions far from their home bases. Louis campaigned in the Mezzogiorno against the Beneventans at least once. Gironde is a dÃ©partement in the southwest of France named after the Gironde Estuary. ... Charlemagne (742 or 747 â€“ 28 January 814) (also Charles the Great[1]; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. ... Hildegard of Savoy (758-783) daughter of Gerald I of Savoy, Count of the Vinzgouw and Imma (Emma) of Allemania, third wife of Charlemagne married about 771. ... The persons who held the title of Duke of Aquitaine (French: Duc dAquitaine}, which became part of France in 1449 but was an independent duchy before that date, with the years they held it, were: // Dukes of Aquitaine Edward III claimed the title of King of France in 1339... Events Emperor Kammu succeeds Emperor Konin as emperor of Japan. ... // High public office A regent, from the Latin regens who reigns is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). ... This article is about people. ... The Marca Hispanica (Spanish Mark or March) was a buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, first set up by Charlemagne in 795 as a defensive barrier to keep the Muslim Moors out of the Frankish Kingdom. ... Events July 17 - Irene orders her son, the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI captured and deposed August 15 - Irenes orders are accomplished; her son is blinded, and herself declared emperor the next day. ... Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in Spain. ... CÃ³rdoba most commonly means CÃ³rdoba, Spain, a famous city in Spain inhabited since the time of ancient Rome, and the seat of the Emir of CÃ³rdoba and the Caliph of CÃ³rdoba. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Events 29 November - Pope Leo III, aided by Charles the Great, returns to Rome. ... Central Pyrenees. ... Events December 25, Rome, coronation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor by Pope Leo III. Celtic monks begin work on the Book of Kells on the Island of Iona. ... Events December 28 - Louis the Vrome occupies Barcelona. ... The Mezzogiorno or Southern Italy is the area of Italy south of Rome. ... Benevento is a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento, 32 miles northeast of Naples. ...

Like most Frankish men Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles the Younger, king of Neustria, and Pepin, king of Italy. In the Divisio Regnorum of 806, Charlemagne had slated Charles the Younger as his successor as emperor and chief king, ruling over the Frankish heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Iron Crown of Lombardy, which Charlemagne possessed by conquest. To Louis's kingdom of Aquitaine, he added Septimania, Provence, and part of Burgundy. Charles (d. ... Neustria & Austrasia The territory of Neustria originated in A.D. 511, made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, approximating most of the north of present-day France, with Paris and Soissons as its main cities. ... Pippin of Italy (April, 773-July 8, 810) was the third son of Charlemagne, and the second with his wife Hildegard of Savoy. ... King of Italy is a title adopted by many rulers after the fall of the Roman Empire. ... Events April 12 - Nicephorus elected patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Tarasius. ... Austrasia & Neustria Austrasia formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. ... The Iron Crown of Lombardy is both a reliquary and one of the most ancient royal insignia of Europe. ... Septimania was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigothic kingdom in 462, when Septimania was ceded to Theodoric II, king of the Visigoths. ... Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Frances border with Italy. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ...

But, in the event, Charlemagne's other legitimate sons died, Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811, and Louis was crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne in 813. On his father's death in 814, he inherited the entire Frankish kingdom and all its possessions (with the sole exception of Italy, which remained within Louis' empire, but under the direct rule of Bernard, Pepin's son). Events October 1 - A man with a sword makes an attempt on emperor Nicephorus Is life. ... Events July 26 - Battle of Pliska: Nicephorus I is defeated by the Bulgar khan Krum, and is succeeded by Stauracius as Byzantine emperor. ... Events June 22 - Byzantine Emperor Michael I is defeated in a war against the Bulgarians. ... Events Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor. ... Bernard of Italy was the King of Italy (810 - 818). ...

Emperor

He was in Doué, Anjou, when he received news of his father's passing. Hurrying to Aachen, he crowned himself and was proclaimed by the nobles with shouts of Vivat Imperator Ludovicus. Anjou is a former county (c. ... Aachen (French Aix-la-Chapelle, Dutch Aken, Latin Aquisgranum, Ripuarian Oche) is a spa city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km to the west of Cologne, and the westernmost city in Germany. ...

