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Low-power broadcasting is the concept of broadcasting at very low power and low cost, to a small community area. These stations tend to serve small towns, or communities within large cities in the United States. There are close to 3,000 LPTV stations in the country and they are in all markets including New York City (5 stations) to Junction City, KS (2 stations). Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Note: broadcasting is also a term for hand sowing. ...
Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power, often known as power or electricity, involves the production and delivery of electrical energy in sufficient quantities to operate domestic appliances, office equipment, industrial machinery and provide sufficient energy for both domestic and commercial lighting, heating, cooking and industrial processes. ...
In economics, business, and accounting, a cost is the value of inputs that have been used up to produce something, and hence are not available for use anymore. ...
A community usually refers to a group of people who interact and share certain things as a group, but it can refer to various collections of living things sharing an environment, plant or animal. ...
Main street in Bastrop, Texas, a small town A town is a residential community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ...
The terms "low-power broadcasting" and "micropower broadcasting" (more commonly "microbroadcasting") should not be used interchangeably, because the markets are not the same. The former term is more often used to describe stations who have applied for and received official licences. The relationship between broadcasting power and signal range is a function of many things, such as the frequency band it uses e.g, SW or FM, the topography of the country in which it operates (lots of mountains or flat), atmospheric conditions, and finally the amount of radio frequency energy it transmits. As a general rule, the more energy it transmits, the further the signal goes. The term low-power refers to machines or activities that use less power than other similar machines or activies. ...
Sine waves of various frequencies; the bottom waves have higher frequencies than those above. ...
A solid-state, analog shortwave receiver Shortwave radio operates between the frequencies of 2,310 kHz and 30 MHz (30,000 kHz) [1] and came to be referred to as such in the early days of radio because the wavelengths associated with this frequency range were shorter than those commonly...
Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of modulation which represents information as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. ...
It has been suggested that Geomorphometry be merged into this article or section. ...
LPFM, LPAM, and LPTV are in various levels of use across the world, varying widely based on the laws and their enforcement. Equality and the balancing of our interests under law is symbolised by a blindfold and weighing scales For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ...
For the band, see The Police. ...
United States
FM radio In the U.S., the FCC partially re-legalized LPFM licenses, after the NAB, CPB, and NPR convinced them to stop issuing the FM class D license in 1978. Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from...
The FCCs official seal. ...
The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) is the industry group representing the commercial radio stations and television stations of the United States. ...
The Corporation for Public Broadcasting logo, used from 1969 to 2002. ...
Offical NPR logo National Public Radio (NPR) is an independent, private, non-profit membership organization of public radio stations in the United States. ...
This is the list of broadcast station classes. ...
1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...
The new LPFM licenses in the United States may only be issued to nonprofit educational organizations and state and local governments. Also, the one and so far only "window" for applications closed in 2003, and at present, the FCC is not entertaining any new broadcast license applications, instead conducting auctions of frequencies for full power uses only. 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
LPFM classes in the United States - Class L1 (LP100) is from 50 to 100 watts effective radiated power (ERP).
- Class L2 (L10) is at least 1 and up to 10 watts ERP.
- Class D is 10 watts TPO or less, regardless of ERP, and are no longer issued for LPFM services (since 1978).
Officially, class D is still assigned to broadcast translators, though the rules are actually much looser (up to 250 watts ERP) than for true LPFM stations, though they may not broadcast their own programming. This is due to the influence of NPR and religious broadcasting companies, which often rely on translators. Since true class D stations can bump translators, they therefore have less competition in getting or keeping their own translators on the air with new class D stations kept off the air. The watt (symbol: W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one joule per second. ...
In radio telecommunications, effective radiated power or ERP is determined by subtracting system losses from system gains. ...
Transmitter power output (TPO) is the actual amount of power (in watts) of RF energy that a transmitter produces at its output. ...
In broadcasting, a translator is an FM radio station or a TV station which acts as a full-duplex repeater. ...
Offical NPR logo National Public Radio (NPR) is an independent, private, non-profit membership organization of public radio stations in the United States. ...
