Louisiana Division of New France 1699–1764 1803–04 →   →   → Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... 1764 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File links blank picture File links The following pages link to this file: Antioquia Boyacá Cundinamarca Bolívar Department Santander Department Atlántico Magdalena Department Amazonas Department, Colombia Arauca Caquetá Casanare Cauca Cesar Chocó Córdoba Department Guainía Guaviare Huila Department Guajira Department Meta Department Nari... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... Orleans Territory was a historic, organized territory of the United States formed out of the first subdivision of the Louisiana Purchase. ... Image File history File links US_flag_15_stars. ... The District of Louisiana or Louisiana District was an official United States government designation for the portion of the Louisiana Purchase which was not organized into Orleans Territory. ... Image File history File links Pavillon_royal_de_France. ... Flag Categories: Stub | U.S. state flags | Louisiana ... In 1803, the United States concluded the Louisiana Purchase (green area) with France. French Louisiana had previously extended east to Florida and north into Illinois. Capital New Orleans History  - Established 1699  - Transfer to Spain 1764  - Returned from Spain 30 November 1803  - Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803  - Formal transfer to USA 10 March, 1804 Political Subdivisions Upper Louisiana Lower Louisiana

Louisiana (French: La Louisiane) was the name of an administrative district of New France. Under French control from the 17th century to the 18th century, the area was named in honor of Louis XIV of France by French explorer Cavalier de la Salle. Originally covering an expansive territory that included most of the drainage basin of the Mississippi River and stretched from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains, Louisiana was divided into two regions, known as Upper Louisiana (French: Haute-Louisiane ), which began north of the Arkansas River, and Lower Louisiana (French: Basse-Louisiane). The present-day U.S. state of Louisiana is named for the historical region, although it occupies only a small portion of the territory claimed by the French. Image File history File links The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from de:wiki (User de:Benutzer:ErnstA File links The following pages link to this file: Louisiana (New France) ... For the musical, see Louisiana Purchase (musical) and Louisiana Purchase (film). ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro area Chicago Area  Ranked 25th  - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 390 miles (629 km)  - % water 4. ... This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... 1764 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... For the musical, see Louisiana Purchase (musical) and Louisiana Purchase (film). ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... French settlements and forts in the Illinois Country in 1763, showing U.S. current state boundaries. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... “Sun King” redirects here. ... René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (November 22, 1643 - March 19, French cleric and explorer. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Appalachians in North Carolina The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. ... For individual mountains named Rocky Mountain, see Rocky Mountain (disambiguation). ... The Arkansas River flows through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W...

Explored under the reign of Louis XIV of France and named by Robert Cavelier de La Salle in his honor in 1682, Louisiana was not greatly developed due to a lack of human and financial resources. The French defeat in the Seven Years' War ended with France being forced to cede the eastern part of territory in 1763 to the victorious British, and the western part to Spain as compensation for that country's loss of Florida. France regained sovereignty of the western territory in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800. However, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to sell the territory to the United States in 1803, ending France's presence in Louisiana. “Sun King” redirects here. ... René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (November 22, 1643 - March 19, 1687) was a French cleric and explorer. ... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia... Spanish Florida (Florida Española) refers to the Spanish colony of Florida. ... The Treaty of San Ildefonso (formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana) was a secretly negotiated treaty between France... Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from...

Part of this possession was later ceded to Britain in the Treaty of 1818. This section lies above the 49th parallel in a portion of what is now present day Alberta and Saskatchewan. The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves between the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, was a treaty signed in 1818 between... Motto: Fortis et liber(Latin) Strong and free Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Official languages English (see below) Government - Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong - Premier Ed Stelmach (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 28 - Senate seats 6 Confederation September 1, 1905 (split from Northwest Territories) (8th [Province]) Area Ranked... Motto: Multis E Gentibus Vires (Latin: The Strength of Many Peoples) Capital Regina Largest city Saskatoon Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Gordon Barnhart - Premier Lorne Calvert (NDP) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 14 - Senate seats 6 Confederation September 1, 1905 (Split from NWT) (9th (province)) Area  Ranked...

Nature and geography

French laid claim to the Mississippi River basin and all its tributaries

In the 18th century, Louisiana included most of what is now the Midwestern United States. Demarcating the exact territory is difficult as it did not have formal, defined borders in the modern sense; the only fortified areas with any major population centers were the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes region, with the other areas dominated by Native American tribes. Generally speaking, Louisiana bordered the Great Lakes, particularly Lake Michigan and Lake Erie towards the north. On the east, the French colony was separated by the Appalachian Mountains from the Thirteen British Colonies. The Rocky Mountains region marked the western extent of the French claim. Louisiana's southern border was formed by the Gulf of Mexico, which served as the port for the colony. Image File history File links Mississippi_River_basin. ... Image File history File links Mississippi_River_basin. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Self-illuminating Border flower pot between Burghausen, Salzach(river) in Germany and Ach in Austria. ... Length 6,270 km Elevation of the source 450 m Average discharge 16,200 m³/s Area watershed 2,980,000 km² Origin Lake Itasca Mouth Gulf of Mexico Basin countries United States (98. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Indigenous peoples in the United States are distinct groups of peoples who are indigenous to what is now states or territories of the United States of America. ... http://www. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one in the group located entirely within the United States. ... Lake Erie (pronounced ) is the tenth largest lake on Earth[2] and, of the five Great Lakes of North America, is the fourth largest by surface area, the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume. ... Appalachians in North Carolina The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. ... In 1775, the British claimed authority over the red and pink areas on this map and Spain ruled the orange. ... For individual mountains named Rocky Mountain, see Rocky Mountain (disambiguation). ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Seaport, a painting by Claude Lorrain, 1638 The Port of Wellington at night. ...

The colony was mostly flat, which aided European movement through the territory. Its average elevation is less than 1,000 metres. The territory becomes more mountainous towards the west, with the notable exception of the Ozark Mountains, which are located in the mid-south. ‹ The template below (Unit of length) is being considered for deletion. ... The Saint Francois Mountains, viewed here from Knob Lick Mountain, are the geologic core of the Ozarks. ...

Lower Louisiana

The lower part of Louisiana (French: Basse-Louisiane), has a temperate climate which is marked by hurricanes in the regions along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico that generally occur between late summer and early autumn. Winter frosts are spared from this region, allowing the cultivation of rice, tobacco, and indigo. The landscape of this area is characterised by many wetlands, with large marshes in the Mississippi River Delta and accompanying bayous, which started when rivulets and streams (distributaries) became separate from the Mississippi to form long, slow-moving waterways, forming a navigable network of thousands of kilometres of water. In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... This article is about weather phenomena. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Frost on black pipes Frost is a solid deposition of water vapor from saturated air. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in genus Nicotiana. ... Indigo is the color on the spectrum between about 450 and 420 nm in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet. ... Small Text A subtropical wetland in Florida, USA, with an endangered American Crocodile. ... This article is about marsh, a type of wetland. ... False-color image of the larger Mississippi Delta Closeup of the currently active delta front Mississippi Delta Lobes The Mississippi River Delta is the modern area of land (the river delta) built up by alluvium deposited by the Mississippi River as it slows down and enters the Gulf of Mexico. ... Big Cypress Bayou in Jefferson, Texas off of U.S. Route 59. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Upper Louisiana

A swamp in Louisiana.

The upper part of Louisiana (French: Haute-Louisiane), consists mostly of large, fertile plains. The climate is hot during the summer, while influenced by polar airflow in the winter. In the 17th century, large parts of the area were covered with forests, which were useful for sheltering animals bred for the fur trade. The forests were mostly cleared in the following 150 years. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 427 KB) Bald Cypress Swamp in southern Louisiana Photo by Jan Kronsell, 2004 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Louisiana (New France) Metadata This file contains... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 427 KB) Bald Cypress Swamp in southern Louisiana Photo by Jan Kronsell, 2004 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Louisiana (New France) Metadata This file contains... In geography, a plain is a large area of land with relatively low relief. ... Winter is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ... This article is about a community of trees. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

History

Summary chronology

Jacques Marquette.