As a motto of his reign, he minted the reverse of his coins with the legend Renovatio Regni Francorum. In this, he intended to signify the renewal of the empire to a lost moral grandeur. He quickly enacted a "moral purge", in which he sent all of his unmarried sisters to nunneries, forgoing their diplomatic use as hostage brides in favour of the security of avoiding the entanglements that powerful brothers-in-law might bring. He spared his illegitimate half-brothers and tonsured his father's cousins, Adalard and Wala, shutting them up in Noirmoutier and Corbie, respectively, despite the latter's initial loyalty. Noirmoutier-en-lÃŽle, commonly referred to as Noirmoutier, is a commune in the VendÃ©e dÃ©partement in western France. ... Corbie is a commune of the Somme département, in northern France. ...

His chief councillors were Bernat, margrave of Septimania, and Ebbo, whom, born a serf, Louis would raise to the archbishopric of Rheims but who would ungratefully betray him later. He retained some of his father's ministers, such as Elisachar, abbot of St Maximin near Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop of Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of many monasteries. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Saint Mark from the Ebbo Gospels. ... The Archdiocese of Reims was founded (as a diocese) around 250 by St. ... Trier (French: TrÃ¨ves, Spanish: Treveris, Italian: Treviri) is Germanys oldest city. ...

He also used Benedict of Aniane (the Second Benedict), a Septimanian Visigoth and monastic founder, to help him reform the Frankish church. One of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that all religious houses in Louis' realm adhered to the Rule of St Benedict, named for its creator, the First Benedict, Benedict of Nursia (480-550). Benedict of Aniane (aka Witiza; the Second Benedict) (c 747 - 11 February 821) is a saint born in France. ... The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. ... St Benedict of Nursia (c. ... Saint Benedict of Nursia (c. ... Events Odoacer defeats an attempt by Julius Nepos to recapture Italy, and has Julius killed; Odoacer also captured Dalmatia. ... Events End of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and beginning of the Northern Qi Dynasty in northern China. ...

In 816, Pope Stephen V, who had succeeded Leo III, visited Rheims and again crowned Louis. The Emperor thereby strengthened the papacy by recognising the importance of the pope in imperial coronations. Events Frankish king Louis the Pious crowned emperor. ... Stephen V can refer to: Pope Stephen V Stephen V of Hungary This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. ... Reims (English traditionally Rheims) is a city of north-eastern France, 98 miles east-northeast of Paris. ...

Ordinatio imperii

In 817, Louis and his court were crossing a wooden gallery from the cathedral to the palace in Aachen when the gallery collapsed and took the lives of many. Louis, having barely survived and feeling the imminent danger of death, issued an Ordinatio Imperii, a decree that laid out plans for an orderly succession. In 815, he had already given his two eldest sons a share in the government, when he had given Bavaria to Lothair as king and Aquitaine to Pepin, though without the royal title. Now, he proceeded to divide the empire between his three sons: Events Louis the Pious divides his empire among his sons. ... Events An iconoclastic synod is held. ... The Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern), with an area of 70,553 kmÂ² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... Lothair I Lothair I (German: Lothar, French: Lothaire) (795 â€“ 2 March 855), king of Italy (818 â€“ 855) and Holy Roman Emperor (840 â€“ 855), was the eldest son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingerman, duke of Hesbaye. ... Pepin I (797-November 13 or December 13, 838) was King of Aquitaine. ...

With this settlement, Louis tried to combine his sense for the Empire's unity, supported by the clergy, with the traditional Frankish principle of partition. Instead of treating his sons equally in status and land, he elevated his first-born son Louis above his younger brothers and gave him the largest part of the Empire as his share. Lothair would turn out conscious of his status as co-emperor and proved a staunch defender of his share. Louis the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (804 - August 28, 876), the third son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, was the king of Bavaria from 817, when his father partitioned the empire, and king of East Francia...

