Germania Inferior (in EnglishLower Germany) was a Romanprovince, located along the west margin of the Rhine, on today's southern Netherlands and western Germany. The principal settlements of the province were today's Bonn (Bona), Xanten (Vetera), Utrecht (Trajectum ad Rhenum) and Cologne (Colonia Agrippina), the capital of Germania Inferior.
The army of Germania Inferior, known from inscriptions simply as EXGERINF (Exercitus Germania Inferior), had several legions at its service. Legions I Minervia and XXX Ulpia Victrix were, however, the most permanent ones.
The first confrontations between a Roman army and the peoples of Germania Inferior was during Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. Caesar invaded the region in 57 BC and in the next three years annihilated several Germanic tribes, including the Eburones and the Menapians.
Lower Saxony was founded as Land Niedersachsen on 1st November 1946 as a merger of the former Länder Braunschweig [Brunswick], Oldenburg, Schaumburg-Lippe and Hannover [Hanover].
The fl-red-gold national flag with the Lower Saxon arms (a white saxon horse on a red field) with a narrow fl border, overlapping the fl and gold stripes and slightly offset towards hoist.
The exact pattern on some of the Lower Saxony flags is described in the laws and regulations.
Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, whose unexpectedly high demands were perceived as humiliating in Germany, as a continuation of the war by other means and a breaking of traditional post-war diplomacy that included negotiations between the victors and vanquished.
Germany is located in Central Europe and shares borders with Denmark in the North, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France in the West, Austria and Switzerland in the South and Poland and the Czech Republic in the East.
The territory of Germany stretches from the high mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 m / 9,718 ft) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the north-west and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the north-east.
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