Religious broadcasting is broadcasting religious organizations, usually with a religious message. ...
New classes L1 and L2 are still considered class D for international purposes, but are considered to be equal in status to translators, and subordinate to full class D stations still operating.
Part 15 rules are quite strict for FM, making it nearly impossible to operate a legally-unlicensed station that can be heard more than a few yards away. The rule is a signal strength of 250 µV/m at 3 meters from the antenna, set forth in 47 CFR §15.239. In the U.S., Part 15 is an often-quoted section of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules and regulations, regarding unlicensed transmissions. ...
In telecommunications, and particularly in radio, signal strength is the measure of how strongly a transmitted signal is being received, measured, or predicted, at a reference point that is a significant distance from the transmitting antenna. ...
A Yagi-Uda beam antenna Short Wave Curtain Antenna (Moosbrunn, Austria) A building rooftop supporting numerous dish and sectored mobile telecommunications antennas (Doncaster, Victoria, Australia) An antenna or aerial is an arrangement of aerial electrical conductors designed to transmit or receive radio waves which is a class of electromagnetic waves. ...
The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government of the United States. ...
The section sign The section sign (§; Unicode U+00A7, HTML entity §) is a typographical character used mainly to refer to a particular section of a document, such as a legal code. ...
Criticisms of LPFM Many of the proponents of the new LPFM classes have been critical of the actual service. Their complaints include: - The majority of the licenses have been issued to religious broadcasters who tend to have little locally-produced programming and syndicate broadcasts originating elsewhere. Religious broadcasters counter that few secular groups are equipped to fund the continuing operations of an LPFM station.
- Of the religious broadcasters, a large number have been issued to local branches of Calvary Chapel.
- Due to legal requirements (the controversial Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act of 2000) that LPFM stations be separated by at least 0.6 MHz from all other stations (even though most experts claim 0.4 MHz would be sufficient), in most large metropolitan areas there are no available frequencies for LPFM stations at all.
Christian radio is a radio format that focuses on transmitting programming with a Christian message. ...
Calvary Chapels dove logo which represents the Holy Spirit. ...
The Department of Transportation (DOT) is the most common name for a government agency in North America devoted to transportation. ...
Low-power broadcasting is the concept of broadcasting at very low power and low cost, to a small community area. ...
[[Amplitude modulation]] (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a carrier wave wirelessly. ...
AM radio LPAM is generally not licensed in the U.S., but is allowed on the campus of any school, so long as the normal Part 15 rules are adhered to when measured at the edge of the campus. Most college radio stations started out this way. Stations may have freestanding radio antennas, or may use carrier current methods to ride on power lines. These signals cannot pass through transformers, however, and are prone to the electromagnetic interference of the alternating current. The Universitätscampus Wien, Austria ( details) Campus (plural: campuses) is derived from the (identical) Latin word for field or open space. English gets the words camp and campus from this origin. ...
Students in Rome, Italy. ...
Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution. ...
A yagi antenna Most simply, an antenna is an electronic component designed to send or receive radio waves. ...
Carrier current is a method of low-power broadcasting that uses the electrical system of a building to distribute an AM radio signal. ...
Power Line is a neoconservative blog run by three lawyers: John H. Hinderaker (Hindrocket), Scott W. Johnson (The Big Trunk) and Paul Mirengoff (Deacon). Power Line covers political and social issues from a conservative viewpoint. ...
Three-phase pole-mounted step-down transformer. ...
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by electrical circuits carrying rapidly changing signals, as a by-product of their normal operation, and which causes unwanted signals (interference or noise) to be induced in other circuits. ...
City lights viewed in a motion blurred exposure. ...
The exception is Travelers' Information Stations (TIS), sometimes also called highway advisory radio (HAR). These are licensed LPAM stations set up by local transport departments to provide bulletins to motorists and other travelers regarding traffic and other delays. These are often near highways and airports, and occasionally other tourism attractions such as national parks. Only governments may have licenses for TIS/HAR stations, and music is disallowed. Travelers Information Stations (TIS), sometimes also called highway advisory radio (HAR). ...