Bernard's rebellion and Louis' penance

The first challenge to the Partition of Aachen came from Italy, which the settlement had given to Lothair. Emperor's nephew Bernard still ruled Italy and in 818, he rebelled against his uncle at the instigation of Theodulf, bishop of Orléans. Bernard then went, by invitation, to Chalon-sur-Saône to plead his case. Bernard was sentenced to death, but Louis allieviated the sentence to bliding and imprisonment. Bernard's anguish and pain was such that he died the next year. The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis's conscience for the rest of his life. Events Bishop Theodulf of Orléans is deposed and imprisoned after getting involved in a conspiracy of Bernard, king of Italy, against Louis the Pious Births Deaths May 26 - Ali ar-Rida, Shia Imam Categories: 818 ... Theodulf, Bishop of Orléans, France, (born about A.D. 760 - died at Angers, France, December 18, 821), a Visigoth either from a still-Christian portion of Spain (which had been conquered by Muslims after 710) or the South of France (which was a former possession of the Visigoths), came... A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who, in certain Christian churches, holds a position of authority. ... OrlÃ©ans cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Cross, built from 1278 to 1329; after being pillaged by Huguenots in the 1560s, the Bourbon kings restored it in the 17th century. ... Chalon-sur-SaÃ´ne is part of the Burgundy region, it was once a well known river port, as a point to distribute local wines up and down the SaÃ´ne river. ...

In 822, as a deeply religious man, Louis performed penance for causing Bernard's death, at his palace of Attigny near Vouziers in the Ardennes, before Pope Paschal I, and a council of ecclesiastics and nobles of the realm, that had been convened for the reconciliation of Louis with his three younger half-brothers, Hugo whom he soon made abbot of St-Quentin, Drogo whom he soon made bishop of Metz, and Theodoric, all sons of Charlemagne's concubines, whom he had caused to be violently tortured and whom he had intended to put to death. This act of contrition, partly in emulation of Theodosius I, had the effect of greatly reducing his prestige as a Frankish ruler, for he also recited a list of minor offences about which no secular ruler of the time would have taken any notice. He also made the egregious error of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, placing the former in a position of power in the court of Lothair and the latter in a position in his own house. Download high resolution version (674x622, 124 KB)Louis the Pious making penance at Attigny in 822. ... Download high resolution version (674x622, 124 KB)Louis the Pious making penance at Attigny in 822. ... Events Abd-ar-rahman II becomes ruler of Umayyad Spain. ... The Ardennes is a region of extensive forests and rolling hill country, primarily in Belgium and Luxembourg, but stretching into France (lending its name to the Ardennes département and the Champagne-Ardenne région). ... Saint Paschal I was pope from 817 to February 11, 824. ... Hugh (802-844) was the illegitimate son of Charlemagne and his concubine Regina, with whom he had one other son: Bishop Drogo of Metz (801-855). ... Drogo, also known as Dreux or Drogon (June 17, 801-December 8, 855) was an illegitimate son of Frankish emperor Charlemagne by the concubine Regina. ... On the reverse of this coin minted under Valentinian II, both Valentinian and Theodosius are depicted with halos. ...

Frontier wars

At the start of Louis's reign, the many tribes— Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons, Basques—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe at the power of the Frankish emperor and dared not stir up any trouble. In 816, however, the Sorbs rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of the Obotrites, who was captured and abandoned by his own people, being replaced by Ceadrag in 818. Soon, Ceadrag too had turned against the Franks and allied with the Danes, who were to become the greatest menace of the Franks in a short time. The Obotrites (sometimes Abodrites, Obodrites) were a group of Slavic peoples who had in the 6th century settled in the regions later known as Mecklenburg and Schleswig-Holstein in what is now north-eastern Germany. ... Breton can refer to: The Breton language A person from Brittany Author André Breton This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article is about the Basque people. ... The Sorbs are a Slavic minority indigenous to the region known as Lusatia in the German states of Saxony and Brandenburg (in former GDR territory). ...