• 1673: The Frenchmen Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette begin the exploration of the Mississippi River.
• 1682: Cavalier de la Salle descends the Mississippi to its mouth.
• 1699: Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville explores Louisiana coast and founds Biloxi (now in Mississippi) along the Gulf.
• 1701: Antoine Laumet de La Mothe founds Detroit.
• 1702: Mobile (now Alabama) is founded as capital of Louisiana by governor J.B. le Moyne de Bienville.^[1]
• 1713: Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont publishes first report on explorations of the Missouri River.
• 1714: Natchitoches, the oldest permanent settlement in Louisiana, is founded by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis.
• 1717: Official drafting of blacks begins in Louisiana.
• 1718: New Orleans is founded.
• 1719: At Mobile, slave ships of first black Africans clear land.^[1]
• 1720: Biloxi (Mississippi) becomes capital of French Louisiana.
• 1720: Spanish Villasur expedition slaughtered by Pawnee near Columbus, Nebraska effectively ending Spanish incursions into the territory until 1763.
• 1723: New Orleans becomes the official capital of French Louisiana.
• 1723: Fort Orleans established near Brunswick, Missouri
• 1762: Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) in which France secretly cedes Louisiana to Spain
• 1763: Treaty of Paris in which France cedes the east side of the Mississippi and Canada to Great Britain prompting a Cajun migration to French controlled New Orleans and the west side of the river
• 1764: Pierre Laclède founds St. Louis.
• 1764: Terms of Treaty of Fontainebleau revealed
• 1768: Creole and German settlers in Rebellion of 1768 force the new Spanish governor to flee
• 1769: Spain quells the rebellion, executes the plotters and officially takes possession imposing Spanish law
• 1788: Great New Orleans Fire (1788) destroys most of New Orleans which is rebuilt in Spanish style
• 1800: Secret Treaty of San Ildefonso signed, France regains Louisiana.
• 1803: Napoléon Bonaparte sells Louisiana to the United States.
• 1804: Three Flags Day when Spain officially cedes Louisiana to France which then officially cedes it to the United States

Father Jacques Marquette Preaching Downloaded from here: http://www. ... Father Jacques Marquette Preaching Downloaded from here: http://www. ... Father Jacques Marquette (French: Père Jacques Marquette) (June 10, 1637–May 18, 1675) and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to see and map the Mississippi River. ... Louis Jolliet, also known Louis Joliet (baptised September 21, 1645 – 1700), was a Canadian explorer born in Quebec who is important for his discoveries in North America. ... Father Jacques Marquette (French: Père Jacques Marquette) (June 10, 1637–May 18, 1675) and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to see and map the Mississippi River. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (November 22, 1643 - March 19, French cleric and explorer. ... Pierre Le Moyne dIberville. ... Biloxi and Mississippi coast The city derived its name originally from the Biloxi, a native American tribe: Biloxi (Tribe) Biloxi is a city located in Harrison County, Mississippi. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Statue of Cadillac commemorating his landing, in Detroits Hart Plaza Antoine Laumet, dit de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac (March 5, 1658 – October 15, 1730), a French explorer, was a colourful figure in the history of New France. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... It has been suggested that List of people from Mobile, Alabama be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, French governor of Louisiana Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville (February 23, 1680 – March 7, 1767) was a colonizer and governor of Louisiana. ... Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont (April 1679-1734) was a French explorer who made the first maps and documentation of the Missouri and Platte rivers. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... It has been suggested that List of people from Mobile, Alabama be merged into this article or section. ... Biloxi and Mississippi coast The city derived its name originally from the Biloxi, a native American tribe: Biloxi (Tribe) Biloxi is a city located in Harrison County, Mississippi. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... The Villasur expedition (1720) was a Spanish military expedition intended to check the growing French presence on the Great Plains of central North America. ... The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and Republican Rivers in present-day Nebraska. ... Columbus is a city in Platte County, Nebraska, 90 miles (148 km) west by north of Omaha on the Loup River, a short distance above the confluence with the Platte. ... French settlements in 1763 Fort Orleans (sometimes referred to Fort DOrleans) was French fort that was the first fort by any European country on the Missouri River. ... Brunswick is a city located in Chariton County, Missouri. ... The Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) was a secret agreement in which France ceded Louisiana (New France) to Spain. ... The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. ... Cajuns are an ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other ethnicities with whom the Acadians eventually intermarried on the semitropical frontier. ... Pierre Laclède or Pierre Laclède Liguest (c. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government  - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area  - City  66. ... The Rebellion of 1768 was an attempt by Creole and German settlers around New Orleans, Louisiana to stop the handover of the New France Louisiana Territory to New Spain. ... Great New Orleans Fire (1788): map showing area in flames, behind Plaza de Armas (Jackson Square) to Burgundy Street. ... The Treaty of San Ildefonso (formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana) was a secretly negotiated treaty between France... Bonaparte as general Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur... Three Flags Day commemorates March 9 and 10, 1804, when Spain officially turned over Louisiana Territory to France, which in turn ceded the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. ...

Exploration and conquest of French Louisiana

17th century: Exploration

In 1660, France started a policy of expansion into North America from what is now eastern Canada. The objectives were to locate a Northwest passage to China, to exploit the territory's natural resources such as fur and mineral ores, and to convert the native population to Christianity. Fur traders began exploring the pays d'en haut (upper country around the Great Lakes) at the time. In 1659, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard Chouart des Groseilliers reached the western end of Lake Superior. Priests founded missions, such as the Mission of Sault Sainte Marie, in 1668. On May 17, 1673, Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began the exploration of the Mississippi river, which they called the Sioux Tongo (the large river) or Michissipi. They reached the mouth of the Arkansas River, and then went upstream, having learned that it ran towards the Gulf of Mexico and not towards the Pacific Ocean as they had presumed. In 1675, Marquette founded a mission in the village of Kaskaskias, on the Illinois River, which became permanent in 1690. North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Northwest Passage routes For other uses, see Northwest Passage (disambiguation). ... An Alberta fur trader in the 1890s. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Pierre-Esprit Radisson Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636 – 1710) was a French-born explorer and fur trader. ... Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618 – 1696) was a French explorer and fur trader in Canada. ... Lake Superior, bounded by Ontario, Canada and Minnesota, USA, to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan, USA, to the south, is the largest of North Americas Great Lakes. ... Sault Ste. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1673 (MDCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Louis Jolliet, also known Louis Joliet (baptised September 21, 1645 – 1700), was a Canadian explorer born in Quebec who is important for his discoveries in North America. ... Father Jacques Marquette (French: Père Jacques Marquette) (June 10, 1637–May 18, 1675) and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to see and map the Mississippi River. ... For the river in Canada, see Mississippi River (Ontario). ... The Arkansas River flows through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Kaskaskia is a village located in Randolph County, Illinois. ... This article is about the river in the U.S. state of Illinois. ...