Low-power broadcasting is the concept of broadcasting at very low power and low cost, to a small community area. ...
Nighttime traffic captured by a camera over several seconds. ...
Category: ...
Tourists at Oahu island, Hawaii Tourism is the act of travel for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of services in support of this act. ...
Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, UK A national park is a reserve of land, usually declared and owned by a national government, protected from most human development and pollution. ...
Allegory of Music on the Opéra Garnier Music is an art form that involves organized and audible sounds and silence. ...
Television LPTV (-LP) is common in the U.S., Canada and most of the Americas where most stations originate their own programming. Stations that do not originate their own programming are designated as translators (-TX). LPTV stations that meet additional requirements such as Children's "E/I" core programming and Emergency Alert System can qualify for a Class A (-CA) license. Unlike FM and AM, unlicensed use of TV bands is prohibited for broadcasting. The amateur television channels do allow for some very limited non-entertainment transmissions however, with some repeaters airing NASA TV during Space Shuttle missions when they are not in local use. World map showing the Americas CIA map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...
A TV Translator is a device that receives television signals and retransmits/repeats them on another frequency. ...
Example of an E/I bug; this one used for PBS programs. ...
The Emergency Alert System (EAS), is a national system in the U.S. put into place in 1994, superseding the Emergency Broadcast System and is jointly administered by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), FEMA, and the National Weather Service. ...
Class A television service is a system for regulating some low power television stations (LPTV) stations in the United States set up by the FCC as a result of the Community Broadcasters Protection Act of 1999. ...
Amateur television (ATV) is the hobby of transporting broadcast-quality video and audio over radio waves allocated for amateur radio using the broadcast standards of NTSC in North America and Japan, and PAL or SECAM in Europe and elsewhere, using the full refresh rates of those standards. ...
An Icom Radio Repeater. ...
NASA TV (originally NASA Select) is the television network of the U.S. space agency, NASA. NASA TV is broadcast by satellite, and also simulcast over the Internet. ...
NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ...
Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer space by both manned and unmanned spacecraft. ...
United Kingdom Temporary low-power stations are allowed at times via a Restricted Service Licence. A UK Restricted Service Licence (often called an RSL), is typically granted to radio stations and television stations broadcasting within the UK to serve a local community or a special event. ...
Since 2001 longterm LPFM licences have been available in remote areas of the country. These are currently used for many establishments including military bases, universities and hospitals with fixed boundaries. 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A military base is a facility, settlement, reservation, or installation that shelters military equipment and personnel. ...
A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. ...
A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ...
New Zealand In New Zealand you are allowed to broadcast licence free at 0.5 watts EIRP in the FM guardbands from 88.1 to 88.7 (or 88.1 to 88.4 within 120 km of the Sky Tower in Auckland) and from 106.7 to 107.7 MHz under a General User Radio License (GURL) issued by Radio Spectrum Management. Broadcasters on these frequencies are required to cease operations if they interfere with other, licensed broadcasters and have no protection from interference from other licensed or unlicensed broadcasters. There exists a 25 km rule: You may operate two transmitters anywhere (close together), but a third transmitter must be 25 km away. In radio communication systems, Effective isotropically-radiated power (EIRP) is the amount of power that would have to be emitted by an isotropic antenna (that evenly distributes power in all directions) to produce the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain. ...
View looking up Auckland at night, with the Sky Tower in the background Sky Tower The Sky Tower is a tower located on the corner of Victoria and Federal Streets in the central business district of Auckland, New Zealand. ...
Schematic map of Auckland. ...
The spectrum is a conceptual tool used to organize and map the physical phenomena of electromagnetic waves. ...
There are efforts on self-regulation of the broadcasters themselves.
See also This is the list of broadcast station classes. ...
Many countries have specific conventions for classifying call signs by transmitter characteristics and location. ...
The ITU allocates call sign prefixes for radio and television stations of all types. ...
A List of LPFM Stations that are Low-power broadcasting in New Zealand. ...
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