A greater Slavic menace was gathering on the southeast. There, Ljudevit Posavski, duke of the Pannonia, was harassing the border at the Drava and Sava rivers. The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on campaign and, in 820, his margarvate was invaded by Slovenes. In 821, an alliance was made with Borna, duke of the Dalmatia, and Ljudevit was brought to heel. Peace continued until 827, when the younger Louis had to deal with a Bulgar horde descending on Pannonia. Prince Ljudevit Posavski ruled 810 - 823; ruler of Pannonia (continental Croatia). ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... Drave (German: Drau, Slovenian and Croatian: Drava, Hungarian: Dráva) is a river in southern Central Europe, flowing East from Alto Adige, Italy through Carinthia, Austria, and Slovenia (145 km) then southeast, forming most of the Croatian-Hungarian border before joining the Danube near Osijek. ... Sava also Save (in German: Save; in Hungarian: SzÃ¡va) is a river in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, a right side tributary of Danube at Belgrade. ... Margrave is the English and French form of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ... Friulian Coats of Arms Friuli (Furlan: FriÃ»l, German: Friaul, Slovenian: Furlanija) is an area in northeastern Italy, comprising the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. ... Events Michael II succeeds Leo V as Byzantine Emperor The Historia Brittonum is written (approximate date) Births Rhodri Mawr (the Great), ruler of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date) Photius I, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date) Deaths December 24: Leo V, Byzantine Emperor (assassinated) Shankara, Hinduist teacher Tang Xian Zong, emperor of... Events Tang Mu Zong becomes emperor of China Births Deaths February 11 - Benedict of Aniane, monastic founder and saint December 18 - Theodulf, Bishop of Orléans Coenwulf, king of Mercia Categories: 821 ... Borna can mean: Two different places in Saxony, Germany: Borna (Leipzig), in the Leipziger Land district A part of Bahretal in the SÃ¤chsische Schweiz district BART) - breakdancer or: Borna disease, an infection neurological of warm-blooded animals caused by the Borna virus This is a disambiguation page â€” a... Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Serbian Cyrillic: Ð”Ð°Ð»Ð¼Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, (mostly) in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... Events Succession of Pope Valentine, then Pope Gregory IV. Arabs invade Sicily. ... For the people of Central Asia see Bulgars Bulgar language is an extinct language commonly considered Turkic but more recently Indo-Iranian Bulgar, or bulgarish is Yiddish word for Romanian dance bugareascÄƒ (means Bulgarian cf. ...

On the far southern edge of his great realm, Louis had to control the Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne had never subjugated. He extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV and Sico, but to no effect. This is as list of the Dukes and Princes of Benevento, it is one of Wikipedias Lists of Incumbents. ... Grimoald IV was the Lombard prince of Benevento from the death of his father, Grimoald III, in 806 to his own death in 817. ...

On the southwestern frontier, problems commenced early when, in 815, Séguin, duke of Gascony, revolted. He was defeated and replaced by Lupus III, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor. An 820 assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise decided to send an expedition against the Cordoban caliphate. The counts in charge of the army, Hugh, count of Tours, and Matfrid, count of Orléans, were slow in acting and the expedition came to naught. Gascony (French: Gascogne, pronounced ; Gascon: Gasconha, pronounced ) is an area of southwest France that constituted a royal province prior to the French Revolution. ... Location within France Tours Cathedral: 15th century Flamboyante Gothic west front with Renaissance pinnacles, 1547 Tours Cathedral. ... OrlÃ©ans cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Cross, built from 1278 to 1329; after being pillaged by Huguenots in the 1560s, the Bourbon kings restored it in the 17th century. ...