In 1682, Cavelier de La Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti descended to the Mississippi delta. They left Fort Crèvecoeur on the Illinois River, accompanied by 23 Frenchmen and 18 Indians. They built Fort Prud'homme, which later became the city of Memphis and asserted French sovereignty on the whole of the valley which they called Louisiane in honor of the Louis XIV of France. They also sealed alliances with the Quapaw Indians. In April 1682, they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi. La Salle eventually returned to Versailles where he convinced the Minister of the Marine to grant the command of Louisiana to him. He claimed that Louisiana was close to New-Spain by drawing a map indicating that the Mississippi appeared much further west than it really was. With four ships and 320 emigrants, LaSalle set sail for Louisiana. Unfortunately, La Salle was not able to find the Mississippi delta and attempted to establish a colony on the Texas coast. La Salle was assassinated by members of his own exploration party, reportedly near what is now Navasota, Texas in 1687. Engraving of Cavelier de La Salle A later engraving of Robert de LaSalle Memorial Plaque to de La Salle in Rouen René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle (November 22, 1643 – March 19, 1687) was a French explorer. ... Henri de Tonti (1649-1704) was an Italian-born soldier, explorer, and fur trader in the service of France. ... For other uses, see Memphis (disambiguation). ... “Sun King” redirects here. ... The Quapaw people are a tribe of Native Americans who historically resided on the west side of the Mississippi River in what is now the state of Arkansas. ... This article is about the city of Versailles. ... map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ...

18th century: Beginning of true colonization

In 1701, the Frenchman Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac founded a fort at the current site of Detroit, in Michigan. At first, the colony was called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit in the honor of the Count of Pontchartrain, Minister for the Navy. Cadillac wanted to prevent the control of the fur trade from falling into the hands of Iroquois and British merchants. His intention was also to gather the Indian allies in Detroit and to assimilate them. He left Montreal on June 5, 1701 with a hundred people - half settlers, half soldiers -, and two missionaries. On June 24, the group settled on the site where the construction of a fort soon started. In 1698, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area around the mouth of the Mississippi. At Biloxi he built a precarious fort, called Maurepas, before returning to France. He returned twice to the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702. Pierre Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana from 1699 to 1702. His brother succeeded him from 1702 to 1713, and he himself was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and from 1733 to 1743. In 1718, Jean-Baptiste Moyne de Bienville ordered a French expedition in Louisiana. He founded the city of New Orleans, in homage to the regent, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. The architect Adrien de Pauger drew the orthogonal plan of the French Quarter of New Orleans. Statue of Cadillac commemorating his landing in Detroit Antoine Laumet, dit de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac (March 5, 1658-October 15, 1730), a French explorer, was a colourful figure in the history of New France. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Largest metro area Metro Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ... Statue of Cadillac commemorating his landing, in Detroits Hart Plaza Antoine Laumet, dit de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac (March 5, 1658 – October 15, 1730), a French explorer, was a colourful figure in the history of New France. ... Languages Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora, English, French Religions Christianity, Longhouse religion The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the League of Peace and Power; the Five Nations; the Six Nations; or the People of the Long house) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 18 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Pierre Le Moyne dIberville. ... La Rochelle is a city and commune of western France, and a seaport on the Atlantic Ocean (population 78,000 in 2004). ... Biloxi and Mississippi coast The city derived its name originally from the Biloxi, a native American tribe: Biloxi (Tribe) Biloxi is a city located in Harrison County, Mississippi. ... It has been suggested that List of people from Mobile, Alabama be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Philippe Charles (August 2, 1674 – December 23, 1723) called Duke of Chartres (1674–1701), and then Duke of Orléans (1701–1723) was Regent of France from 1715 to 1723. ... In mathematics, orthogonal is synonymous with perpendicular when used as a simple adjective that is not part of any longer phrase with a standard definition. ... French Quarter: upper Chartres street looking down towards Jackson Square and the spires of St. ...

Map of the area that Le Moyne d'Iberville explored. The dashed lines are the current state borders.

The Treaty of Utrecht put an end to the War of Spanish Succession. It started the decline of French power in Louisiana. Even when Louis XIV succeeded in placing his grandson Philip V on the Spanish throne, the latter gave up his right to the crown of France. Moreover, Acadia and some of the West Indian colonies were lost. Louisiana remained French but there were worries about the increasing influence of the British colonies of North America. The king sought to contain this influence to the east of the Appalachian Mountains. He attempted an alliance with New Spain, located west of Louisiana. This policy was justified by its family ties but also by the hope to reach the mines and the trade of the Spanish colonies. He continued to encourage exploration of the west: in 1714, Louis Juchereau de St. Denis navigated the Red River and reached the Rio Grande. The same year, Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont sailed on the Missouri River. The zone of French influence was extended considerably and the voyages provided the foundation for the future exploration of the American Far West. Image File history File links Map_of_Mississippi_coast. ... Image File history File links Map_of_Mississippi_coast. ... The Treaties of Utrecht (April 11, 1713) were signed in Utrecht, a city of the United Provinces. ... Charles II was the last Habsburg King of Spain. ... King Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 – July 9, 1746) or Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... The national flag of Acadia, adopted in 1884. ... Louis Juchereau de St. ... The Red River is one of several rivers with that name, and of two rivers with that name in the United States. ... For other uses, see Rio Grande (disambiguation). ... Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont (April 1679-1734) was a French explorer who made the first maps and documentation of the Missouri and Platte rivers. ... The Missouri River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the United States. ... Far West, Missouri, was a Latter Day Saint (Mormon) settlement in Caldwell County, Missouri. ...

Political and administrative organization

It was not easy for an absolute monarchy to administer Louisiana, a territory several times larger than Metropolitan France. Louis XIV and his successors tried to impose their absolutist ambitions on the colony, often without giving the colonial administration enough financial means to do its work. This does not cite its references or sources. ... Metropolitan France Metropolitan France (French: or la Métropole) is the part of France located in Europe, including Corsica (French: Corse). ... “Sun King” redirects here. ... The term absolutism can mean: A belief in absolute truth moral absolutism, the belief that there is some absolute standard of right and wrong political absolutism, a political system where one person holds absolute power, also called apolytarchy from Gr. ...

Absolutism in Louisiana

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

If the leaders of the Ancien Régime took control of, and sometimes encouraged, the colonisation of New France, it was for many different reasons. source: http://www. ... source: http://www. ... Ancien Régime, a French term meaning Former Regime, but rendered in English as Old Rule, Old Order, or simply Old Regime, refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty...

The reign of Henri IV gave an important impetus to the colonisation of New France. Henri IV, the first Bourbon king, was personally interested in foreign affairs. In the 17th century, the ministers Richelieu and later Colbert advanced colonial politics. Louis XIV and his ministers were worried about the size of the kingdom, over which they constantly competed with other European nations. European rivalry and a game of political alliances greatly marked the history of Louisiana, in direct and indirect ways. The desire to limit British influence in the New World, however, was a constant in royal politics. By Frans Pourbus the younger. ... Cardinal Richelieu was the French chief minister from 1624 until his death. ... Colbert is the surname of: Stephen Colbert, American comedian, plays Stephen Colbert (character) on The Colbert Report Robert Colbert, American television actor and star of The Time Tunnel Richard Colbert, spammer Levi Colbert, Chickasaw leader Keary Colbert, American football player Nate Colbert. ... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ...

