|
The crossbills are birds in the finch family Fringillidae. The one to five (or possibly many more) species are all in the genus Loxia. These birds are characterised by the mandibles crossing at their tips, which gives the group its English name.
These are specialist feeders on conifer cones, and the unusual bill shape is an adaptation to assist the extraction of the seeds from the cone. These are birds typically found in higher northern hemisphere latitudes, where their food sources grows. They will erupt out of the breeding range when the cone crop fails.
The different species are each adapted to specialising in feeding on different conifer species, with the bill shape optimised for opening that species of conifer. They can utilise other conifers to their preferred, and often need to do so when their preferred species has a crop failure, but are less efficient in their feeding (not enough to prevent survival, but probably enough to reduce breeding success).
Crossbills breed very early in the year, often in winter months, to take advantage of maximum cone supplies.
Adult males tend to be red or orange in colour, and females green or yellow, but there is much variation.
These species are difficult to separate, and care is needed even with Two-barred Crossbill, the easiest. The other three species are identified by subtle differences in head shape and bill size, and are the subject of much taxonomic speculation, with some scientists suggesting that two or all three are conspecific.
The identification problem is least severe in North America, where only Red and White-winged occur, and (possibly) worst in the Scottish Highlands, where three 'species' breed, and Two-barred is also a possible vagrant.
Work on vocalisation in North America suggest that there are eight or nine discrete populations of Red Crossbill in that continent alone, which do not interbreed and are (like the named species) adapted to specialise on different conifer species. Few ornithologists yet seem inclined to give these forms species status though. Preliminary investigations in Europe and Asia suggest an equal, if not greater, complexity, with several different call types identified; these call types as different from each other as from the named species Scottish and Parrot Crossbills - suggesting either that they are valid species, or else that the Scottish and Parrot may not be.
Genetic research on their DNA has so far failed to reveal any difference between any of the crossbills (including the morphologically distinct Two-barred), with variation between individuals greater than any difference between the taxa. One suggestion is that limited interbreeding between the different types prevents significant genetic differentiation, and also enables each type to maintain a degree of morphological plasticity, which may be necessary to enable them to feed on different conifers when their preferred food species has a crop failure.
Species and their preferred food sources are:
- Parrot Crossbill, Loxia pytyopsittacus
- Scottish Crossbill, Loxia scotica (often treated as a race of Parrot Crossbill)
- Scots pine Pinus sylvestris and Larch Larix species (particularly plantations of L. decidua)
- Red Crossbill or Common Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra
- Spruce Picea species; some populations (distinct species?) on various Pine Pinus species and (in western North America) Douglas-fir
- Two-barred Crossbill or White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera
- Larch Larix species, particularly L. sibirica, L. gmelinii, L. laricina and (in North America) also Hemlock Tsuga
- Hispaniolan Crossbill, Loxia megaplaga (previously treated as a race of Two-barred Crossbill)
- Hispaniolan pine Pinus occidentalis
|
Feeds |
Contact