First civil war

In 818, as Louis was returning from a campaign to Brittany, he was greeted by news of the death of his wife, Ermengarde. Ermengarde was the daughter of Ingerman, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close to his wife, who had been involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had played a part in her nephew's death and Louis himself believed her own death was divine retribution for that event. It took many months for his courtiers and advisors to convince him to remarry, but eventually he did, in 820, to Judith, daughter of Welf, count of Altdorf. In 823 Judith gave birth to a son, who was named Charles. Events Bishop Theodulf of Orléans is deposed and imprisoned after getting involved in a conspiracy of Bernard, king of Italy, against Louis the Pious Births Deaths May 26 - Ali ar-Rida, Shia Imam Categories: 818 ... Traditional coat of arms This article is about the historical duchy and French province, as well as the cultural area of Brittany. ... Ermengarde, or Irmengarde de Hesbaye (born about 778) was the daughter of Ingerman, Count of Hesbania (Hesbaye, now in LiÃ¨ge, Belgium) and Hedwig of Bavaria. ... This article lacks information on the importance of the subject matter. ... Queen Judith or Iudit (died 19 April 843) was the second wife of Louis the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks. ... The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century until the 20th century. ... Altdorf is the capital of the Swiss canton of Uri. ... Events Crete is conquered from the Byzantines by the Saracens. ... Charles the Bald - Detail from a painting in the First Bible of Charles the Bald, painted ca. ...

The birth of this son damaged the Partition of Aachen, as Louis's attempts to provide for his forth son met with stiff resistance from his older sons, and the last two decades of his reign were marked by civil war.

At Worms in 829, Louis gave Charles Alemannia with the title of king or duke (historians differ on this), thus enraging Lothair, whose partition was thereby diminished. An insurrection was soon at hand. With the urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of his brothers, Lothair accused Judith of having an affair with Bernat of Septimania, of which liaison Charles was the issue, thus a bastard. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at that point, Bernard having risen to greater heights than either of them. Agobard, archbishop of Lyons, and Jesse, bishop of Amiens, too, opposed the redivision of the empire and lent their episcopal prestige to the rebels. Worm can refer to: The worm, a collection of animal phyla. ... Events Egbert of Wessex conquers Mercia and is recognized as Bretwalda. ... Alemannia (red) and Upper Burgundy (green) around AD 1000. ... Agobard (c. ... Lyons), see Lyons (disambiguation). ... The cathedral in Amiens Location within France Amiens is a city and commune in the north of France, 120 km north of Paris. ...

In 830, at Wala's insistence that Bernat of Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led an army of Gascons, with the support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Paris. At Verberie, Louis the German joined him. At that time, the emperor returned from another campaign in Brittany to find his empire at war with itself. He marched as far as Compiègne, an ancient royal town, before being surrounded by Pepin's forces and captured. Judith was forced to take the veil at Poitiers and Bernat fled to Barcelona. Events Christian missionary Ansgar visits Birka, trade city of the Swedes. ... The Gascon language is an Occitan dialect mostly spoken in Gascony (in the French départements of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Hautes-Pyrénées, Landes, Gers, Gironde, a part of Lot-et-Garonne, a part of Haute-Garonne, and a part of Ariège), and in the small Spanish... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city, with the skyscrapers of La DÃ©fense business district 3 miles behind. ... Verberie (Postal Code: 60410) is a village and commune on the River Oise in the French dÃ©partement V of Oise . ... CompiÃ¨gne is a commune in the Oise dÃ©partement of France, of which it is a sous-prÃ©fecture. ... Location within France Poitiers (population 85,000) is a small city located in west central France. ...

