In general, a loyalist is one who maintains loyalty to an established government, political party, or sovereign, especially during war or revolutionary change. In modern English usage, the most common application is to loyalty to the British Crown. Loyalist may refer to: Loyalist, a person who supports the British monarchy or Great Britain Loyalist (American Revolution), a British North American colonist who remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution. ... This article is about the monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; for further information, see Commonwealth realm, Elizabeth II, and British Royal Family. ...

Historical loyalism

United States

Further information: United Empire Loyalist; Loyalist (American Revolution)

There are three main groups of loyalists within North America; United Empire Loyalists, who claim descent from inhabitants of the American Colonies that remained loyal to the British Crown leading up to and after the American Revolution , the Black Loyalists, and those who carry on their loyalty and support for the union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.^{[citation needed]} This second group shares more in common with loyalists found throughout the United Kingdom. Other groups include the Quebec Loyalists, who unite around their common heritage within New France prior to the ceding of the colony to the British.^{[citation needed]}The American Revolution was forced out of country and resettled in Canada, given the title of United Empire Loyalist. The name United Empire Loyalists is given to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other British Colonies as an act of fealty to King George III after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. ... Britannia offers solace and a promise of compensation for her exiled American born Loyalists. ... The name United Empire Loyalists is given to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other British Colonies as an act of fealty to King George III after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen... Black Loyalists is the name given to formerly enslaved Africans or Free Blacks of the North American continent who joined the British Army in their war against the American Revolutionaries. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ...

18th century Ireland

The term loyalist was first used in Irish politics in the 1790s, to refer to Protestants who opposed Catholic Emancipation, the extension of the franchise of the Irish Parliament and greater independence for Ireland from Britain (see Ireland 1691-1801). Liberal Protestants who supported those reforms were known as patriots. The terms may have derived from the American Revolution. Prominent loyalists included John Foster, John Fitzgibbon and John Beresford. In the subsequent Irish Rebellion of 1798, ultra loyalists were those most opposed to the United Irishmen, who wanted an independent Irish Republic. Loyalists founded the Orange Order in 1795 and served in the Yeomanry militia, which helped put down the rebellion. Some loyalists, such as Richard Musgrave, considered the rebellion a Catholic plot to drive Protestants out of Ireland. Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... Catholic Emancipation was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century which involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity, the Test Acts and the Penal Laws. ... This article is about the legislature abolished in 1801. ... This period in Irelands History was marked by the dominance of the so-called Protestant Ascendancy. ... John Fitzgibbon may refer to the 1st Earl of Clare or to the 2nd Earl of Clare. ... Combatants United Irishmen French First Republic Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Commanders Local leaders, General Humbert Cornwallis Lake Strength  ? Various, at peak mid-June c. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Orange parade in Glasgow (1 June 2003) The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly in Northern Ireland and Scotland with lodges throughout the Commonwealth and in Canada and the United States. ...

England

Nearly every English and Welsh county formed a Loyalist Association with the first being formed in Westminster on 20 November 1792. Loyalist associations were created in order to counter a perceived threat from radical societies.^[1] Westminster is a district within the City of Westminster in London. ...

Australia

Sydney and Parramatta Loyalist Associations of approximately 50 members each were formed in 1804 for similar reasons as the English ones and helped put down the Castle Hill convict rebellion in the same year.^[2] This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... Parramatta is a city, suburb and Local Government Area in Sydney, Australia, 25 kilometres west of the central business district (CBD) in Western Sydney. ... A cartoon of the Irish rebellion some years later The Castle Hill Rebellion of 4 March 1804, also called the Irish Rebellion and the Battle of Vinegar Hill, was Australias only successful large-scale convict rebellion. ...

Modern loyalism in Great Britain and Ireland

Northern Ireland

Main article: Ulster loyalism

A loyalist in Northern Ireland is a particular type of unionist who feels strongly in favour of the political union between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In recent times, the term has often been used to refer to militant unionists. Most frequently, they are of Protestant background (at least nominally). There are several loyalist paramilitary groups, such as the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF), and the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF). Raising loyalist flags is common in the summer Ulster loyalism is a militant Unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. ... In the Irish context, Unionists form a group of largely (though not exclusively) Protestant people in Ireland, of all social classes, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which the Northern Ireland provincial state created in... A Political Union is a type of state which is composed of smaller states. ... The word militant has come to refer to any individual or party engaged in aggressive physical or verbal combat, normally for a cause. ... Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... UFF redirects here; they are also the initials of the United Freedom Front, a radical left-wing organisation in the US. The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is a loyalist paramilitary organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a terrorist group in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, and which aim... The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is a Northern Irish Loyalist paramilitary organisation outlawed as a terrorist group in the UK and Republic of Ireland, which is perceived by its supporters as defending the unionist community from Irish nationalism. ... The Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) is a loyalist terrorist group in Northern Ireland which broke away from the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and was led by the late Billy Wright. ... The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland. ...