The Sun King took care to limit the appearance of intermediary bodies and countervailing powers in North America. He did not want an assembly of notables or parliament. In 1685, he banned all publishing in New France. In the 1660s, the colony was royal property. Between 1712 and 1731, the French possession came under the control of Antoine Crozat, a rich businessman, then under that of the Mississippi Company (created by John Law), which had to recruit immigrants to populate the colony. In 1731, Louisiana reverted to royal rule. Contrary to Metropolitan France, the same laws, based on Parisian legislation (rather egalitarian for the time), were used all over the colony. This served as an equaliser for a while; riots and revolts against authority were rare. However, the centralised government was not good at covering the distance which separated France from Louisiana. Towards the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th, the colonists on the Gulf of Mexico were almost completely left to fend for themselves and counted far more on the assistance of the Native Americans than on France. But the distance also had its advantages: the colonists smuggled with impunity. Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis IV's Minister of the Navy and Trade, was eager to stuff the coffers of the Crown. He dissolved the trading companies and took care to increase the production of the country and the colonies. Being a mercantilist, he believed it was necessary to sell as much as possible and to reduce reliance on imports. He imposed a French monopoly on trade. Colbert wanted to reduce the expenditure of the monarchy. It was, however, necessary to invest much money and to mobilize important human resources retain the American colony. Much work was done on the economic infrastructure (factories, ports) in metropolitan France, but the investment was insufficient in Louisiana. No plan to facilitate the movement of goods or men was ever carried out. Whereas the French budget was exhausted because of the wars, the colonists in Louisiana did not have to pay royal taxes and were free of the hated gabelle. The Assembly of Notables was an assembly convened on 1787-02-22 by Charles Alexandre de Calonne, the minister of finance of France. ... A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modelled after that of the United Kingdom. ... Antoine Crozat, Marquis du Chatel (Toulouse, ca. ... In August 1717 Scottish businessman John Law acquired a controlling interest in the then derelict Mississippi Company and renamed it the Compagnie d’Occident (or Compagnie du Mississippi). ... There have been a number of famous individuals named John Law: John Law (economist), (bap. ... Metropolitan France Metropolitan France (French: or la Métropole) is the part of France located in Europe, including Corsica (French: Corse). ... Jean-Baptiste Colbert Jean-Baptiste Colbert (August 29, 1619 – September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from... Mercantile redirects here. ... The gabelle was a very unpopular tax on salt in France before 1790. ...

Colonial administration

Map of North America during the 17th century

Under the Ancien Régime, Louisiana formed part of a larger colonial unit, the French empire in America: New France (Nouvelle France), which included a part of what is now Canada. New France was initially ruled by a viceroy: this post was occupied by the Duke of Ventadour (1625). It was then equipped with a government like the other possessions of the Bourbons. Its seat was in the city of Québec until 1759. One Governor general, assisted by one intendant, was charged with ruling this vast empire. In theory, Louisiana was thus subordinate to Canada. Additionally, it was explored and populated largely by Canadian colonists, rather than Metropolitan French settlers. Given the enormous distance between New Orleans and Quebec, communications were limited outside of the cities and forts. Download high resolution version (3946x3697, 6352 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (3946x3697, 6352 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Ancien Régime, a French term meaning Former Regime, but rendered in English as Old Rule, Old Order, or simply Old Regime, refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ... Motto: Don de Dieu feray valoir (I shall put Gods gift to good use; the Don de Dieu was Champlains ship) Coordinates: , Country Province Agglomeration Quebec City Statute of the city Capitale-Nationale Administrative Region Capitale-Nationale Founded 1608 by Samuel de Champlain Constitution date 1833 Government  - Mayor... A Governor-General (in Canada always, and frequently in Pakistan/India prior to the abolition of the last monarchy, Governor General) is most generally a governor of high rank, or a principal governor ranking above ordinary governors [1]. The most common contemporary usage of the term is to refer to... New France was governed by three rulers: the governor, the bishop and the intendant, all appointed by the King, and sent from France. ...

French settlements were widely dispersed, giving them a relative autonomy in fact, if not in law. It was decided to divide rule of the vast, diverse colony of New France into five governments, including Louisiana. The Country of Illinois, located at the south of the Great Lakes, was added to Louisiana in 1717. The first "capital" of French Louisiana was Mobile. The seat of government was transferred to Biloxi in 1720, then to New Orleans in 1722, where the governor resided. This individual was the most eminent character, but not the most powerful. He commanded troops and was responsible for diplomatic relations. The second authority was the police chief-director. His functions were similar with those of the intendants in France: administrators and representatives of the king, their prerogatives extending to justice, the police force and finances. They managed the budget, set prices, chaired the higher council (the Court of Justice) and organized the census. Named by the king, the ordnance officer of Louisiana had broad capacities which sometimes came into conflict with those of the governor. The military stations of the interior were directed by commanders. New France was governed by three rulers: the governor, the bishop and the intendant, all appointed by the King, and sent from France. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ...

Religious establishment

Saint Louis Cathedral in New Orleans

The French possessions of North America were under the authority of a single diocese, whose seat was in Quebec. The archbishop, named and remunerated by the king, was spiritual head of all New France. With loose religious supervision, the fervor of the population was very weak; Louisianans tended to practice their faith much less than their counterparts in France and Canada. The tithe, a tax by the clergy on the faithful, produced less revenue than in France. The Church nevertheless played an important part in the exploration of French Louisiana; it sent missions, primarily carried out by Jesuits, to convert Native Americans. It also founded schools and hospitals: by 1720, the Ursulines were operating a hospital in New Orleans. The church and its missionaries established contact with the Amerindian tribes. Certain priests, such as Father Marquette in the 17th century, took part in exploratory missions. The Jesuits translated collections of prayers into numerous Amerindian languages for the purpose of converting the Native Americans. Sometimes living with the tribes, they could not prevent some syncretism of ther practices and beliefs. Sincere and permanent conversions were limited in number; many who received missionary instruction tended to assimilate the Trinity into their pantheon of "spirits", or rejected it outright. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1712x2050, 656 KB) Opis en: St. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1712x2050, 656 KB) Opis en: St. ... Pope Pius XI blesses Bishop Stephen Alencastre as fifth Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands in a Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace window. ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... Native Americans redirects here. ... The word Ursuline is used to describe the following: Ursulines A Catholic religious order. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section contains too many quotations for an encyclopedic entry. ...

Colonial society

It is difficult to evaluate the total population of France's colonies in North America. While historians have relatively precise sources regarding the colonists and the slaves, it is on the other hand much more difficult to count the Native Americans. It should be noted that during the 18th century, the society of Louisiana became quite creolized.

Native Americans

According to the demographer Russel Thornton, North America contained approximately seven million native inhabitants in 1500. The population plummeted from the 16th century onward, primarily because of the diseases introduced by Europeans, against which the Native Americans were not immunized. At the end of the 17th century, there were likely no more than 100,000 to 200,000 Native Americans in Lower Louisiana. A small number of Native Americans were employed as slaves from the very start of the 18th century--in spite of official prohibition. These slaves were captured by rival tribes during raids and in battle. Sold to French colonists, they were then often sent to Saint Domingue in the West Indies or, at times, to Canada. In Louisiana, planters generally preferred using African slaves, though some had Native American servants. Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1659 to 1804, when it became the independent nation of Haiti. ...

African slaves

The Code Noir, which was applied in Louisiana during the 18th century, and later, with some modifications, in the West Indies

In 1717, John Law, the French minister of finance, decided to import black slaves into Louisiana. His objective was then to develop the plantation economy of Lower Louisiana. The Company of the Indies held a monopoly of the slave trade in the area. It imported approximately 6,000 slaves from Africa between 1719 and 1743. A portion of these were sent to the Illinois Territory to cultivate the fields or to work the mines. The economy of Lower Louisiana consequently became slave-dominated. As in other French colonies, the condition of the slaves was regulated by the Code Noir. However, these were actually not extensively applied, and the slaves often had a certain degree of autonomy. Initially, during public holidays, slaves were permitted to sell a portion of the crops they had cultivated. Some would hunt, cut wood or keep livestock far from the plantation. Lastly, if interracial marriages and regroupings of slaves were prohibited, cohabitation and the keeping of mistresses was often practiced. The life and work of the slaves was difficult, with harvest season undoubtedly the hardest. The maintenance of the canals also involved much drudgery. Image File history File links Code_noir. ... Image File history File links Code_noir. ... There have been a number of famous individuals named John Law: John Law (economist), (bap. ... // This article is about crop plantations. ... The Code noir (French language: The Black Code), was a decree passed by Frances King Louis XIV in 1689. ...