Then Lothair finally set out with a large Lombard army, but Louis had been work on his son Louis and the latter had reversed his position and convinced Pepin to do likewise. The rebellion thus failed when the Lothair tried to call a general council of the realm in Nijmegen, in the heart of Austrasia, where their support was least. The Austrasians and Rhinelanders came to Nijmegen with a following of armed retainers, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their father and bow at his feet (831). Reconciled to their father, Pepin and Louis had their shares of the inheritance increased, while Lothair was stripped of his position as co-emperor and banished to Italy. Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith to Louis's court. Only Wala was severely dealt with, making his way to a secluded monastery on the shores of Lake Geneva. Though Hilduin, abbot of Saint Denis, was exiled to Paderborn and Elisachar and Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Alps; they did not lose their freedom. Nijmegen (Zuid-Gelders: NÃ¨hmÃ©Ã©ge) (obsolete spellings: Nijmwegen, Nymegen, Nieumeghen â€” known in German as Nimwegen, French as NimÃ¨gue, and Spanish as Nimega) is a municipality and a city in the east of the Netherlands, near the German border. ... Austrasia & Neustria Austrasia formed the north-eastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. ... Events Malamir succeeds Omurtag as Khan of Bulgaria The Saracens capture Palermo. ... Lake Geneva - or Lake LÃ©man, (French Lac LÃ©man, le LÃ©man, or Lac de GenÃ¨ve, German Genfer See) is the second largest freshwater lake in Central Europe (after Lake Balaton), divided as 40% France (Haute-Savoie) and 60% Switzerland (cantons of Vaud, Geneva, and Valais). ... Saint Denis can refer to: a Christian saint: see Denis Seine-Saint-Denis a France Several communes in France: Saint-Denis,in the Aude d partement Saint-Denis, in the Gard d partement Saint-Denis, in the Seine-Saint-Denis d partement, home of Saint Denis Basilica Saint-Denis, in... Paderborn is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district. ...

Second civil war

The next revolt occurred a mere two years later (832). The disaffected Pepin was summoned to his father's court, where he was so poorly received that he left against his father's orders. Immediately, fearing that Pepin would be stirred up to revolt by his nobles and desiring to reform his morals, Louis the Pious summoned all his forces to meet in Aquitaine in preparation of an uprising, but Louis the German garnered an army of Slav allies and conquered Swabia before the emperor could react. Once again the elder Louis divided his vast realm. At Jonac, he declared Charles king of Aquitaine and deprived Pepin (he was less harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest of the empire to Lothair, not yet involved in the civil war. Lothair was, however, interested in usurping his father's authority and his ministers had been in contact with Pepin and may have convinced him and Louis the German to rebel, promising the latter Alemannia, promising him Alemannia, the kingdom of Charles. Events Theophilus forbids the usage of icons, establishing strict punishments. ... The Slavic peoples are defined by their linguistic attainment of the Slavic languages. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Soon Lothair, with the support of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed in office without his father's support, joined the revolt in 833. While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched south. The armies met on the plains of the Rothfeld. There, Gregory met the emperor and may have tried to sow dissension amongst his ranks. Soon much of Louis's army had evaporated before his eyes, and he ordered his few remaining followers to go, because "it would be a pity if any man lost his life or limb on my account." The resigned emperor was taken to Saint Médard at Soissons, his son Charles to Prüm, and the queen to Tortona. The despicable show of disloyalty and disingenuousness earned the site the name Field of Lies, or Lügenfeld, or Campus Mendacii, ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est [1]. Gregory IV, pope (827-844), was chosen to succeed Valentinus in December 827, on which occasion he recognized the supremacy of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious in the most unequivocal manner. ... Events End of the reign of caliph Al-Mamun Nimmyo succeeds Junna as emperor of Japan Creation of Great Moravia Births Deaths October 10 - al-Mamun, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad Categories: 833 ... Saint Medardus (French MÃ©dard; c. ... Soissons is a town and commune in the Aisne dÃ©partement, Picardie, France, located on the Aisne River, about 60 miles northeast of Paris. ... PrÃ¼m is a city in the Westeifel (Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany. ... For the medieval scholar Tortona, see Marziano da Tortona Tortona is a comune of Piedmont, in the Province of Alessandria, Italy. ...

On November 13, Ebbo of Rheims presided over a synod in the Church of Saint Mary in Soissons which deposed Louis and forced him to publicly confess many crimes, none of which he had, in fact, committed. In return, Lothair gave Ebbo the Abbey of Saint Vaast. Men like Rabanus Maurus, Louis' younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Emma, Judith's sister and Louis the German's new wife, worked on the younger Louis to, for the sake of the unity of the empire, make peace with his father. The humiliation to which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons of Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, and the usurper fled to Burgundy, skirmishing with loyalists near Châlons-sur-Saône. Louis was restored the next year (1 March 834). November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. ... Rabanus Maurus (left) presents his work to Otgar of Mainz Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c. ... This article is about the Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris. ... The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen; Sorbian: Swobodny Stata Sakska) is at a land area of 18,413 kmÂ² and a population of 4. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... Chalon-sur-SaÃ´ne is part of the Burgundy region, it was once a well known river port, as a point to distribute local wines up and down the SaÃ´ne river. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... Events First Viking raid of Dorestad. ...