Slave residences were modest; they slept on simple straw pallets. They typically had some trunks and kitchen utensils. The condition of the slaves depended on the treatment they received from their masters. When it was excessively cruel, the slaves often fled and hid in the marshes or in New Orleans. But the Maroon societies runaway slaves founded were often short-lived; Louisiana would not know Maroon villages to the same degree as the West Indies. Meanwhile, slave revolts were not as frequent in this area as they were in the Caribbean. The possibility of being set free was rather low; the slaves could not purchase their freedom. Some freed slaves (notably women and former soldiers) formed small communities, which suffered from segregation; justice was more severe against them, and they did not have right to possess weaponss. Slaves contributed to the creolization of Louisianan society. They brought okra from Africa, a plant which is used in the preparation of gumbo. While the Code Noir required that the slaves receive a Christian education, many secretly practiced animism and often combined elements of the two faiths. Body of Djuka Maroon child brought before a medicine man, Suriname 1955 A Maroon (from the word marronage or American/Spanish cimarrón: wild, savage, fugitive, runaway, lit. ... The Rex Theatre for Colored People Racial segregation is characterized by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home[1]. Segregation... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Creole language. ... Binomial name (L.) Moench Okra (American English: , British English ), also known as ladys finger, bhindi and gumbo, is a flowering plant valued for its edible green fruits. ... A bowl of shrimp gumbo Gumbo is a spicy, hearty stew or soup, found typically in the states on the Gulf of Mexico in the United States, and very common in the southern part of Louisiana and the Lowcountry around Charleston, South Carolina. ... The term Animism is derived from the Latin anima, meaning soul.[1][2] In its most general sense, animism is simply the belief in souls. ...

Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, governor of Louisiana in the early 17th century.

Image File history File links (PD by age) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links (PD by age) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Colonists

Who were the creoles?

It is estimated that 7,000 European immigrants settled in Louisiana during the 18th century - a number 100 times lower than the number of British colonists on the Atlantic coast. Louisiana attracted considerably fewer French colonists than its West Indian colonies did. After the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, which lasted several months, the colonists had several challenges ahead of them. Their living conditions were difficult: uprooted, they had to face a new, often hostile, environment. Many of these travellers died during the maritime crossing or soon after their arrival. Hurricanes, unknown in France, periodically struck the coast, destroying whole villages. The insalubrity of the Mississippi Delta, with periodic yellow fever epidemics, represented another strong brake on colonisation. Moreover, French villages and forts were not necessarily safe from enemy offensives. Attacks by Native Americans represented a real threat to the groups of isolated colonists; in 1729, the attacks on Natchez killed 250 in Lower Louisiana. Forces of the Native American Natchez tribe took Fort Rosalie (now Natchez, Mississippi) by surprise, killing, among others, pregnant women. The French response ensued in the following two years, causing the Natchez to flee or be deported as slaves to Saint Domingue. This article is about weather phenomena. ... Natchez is a city located in Adams County, Mississippi. ... Fort Rosalie was a French fort built in 1716 at present-day Natchez, Mississippi, in the territory of the Natchez American Indians. ... Melrose, an antebellum home in Natchez, Mississippi. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ... Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1659 to 1804, when it became the independent nation of Haiti. ...

Colonists were often young men, volunteers recruited in French ports or in Paris. Many served as indentured servants; they were required to remain in Louisiana for a length of time fixed by the contract of service. During this time, they were "temporary semi-slaves". To increase the colonial population, filles de la cassette, young Frenchwomen, were sent to the colony to marry soldiers there, and given a dowry financed by the king. Women "of easy virtue," vagrants or outlaws, and those without family arriving with a lettre de cachet were sent by force to Louisiana, especially during the Régence period early in the reign of Louis XV. Their stories inspired the novel Story of the Knight Of Grieux and Manon Lescaut, written by Abbé Prévost in 1731. French Louisiana included communities of Swiss and German settlers; however, royal authorities never spoke of "Louisianans" but always of "French" to designate the population. After the Seven Years' War, the settlement became a more mixed affair, with the population enriched with the arrival of various groups: Spanish settlers, refugees from Saint Domingue (particularly after 1791), opponents of the French Revolution, and Cajuns. In 1785, 1,633 people of Acadian origin were brought from France to New Orleans, 30 years after having been expelled from their homeland by the British. Other Acadians made it to the colony on their own; altogether, about 4,000 are thought to have settled in Louisiana. An Indentured Servant (or in the U.S. bonded labourer) is a labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, usually seven to eight years, to pay off a passage to a new country or home. ... A dowry (also known as trousseau) is a gift of money or valuables given to the family of the bridegroom by the family of the bride or vice versa at the time of their marriage. ... In French history, lettres de cachet were letters signed by the king of France, countersigned by one of his ministers, and closed with the royal seal, or cachet. ... Régence is the French word for (and root of the English word) regency (see that article). ... Louis XV (February 15, 1710 – May 10, 1774), called the Well-Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1715 to 1774. ... Antoine François Prévost (Antoine Francois Prevost dExiles) (April 1, 1697 - December 23, 1763), usually known simply as the Abbé Prévost, was a French author and novelist. ... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia... Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1659 to 1804, when it became the independent nation of Haiti. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Cajuns are an ethnic group consisting essentially of the descendants of Acadians who came from Nova Scotia to Louisiana as a result of their refusal to swear allegiance to the British Crown. ... The Acadians (French: Acadiens) are the descendants of the 17th-century French colonists who settled in Acadia (located on the northern portion of North Americas east coast). ...

Peasants, artisans, and merchants

Social mobility was easier in America than in France at the time. The seigneurial system was not imposed on the banks of the Mississippi. There were few corporations treated on a hierarchical basis and strictly regulated. Certain tradesmen managed to build fortunes rather quickly. The large planters of Louisiana were attached to the French way of life: they imported wigs and clothing fashionable in Paris. In the Country of Illinois, the wealthiest constructed stone-built houses and had several slaves. The largest traders mostly wound up settling in New Orleans. The seigneurial system was the semi-feudal system of noble privilege in France and its colonies. ... For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation). ...

French soldiers

The King sent the army in the event of conflict with the other colonial powers; in 1717, the colony of Mississippi counted 300 soldiers out of 550 people (Havard G, Vidal C, History of French America, p. 225.). However, the colonial army, like that of France, suffered from desertions. Certain soldiers fled to become coureurs de bois. There were few mutinies because repression was severe. The army held a fundamental place in the control of the territory. Soldiers built forts and frequently negotiated with the Native Americans. Mutiny is the act of conspiring to disobey an order that a group of similarly-situated individuals (typically members of the military; or the crew of any ship, even if they are civilians) are legally obliged to obey. ...

Coureurs des bois

A coureur des bois.

The coureurs des bois (literally "runners of the woods") played an important part, though not well-documented, in the expansion of French influence in North America. By the end of the 17th century, these adventurers had journeyed the length of the Mississippi River. They were motivated by the hope of finding gold or of carrying out a profitable fur trade with the Indians. The fur trade, often practiced without authorization, was a difficult activity, carried on most of the time by unmarried young men. Many ultimately wished to go on to more sedentary agricultural activities. Meanwhile, a good number of them were integrated into native communities, learned the languages and took native wives. A well-known example is the French Canadian Toussaint Charbonneau, husband to Sacagawea, who gave birth to Jean-Baptiste. They took part in the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804-1806. Image File history File links Coureur_de_bois. ... Image File history File links Coureur_de_bois. ... The coureurs des bois (runners of the woods) or voyageurs (travellers) is the name given to the men who engaged in the fur trade directly with the Amerindians in North America from the time of New France up through the 19th century, when much of the continent was still mostly... Toussaint Charbonneau (March 20, 1767 - August 12, 1843; see note) was a French-Canadian explorer and trader, and a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, best known as the husband of Sacagawea. ... Sacagawea (Sakakawea, Sacajawea, Suckajewea; see below) (c. ... Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806), headed by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, was the first United States overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back. ...

The French and the Native Americans

While Ancien Régime France wished to make Native Americans subjects of the king and good Christians, the distance from Metrpolitan France and the sparseness of French settlement prevented movement in this direction. In official rhetoric, the Native Americans were regarded as subjects of the King of France, but in reality, they were largely autonomous due to their numerical superiority. The local authorities (governors, officers) did not have the means of imposing their decisions and often compromised. The tribes offered essential support for the French in Louisiana: they ensured the survival of the colonists, participated with them in the fur trade, were used as guides in expeditions. Their alliance was also essential in the fight against the British. Rhetoric (from Greek , rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is generally understood to be the art or technique of persuasion through the use of spoken language; however, this definition of rhetoric has expanded greatly since rhetoric emerged as a field of study in universities. ...

Eugène Delacroix, Les Natchez, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1832-1835. The Natchez tribe were the fiercest opponents of the French in Louisiana.

The two peoples influenced each other in many fields: the French learned the languages of the natives, who bought European goods (fabric, alcohol, firearms, etc), and sometimes adopted their religion. The coureurs des bois and the soldiers borrowed canoes and moccasins. Many of them ate native food such as wild rice and various meats, like bear and dog. The colonists were often dependent on the Native Americans for food. Creole cuisine is the heir of these mutual influences: thus, sagamité, for example, is a mix of corn pulp, bear fat and bacon. Today jambalaya, a word of Seminole origin, refers to a multitude of recipes calling for meat and rice, all very spicy. Sometimes shamans succeeded in curing the colonists thanks to traditional remedies (application of fir tree gum on wounds and Royal Fern on a rattlesnale bite). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1025x781, 102 KB) Summary Eugène Delacroix, The Natchez. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1025x781, 102 KB) Summary Eugène Delacroix, The Natchez. ... Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (April 26, 1798 – August 13, 1863) was one of the most important of the French Romantic painters. ... Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Elevation The Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as The Met, is one of the worlds largest and most important art museums. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Louisiana Creole cuisine is a style of cooking originating in Louisiana (centered on the Greater New Orleans area) that blends French, Spanish, and American influences. ... Improvised looking bowl of jambalaya This article is about the food. ... For other uses, see Seminole (disambiguation). ... A shaman doctor of Kyzyl. ... Binomial name Osmunda regalis L. Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern) is a species of Osmunda, native to Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, growing in woodland bogs. ...

Many colonists both admired and feared the military power of the Native Americans, but others scorned their culture and regarded them as racially less pure than the Whites. In 1735, interracial marriages without the approval of the authorities were prohibited in Louisiana. The Jesuit priests were often scandalized by the supposedly libertine ways of the Native Americans. In spite of some disagreements (the Indians killed pigs which devastated corn fields), and sometimes violent confrontations (War of the Foxes, Natchez uprisings and expeditions against the Chicachas), the relationship with the Native Americans was relatively good in Louisiana because the French were not numerous. French imperialism was expressed through some wars and the slavery of some Native Americans. But most of the time, the relationship was based on dialogue and negotiation.

Economy of Louisiana

Profile of an American trapper (Missouri).

Louisiana could be divided into two main areas, both with well-differentiated economic systems. Image File history File links Missouri_centennial_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse. ... Image File history File links Missouri_centennial_half_dollar_commemorative_obverse. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro area St Louis[1] Area  Ranked 21st  - Total 69,709 sq mi (180,693 km²)  - Width 240 miles (385 km)  - Length 300 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ...

Illinois Country

This sparsely-settled northern area of French Louisiana, criss-crossed by the Mississippi and its affluents, was primarily devoted to cereals. The very few French farmers lived in villages (such as Fort de Chartres, Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, and Sainte-Geneviève). They cultivated the land with paid laborers, producing mostly corn and wheat. The fields were cleared with ploughs. They raised horses, cows and pigs, and also grew a little tobacco, hemp, flax and grapes (though most wine was still imported from France). Agriculture was at the mercy of the rough climate and periodic floods of the Mississippi. Fort de Chartres existed as a succession of three French fortifications built during the 1700s on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area of upper Louisiana known as the Illinois Country. ... The Kaskaskia were one of the several cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation. ... Prairie du Rocher (Prairie of the Rock in French) is a small town founded in the French colonial period in the American Midwest. ... Ste. ... The traditional way: a German farmer works the land with a horse and plough. ... U.S. Marihuana production permit. ... For other uses, see Flax (disambiguation). ...

The trading posts in the Illinois Country concentrated mostly on the fur trade. Placed at strategic points, they were modestly fortified. Only a few were made out of stone (Fort de Chartres, Fort Niagara). Like their American "mountain man" counterparts, the coureurs des bois exchanged beaverskin or deer pelts for weapons, cloth or shoddy goods, because the local economy was based on barter. The skins and fur are later sold in the forts and cities of New France. The Illinois Country also produced salt and lead and provided New Orleans with game. Liver-Eating Johnson The Mountain Men is also the name of a 1980 movie starring Charlton Heston. ... This article is about the ruminant animal. ... Barter is a type of trade in which goods or services are exchanged for other goods and/or services; no money is involved in the transaction. ... For Pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ...

Lower Lousiana

A plantation economy

Lower Louisiana's enconomy was based on slave-owning plantations. The owners generally had their main residence in New Orleans and entrusted the supervision of the fields to a treasurer. The crops were varied and adapted to the climate and terrain. Part of the production was intended for use by Louisianans (corn, vegetables, rice, livestock), the rest being exported to France (especially tobacco and indigo). Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in genus Nicotiana. ... Indigo is the color on the spectrum between about 450 and 420 nm in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet. ...

The economic role of New Orleans

New Orleans was the economic capital of Louisiana, though it remained a village for several decades. The colonists built infrastructure to encourage trade; a canal was dug in 1723. The stores on banks of the Mississippi also served as warehouses. The city exported pelts from the interior as well as products from the plantations. It was also, of course, a local hub of commerce. Its shops and markets sold whatever the plantations produced.

The rare shipments from France brought food (lard, wheat...), alcohol and various indispensable finished products (weapons, tools, cloth, clothing). Fur and various products came from the interior, and the port sent tobacco and indigo to the metropolis. But these exports remained on the whole relatively weak. New Orleans also still sold wood, rice and corn to the French West Indies.

The end of French Louisiana

The Seven Years' War and its consequences

The hostility between the French and English flared up again two years before the beginning of the Seven Years' War in Europe, but they also cool down earlier, before the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763). After having seen a few victories thanks to their Native American allies (1754-1757), the French suffered several disastrous defeats in Canada (1758-1760). The surrender of Montreal began the isolation of Louisiana. Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia... The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ...

The Treaty of Paris, signed on 10 February 1763, announced the eviction of the French from North America: Canada and the east coast of the Mississippi were handed over to Britain. New Orleans and the west coast of the river were given to Spain. This decision provoked the departure of a few settlers; however, the Spaniards effectively took control of their new territories rather late (in 1766), and there was not much Spanish immigration. To the East, the United States foresaw the conquest of the West; commercial navigation on the Mississippi was opened to Americans in 1795. is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

The ephemeral renewal of French Louisiana

During the French Revolution, Louisiana was agitated under Spanish control: certain French-speaking colonists sent petitions to the metropolis and the slaves attempted revolts in 1791 and 1795. Download high resolution version (942x936, 98 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

The Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in secrecy on October 1, 1800, envisaged the transfer of Western Louisiana as well as New Orleans to France in exchange for the Duchy of Parma. However, Napoleon Bonaparte soon decided not to keep the immense territory. The army he sent to take possession of the colony was first required to put down a revolution in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti); its failure to do so, coupled with the rupture of the Treaty of Amiens with the United Kingdom, prompted him to decide to sell Louisiana to the young United States. This was done on April 30, 1803 for the sum of 80 million francs (15 million dollars). American sovereignty was established on December 20, 1803 (see Louisiana Purchase). The Treaty of San Ildefonso (formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana) was a secretly negotiated treaty between France... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, famous for its architecture and the fine countryside around it. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1697 to 1804 that is today the independent nation of Haiti. ... The Treaty of Amiens was signed on March 25, 1802 (Germinal 4, year X in the French Revolutionary Calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquis Cornwallis as a Definitive Treaty of Peace between France and the United Kingdom. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... For the musical, see Louisiana Purchase (musical) and Louisiana Purchase (film). ...