On Lothair's return to Italy, Wala, Jesse, and Matfrid, formerly count of Orléans, died of a pestilence and, on 2 February 835, the Synod of Thionville deposed Ebbo, Agobard, Bernard, bishop of Vienne, and Bartholomew, archbishop of Narbonne. Lothair himself fell ill; events had turned completely in Louis favour once again. February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events Ragnar Lodbrok rises to power (approximate date) The celebration of All Saints is made an obligation throughout the Frankish Empire and fixed on November 1. ... Thionville (German: Diedenhofen), is a town and commune in the Moselle dÃ©partement, in the Lorraine rÃ©gion, France. ... This article is about the French dÃ©partement. ... Cathedral in Narbonne. ...

In 836, however, the family made peace and Louis restored Pepin and Louis, deprived Lothair of all save Italy, and gave it to Charles in a new division, given at the diet of Crémieux. At about that time, the Vikings terrorised and sacked Utrecht and Antwerp. In 837, they went up the Rhine as far as Nijmegen and their king, Rorik, demanded the wergild of some of his followers killed on previous expeditions before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them. They fled, but it would not be the last time they harried the northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over Frisia, but a treaty was confirmed between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Pious ordered the construction of a navy and the sending of missi dominici into the Frisia to establish Frankish sovereignty there. Events Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim establishes new capital at Samarra, Iraq. ... Isaac MoÃ¯se CrÃ©mieux [known as Adolphe] (1796 - February 10, 1880), French statesman, was born at NÃ®mes, of a rich Jewish family. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... Utrecht is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... The Cathedral of our Lady (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal, Antwerp) in the Handschoenmarkt, in the old quarter of Antwerp is the largest cathedral in the Low Countries and home to a number of triptychs by Belgian Baroque painter Rubens. ... Events Pietro Tradonico elected Doge of Venice. ... At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Rorik or Horic (810/820-880) was a Danish Viking, who ruled over most of Friesland between 850 and 880. ... Weregild (Alternative spellings: wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc. ... Events At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh. ... Events Louis the Pious attempts to divide his empire among his sons. ... The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of WW1 A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... A Missus Dominicus (pl. ...

Third civil war

In the year 837, Louis crowned Charles king over all of Alemannia and Burgundy and gave him a portion of his brother Louis's land. Louis the German promptly rose in revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, giving all of the young king of Bavaria's lands, save Bavaria itself, to Charles. Emperor Louis did not stop there, however. His devotion to Charles knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis declared Charles the new king of Aquitaine. The nobles, however, elected Pepin's son Pepin II. When Louis threatened invasion, the third great civil war of his reign broke out. In the spring of 839, Louis the German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to the Loire, and the Danes returned to ravage the Frisian coast (sacking Dorstad for a second time). Events Pietro Tradonico elected Doge of Venice. ... Events At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh. ... Pepin II, called the Younger (823-after 864, Senlis), was King of Aquitaine from 838 as the successor upon the death of his father, Pepin I. Pepin II was eldest son of Pepin I and Ingeltrude (also called Engelberga, Hringard, or Ringart), daughter of the count of Madrie, Theodobert. ... Events Louis the Pious attempts to divide his empire among his sons. ... Loire is a dÃ©partement in the east-central part of France occupying the Loire Rivers upper reaches. ... Satellite view of the German Bight (the Frisian Coast). ...