The French heritage today

The seal of Minnesota bears traces of the French legacy: "the star of the North".

French colonization in Louisiana left a cultural inheritance which has been celebrated significantly in recent decades. The heritage of the French language and of Cajun French is that which has been most threatened; for this reason, the CODOFIL (Council for the Development of French in Louisiana) was created in 1968. A subject of debate is the dialect of French that should be taught: that of France, Canadian French, standard Louisiana French or Cajun French. Today, many Cajun-dominated areas of Louisiana have formed associations with Acadian communities in Canada, which send French professors to re-teach the language in the schools. In 2003, 7% of Louisianans were French-speaking, though most also spoke English. An estimated 25% of the state's population has some French ancestry, carrying a number of last names of French origin (e.g., LeBlanc, Cordier, Dion, Menard, Pineaux, Roubideaux...). Minnesota state seal Source http://usa. ... Minnesota state seal Source http://usa. ... The Great Seal of the State of Minnesota is the insignia that the secretary of state affixes to government papers and documents to make them official. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... Cajun French (sometimes called Louisiana Regional French [2]) is one of three varieties or dialects of the French language spoken primarily in the U.S. state of Louisiana, specifically in the southern parishes. ... CODOFILs logo. ... Canadian French is an umbrella term for the dialects or varieties of French found in Canada [1] and areas of French Canadian settlement in the United States. ... The Acadians (French: Acadiens) are the descendants of the 17th-century French colonists who settled in Acadia (located on the northern portion of North Americas east coast). ...

Many cities and villages have names of French origin. (See French in the United States for a list of these.) They include St. Louis, Detroit, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Mobile. The flag and the seal of the state of Minnesota carry a French legend. Historical festivals and commemorations point out the French presence: in 1999, Louisiana celebrated the 300th anniversary of its foundation; in 2001, Detroit did the same. In 2003, the 200th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase was commemorated on numerous occasions as well as by a formal conference to recall its history. Certain places testify to a cultural inheritance left by the French; a prime example is the French Quarter of New Orleans. Many French forts have been rebuilt and opened to visitors. French language spread in the United States. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government  - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area  - City  66. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... Capitol Building Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana, a state of the United States of America. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... It has been suggested that List of people from Mobile, Alabama be merged into this article or section. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ... For the musical, see Louisiana Purchase (musical) and Louisiana Purchase (film). ... French Quarter: upper Chartres street looking down towards Jackson Square and the spires of St. ...

A key part of Louisianan culture finds its roots in the French period: Creole songs influenced the blues and jazz. Cajun music, often sung in French, remains very much alive today. New Orleans' Carnival, with its height at Mardi Gras, testifies to a long-lived Roman Catholic tradition. “Blues music” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... This article describes the festival season. ... Revelers, Frenchmen Street, Faubourg Marigny. ...

See also

Lake Muskoka.

• New France
• New Orleans
• British colonization of the Americas
• Louisiana Purchase

v • d • e Topics on New France
Subdivisions	Acadia (1604–1713) • Canada (1608–1763) • Louisiana (1699–1763, 1800–1803) • Newfoundland (1662–1713) • Île Royale (1713–1763)
Towns	Acadia (Port Royal) • Canada (Quebec, Trois-Rivières, Montreal, Détroit) • Île Royale (Louisbourg) • Louisiana (Mobile, New Orleans) • Newfoundland (Plaisance) • List of towns
Forts	Fort Rouillé • Fort Michilimackinac • Fort de Chartres • Fort Detroit • Fort Carillon • Fort Duquesne • List of Forts
Government	Canada (Governor General of New France, Intendant of New France, Sovereign Council of New France, Bishop of Quebec, Governor of Trois-Rivières, Governor of Montreal) • Acadia (Governor of Acadia) • Newfoundland (Governor of Plaisance) • Louisiana (Governor of Louisiana, Intendant of Louisiana, Superior Council of Louisiana) • Île Royale (Governor of Île Royale)
Justice	Intendancy • Superior Council • Admiralty court • Provostship • Officiality • Seigneurial court • Attorney • Bailiff • Maréchaussée • Code Noir
Economy	Seigneurial system • 1666 census • Fur trade • Company of 100 Associates • Crozat's Company • Mississippi Company • Compagnie de l'Occident
Society	Habitants • King's Daughters • Coureur des bois • Métis • Amerindians
War & Peace	Intercolonial Wars • French and Iroquois Wars • Great Upheaval • Great Peace of Montreal • Schenectady massacre • Deerfield massacre
Related	French colonization of the Americas • French colonial empire • History of Quebec • History of the Acadians • History of Louisiana • French West Indies • Carib Expulsion • African slave trade