Lothair, for the first time in a long time, allied with his father and pledged support at Worms in exchange for a redivision of the inheritance. By a final placitum issued there, Louis gave Louis the German Bavaria and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western. Lothair was given the choice of which partition he would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, leaving the western for Charles. The emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine and had Charles recognised by the nobles and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne in 840. Louis then, in a final flash of glory, rushed into Bavaria and forced the younger Louis into the Ostmark. The empire now settled as he had declared it at Worms, he returned in July to Frankfurt am Main, where he disbanded the army. The final civil war of his reign was over. Image File history File links Denier_Louis_le_Pieux. ... Image File history File links Denier_Louis_le_Pieux. ... First row : c. ... Clermont-Ferrand is a city of France, in the Auvergne region, with a population of approximately 140,000. ... Events After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German fight over the division of the empire, with Lothair succeding as Emperor. ... Ostmark (Eastern March) is a modern German term to translate the term Ostarrîchi a vernacular for marcia orientalis that appears in a single later 10th century document. ... Frankfurt am Main [ˈfraŋkfʊrt] is the largest city in the German state of Hessen and the fifth largest city of Germany. ...

Death

Louis fell ill soon after his final victorious campaigns and went to his summer hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine, by his palace at Ingelheim. On 20 June 840, he died, in the presence of many bishops and clerics and in the arms of his brother Drogo, but not of Charles and Judith, who were in Poitiers. Soon dispute plunged the surviving brothers into a civil war that was only settled in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, which split the Frankish realm into three parts, the kernels of later France and Germany. The dispute over the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860. Ingelheim am Rhein is the administrative centre of the Mainz-Bingen local government district, situated on the left bank of the Rhine within the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The town has approx. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms. ... Events First attack on Constantinople by Swedish Vikings (the Rus, see Varangians). ...

Family

By his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye (married 794, 795, or 798), he had three sons and three daughters: Ermengarde, or Irmengarde de Hesbaye (born about 778) was the daughter of Ingerman, Count of Hesbania (Hesbaye, now in LiÃ¨ge, Belgium) and Hedwig of Bavaria. ... Events Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. ... Events Leo III becomes pope Earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland. ... Events Coenwulf of Mercia invades Kent, deposes and imprisons king Eadbert Praen and makes his own brother Cuthred king. ...

By his second wife, Judith of Bavaria, he had a daughter and a son: Lothair I Lothair I (German: Lothar, French: Lothaire) (795 â€“ 2 March 855), king of Italy (818 â€“ 855) and Holy Roman Emperor (840 â€“ 855), was the eldest son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingerman, duke of Hesbaye. ... Events Leo III becomes pope Earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland. ... Events Louis II succeeds Lothar as western emperor. ... Middle Francia describes the realm created for Emperor Lothair I, wedged between East Francia and West Francia. ... Pepin I (797-November 13 or December 13, 838) was King of Aquitaine. ... Events July 17 - Irene orders her son, the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI captured and deposed August 15 - Irenes orders are accomplished; her son is blinded, and herself declared emperor the next day. ... Events At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh. ... Capital Bordeaux Land areaÂ¹ 41,309 kmÂ² Regional President Alain Rousset (PS) (since 1998) Population - Jan. ... Events 29 November - Pope Leo III, aided by Charles the Great, returns to Rome. ... Robert the Strong (died September 15, 866) was a count of Tours. ... Events December 25, Rome, coronation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor by Pope Leo III. Celtic monks begin work on the Book of Kells on the Island of Iona. ... Events 31 October - Irene deposed as Emperoress of Byzantium and replaced by Nicephorus I. She is banished to Lesbos. ... This is a list of the various rulers of Auvergne. ... Louis the German (also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian) (804 - August 28, 876), the third son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, was the king of Bavaria from 817, when his father partitioned the empire, and king of East Francia... Events Emperor Nicephorus I of Byzantium suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Crasus. ... Events December 29 - Charles the Bald, king of west Danes capture Lindisfarne and arrive in Cambridge. ... Eastern Francia were the lands of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. ... Queen Judith or Iudit (died 19 April 843) was the second wife of Louis the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks. ...

Charles the Bald - Detail from a painting in the First Bible of Charles the Bald, painted ca. ... Western Francia was the land under the control of Charles the Bald after the Treaty of Verdun of 843, which divided the Carolingian Empire of the Franks into an East, West, and Middle. ...

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