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1159x843, 200 KB) This image was originally posted to Flickr as IMG_5149. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1159x843, 200 KB) This image was originally posted to Flickr as IMG_5149. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... British colonization of the Americas (including colonization under the Kingdom of England before the 1707 Acts of Union created the Kingdom of Great Britain) began in the late 16th century, before reaching its peak after colonies were established throughout the Americas, and a protectorate was established in Hawaii. ... For the musical, see Louisiana Purchase (musical) and Louisiana Purchase (film). ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien Régime in France  - Royal Control 1655  - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759  - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760  - Treaty... The national flag of Acadia, adopted in 1884. ... The History of Newfoundland and Labrador starts with two separate regions, the Colony of Newfoundland and the region of Labrador, then converge after 1946, with the creation of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... For other uses, see Cape Breton. ... Image File history File links LouisXIV.gif‎ Pavillon de Louis XIV File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): New France History of Quebec Monarchy in Quebec ... The Habitation at Port-Royal is a National Historic Site located at Port Royal in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. ... // French Rule Quebec City was founded on July 3, 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. ... Location City Information Established: January 1, 2002 Area: 228. ... The human history of Montréal spans some 8,000 years and started with the Algonquin, Huron, and Iroquois tribes of North America. ... French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded a fort and settlement at the site of Detroit in 1701. ... It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled Fortress of Louisbourg: Siege of 1758. ... It has been suggested that List of people from Mobile, Alabama be merged into this article or section. ... The history of New Orleans, Louisiana traces its development from its founding by the French, through its period under Spanish control, then back to French rule before being sold to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. ... Panorama of Placentia. ... Fort Rouillé was a French trading post located in Toronto, Ontario, which was established around 1750 but abandoned in 1759. ... Fort Michilimackinac was an 18th century French, and later British, fort and trading post in the Great Lakes of North America. ... Fort de Chartres existed as a succession of three French fortifications built during the 1700s on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area of upper Louisiana known as the Illinois Country. ... Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Detroit was a fort established by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701. ... Fort Ticonderoga is a large 18th century fort built at a strategically important narrows in Lake Champlain where a short traverse gives access to the north end of Lake George in the state of New York, USA. The fort controlled both commonly used trade routes between the English-controlled Hudson... An artist’s rendering of Fort Duquesne Fort Duquesne was a fort established by the French in 1754, at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in what is now downtown Pittsburgh in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... This is a list of all Forts built by the French government or French Chartered companies in what later became Canada and the United States. ... Governor General of New France was the vice-regal post in New France from 1663 until 1763. ... New France was governed by three rulers: the governor, the bishop and the intendant, all appointed by the King, and sent from France. ... The Sovereign Council of New France was a political body appointed by the King of France and consisting of a Governor General, an intendant and a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Diocese of Quebec is the oldest Catholic see in the New World north of Mexico. ... This is a list of governors of Montreal. ... Categories: Canadian history | Acadia | Canadian historical figures ... This is a list of viceroys for the colony, dominion and province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... This is a list of Governors of [[Louisiana== First French Era == Sauvole de la Villantry 1699-1701 Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville 1701-1713 Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac 1713-1716 Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville 1716-1717 Jean-Michel de Lepinay 1717-1718 Jean... The title of intendant (French: , Spanish intendente) has been used in a number of countries through history. ... Admiralty courts, also known as maritime courts, are courts exercising jurisdiction over all maritime contracts, torts, injuries and offences. ... Provost is from the Latin praepositus (set over, from praeponere, to place in front). It may mean: Provost (religion), a church official. ... An ecclesiastical court (also called Court Christian) is any of certain courts having jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or religious matters. ... An attorney is someone who represents someone else in the transaction of business: For attorney-at-law, see lawyer, solicitor, barrister or civil law notary. ... Bailiff (from Late Latin bajulivus, adjectival form of bajulus) is a governor or custodian (cf. ... Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society. ... The Code noir (French language: The Black Code), was a decree passed by Frances King Louis XIV in 1689. ... The seigneurial system of New France was the semi-feudal system of land distribution used in the colonies of New France. ... The 1666 census of New France was the first census conducted in Canada (and indeed in North America). ... An Alberta fur trader in the 1890s. ... The Company of One Hundred Associates was a business enterprise created at a time when all territories explored by the French and seized as a part of the French colonial empire were the property of the King of France. ... Antoine Crozat, Marquis du Chatel (Toulouse, ca. ... In August 1717 Scottish businessman John Law acquired a controlling interest in the then derelict Mississippi Company and renamed it the Compagnie d’Occident (or Compagnie du Mississippi). ... The Compagnie de lOccident was a French Crown corporation that existed from 1664 to 1667. ... Habitants by Cornelius Krieghoff (1852) Habitants is the name used to referred to the French settlers who established a colony in the Haudenosaunee First Nations territory along the shores of the St. ... The Kings Daughters (in French: filles du roi) were between 700 and 900 Frenchwomen (accounts vary as to the exact numbers) who immigrated to New France (now part of Canada) between 1663 and 1673 under the monetary sponsorship of Louis XIV, as an attempt to rectify the numerical inequality... A coureur de bois was an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mestizo. ... Native Americans redirects here. ... The French and Indian Wars is a name used in the United States for a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied the European dynastic wars. ... The French and Iroquois Wars (also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars) commonly refer to a brutal series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. ... The Great Upheaval (le Grand Dérangement), also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation or the Acadian Expulsion, was the forced population transfer of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia between 1755 and 1763, ordered by British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council. ... The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 39 First Nations of North America. ... Early in 1690, a party of over 200 French and Sault and Algonquin Indian raiders set out from Montreal to attack English outposts to the south. ... The Deerfield massacre occurred during Queen Annes War on February 29, 1704, when joint French and Native American forces under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville attacked the English (predominantly puritan) settlement at Deerfield, Massachusetts at dawn, razing the town and killing fifty-six colonists. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... -1... Quebec has played a special role in Canada, and its history has taken a somewhat different path from the rest of Canada. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The term French West Indies (see also Antilles françaises) refers to the two French overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique. ... The Carib Expulsion took place in 1660. ... It has been suggested that Impact of Slave Trade on Africa be merged into this article or section. ...

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} "Alabama Exploration and Settlement" (history), Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2007, Britannica.com webpage: EB-Mobile.

References

French

• Michaël Garnier, Bonaparte et la Louisiane, Kronos/SPM, Paris, 1992, 247 p. ISBN 2-901952-04-6 ;
• Marcel Giraud, Histoire de la Louisiane française (1698-1723), Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1953-1974, 4 tomes;
• Réginald Hamel, La Louisiane créole politique, littéraire et sociale (1762-1900), Leméac,coll. « Francophonie vivante », Ottawa, 1984, 2 tomes ISBN 2-7609-3914-6 ;
• Gilles Havard, Cécile Vidal, Histoire de l'Amérique française, Flammarion, coll. « Champs », Paris, 2×10^{{{1}}} éd. (1Template:Re éd. 2003), 2006, 863 p. ISBN 2-08-080121-X ;
• Philippe Jacquin, Les Indiens blancs: Français et Indiens en Amérique du Nord (XVI×10^{{{1}}} - XVIII×10^{{{1}}} siècles), Payot, coll. « Bibliothèque historique », Paris, 1987, 310 p. ISBN 2-228-14230-1 ;
• Gilles-Antoine Langlois, Des villes pour la Louisiane française : Théorie et pratique de l'urbanistique coloniale au Template:S- siècle, L'Harmattan, coll. « Villes et entreprises », Paris, 2003, 448 p. ISBN 2-7475-4726-4 ;
• Thierry Lefrançois (dir.), La Traite de la Fourrure: Les Français et la découverte de l'Amérique du Nord, Musée du Nouveau Monde, La Rochelle et L'Albaron, Thonon-les-Bains, 1992, 172 p. ISBN 2-908528-36-3 ; Template:Commentaire biblio
• Bernard Lugan, Histoire de la Louisiane française (1682-1804), Perrin, Paris, 1994, 273 p. ISBN 2-7028-2462-5, ISBN 2-262-00094-8 ;
• Jean Meyer, Jean Tarrade, Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer, Histoire de la France coloniale, t. 1, A. Colin, coll. « Histoires Colin », Paris, 1991, 846 p. ISBN 2-200-37218-3.

English

• Charles J. Balesi, The Time of the French in the Heart of North America (1673-1818), Alliance française de Chicago, Chicago, 2×10^{{{1}}} éd. (1×10^{{{1}}} éd. 1992), 1996, 348 p. ISBN|1-88137-000-3 ;
• Glenn R. Conrad (dir.), The French Experience in Louisiana, University of Southwestern Louisiana Press, La Fayette, 1995, VIII-666 p. ISBN 0-940984-97-0 ;
• Marcel Giraud, A History of French Louisiana (1723-1731), tome 5, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1991 ;
• Charles R. Goins, J. M. Calwell, Historical Atlas of Louisiana, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman / Londres, 1995, XV-99-L p. ISBN 0585235015, ISBN 2-8061-2589-6 ;
• V. Hubert, A Pictorial History, Louisiana, Ch. Scribner, New York, 1975 ;
• Robert W. Neuman, An Introduction of Louisiana Archeology, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge/ Londres, 1984, XVI-366 p. ISBN 0-8071-1147-3.
• Russel Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival..., Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.

It has been suggested that List of visitor attractions in Paris be merged into this article or section. ... Doctor Jean Meyer Barth (born on February 8, 1942 in Nice) is a Mexican historian and author of French origin. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... Cover of White Gold (1995), co-written by Glenn R. Conrad. ... “NY” redirects here. ...

External links

• (French) Site du ministère de la culture française: La Louisiane française (1682-1803)
• (French) Bibliothèque Nationale de France: La France en Amérique
• (French) Archives Canada-France: Nouvelle-France. Histoire d'une terre française en Amérique
• (French) Site personnel de Jean-Pierre Pazzoni: Histoire de la Louisiane française
• (French) Site de l'association France-Louisiane: Louisiane française. Entretien avec Bernard Lugan
• (French) Hérodote: 9 avril 1682, Cavelier de la Salle baptise la Louisiane
• (French) University of Laval: 30 avril 1803 : traité d'achat de la Louisiane
• Museum of the State of Louisiana
• Fort Rosalie, Mississippi
• New France: 1524-1763
• Why New France ended up as it did – under-populated and swallowed by the English.
• History of New Orleans