Although loyalists claim to speak on behalf of their communities and the unionist community in general, electoral results tend to suggest that their support is minimal and exclusively based in the urban working class. One pro-Belfast Agreement loyalist party (Progressive Unionist Party) won seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1999. Ideologically, loyalism is typified by a militant opposition to Irish Republicanism, and often also to Roman Catholicism. It stresses Protestant identity and community with its own folk heroes and events, such as the misfortunes and bravery of the 36th (Ulster) Division during World War I and the activities of the Orange Institution. Officially, most loyalist organisations are on ceasefire as a result of the Belfast Agreement, though numerous breaches of the ceasefire have been recorded.^{[citation needed]} The Belfast Agreement (Irish: ), although more commonly known as the Good Friday Agreement (Irish: ), and occasionally as the Stormont Agreement was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process. ... The Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) are a small political party from Northern Ireland. ... The logo of the Northern Ireland Assembly, a six flowered linen or flax plant. ... Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent republic, whether as a unitary state, a federal state or as a confederal arrangement. ... The British 36th (Ulster) Division was a New Army division formed in September 1914. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Republic of Ireland

Loyalists in the Republic of Ireland have been few and far between since independence. Many of the southern Irish loyalists (along with many non-Loyalists, who hoped this might lead to the introduction of Home Rule) volunteered for service in the British Armed Forces in World War I and World War II; many of them losing their lives or settling in the United Kingdom after the wars. Partition saw mass movements of southern Loyalists to Northern Ireland or to Great Britain, furthering the decline of loyalism in southern Ireland. Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... The armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majestys Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces of the Crown[1], encompasses a navy, army, and an air force. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

The republican nature of post-partition Ireland meant loyalism in the Republic of Ireland transformed itself in order to survive and be active. Recently, Irish loyalists seem to have a new confidence, and are more outspoken in the wake of better Anglo-Irish relations.^{[citation needed]} Groups such as The Reform Movement, The Border Minority Group and the Loyal Irish Union have gained some publicity in recent times but enjoy little support from the population as a whole.^{[citation needed]} The Orange Institution in the Republic of Ireland holds an annual pre-Twelfth parade in Rossnowlagh in County Donegal. Loyalism in southern Ireland has no known links with northern paramilitary groups, although investigations into the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings are still ongoing.^{[citation needed]} Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent republic, whether as a unitary state, a federal state or as a confederal arrangement. ... The Reform Movement is an organisation in the Republic of Ireland which seeks modify what it feels are outdated and extremist elements of Irish nationalism. ... The Twelfth is an annual Protestant celebration on 12 July, originating in Ireland. ... Picture of Rossnowlagh beach View from Rossnowlagh strand Rossnowlagh is a seaside resort located in County Donegal, in the north-west of Ireland. ... Statistics Province: Ulster Dáil Éireann: Donegal North East, Donegal South West County seat: Lifford Code: DL Area: 4,841 km² Population (2006) 146,956 Website: www. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... The Dublin and Monaghan Bombings on May 17, 1974 were a series of terrorist attacks on Dublin and Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland which left 33 people dead, and almost 300 injured, the largest number of casualties in any single day in The Troubles. ...

Scotland

A loyalist in Scotland is someone on the fringes of Scottish unionism who is often stridently supportive of loyalism and unionism, although mainly concentrating on the Irish union issue, rather than Scottish politics. This article is about the country. ... Scottish Unionists are those committed to maintaining Scotlands position within the United Kingdom and opposing Scottish nationalism. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Although only consisting of a small fraction of the Scottish population, and less so in comparison to their Northern Irish counterparts, their profile has become more prominent with strident demonstrations of their beliefs since the establishment of a Scottish Parliament. Scottish loyalism is visible through participation at Orange parades and through their support for Rangers F.C. in Glasgow, Hearts F.C. in Edinburgh and smaller clubs such as Airdrie United F.C.. At the extreme end, loyalism is supportive of violence or threats, as a "defence" of loyalists, unionists and their version of Protestantism, as well as Northern Ireland and Scotland's positions as part of the United Kingdom. This article is about the Scottish as an ethnic group. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... Orange parade in Glasgow (1 June 2003) The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly in Northern Ireland and Scotland with lodges throughout the Commonwealth and in Canada and the United States. ... For other uses, see Rangers F.C. (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... Heart of Midlothian Football Club are based in Edinburgh and are one of two principal clubs in the city, the other being Hibernian. ... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... Airdrie United Football Club are a Scottish professional association football team based in the town of Airdrie, North Lanarkshire. ... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ...

Although far less active and organised in Scotland than their Northern Ireland counterparts, loyalists have been involved in a small number of activities related to the troubles in Northern Ireland. Most notable have been two pub bombings, spontaneous murders of people they perceived as enemies of their version of Protestantism, and the smuggling of guns and explosives to Northern Ireland.^{[citation needed]} An amusingly named pub (the Old New Inn) at Bourton-on-the-Water, in the Cotswold Hills of South West England A pub in the Haymarket area of Edinburgh, Scotland A public house, usually known as a pub, is a drinking establishment found mainly in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada...

Loyalists in Scotland mostly live in small working class enclaves in the major urban centres or industrial villages, notably Glasgow, Lanarkshire (especially Larkhall), Renfrewshire, West Lothian and Ayrshire. There are relatively few in areas such as the Highlands, Borders and the northeast (including Aberdeen). The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Lanarkshire (Siorrachd Lannraig in Gaelic) is a traditional county of Scotland. ... Larkhall is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland and is around 18 miles southeast of Glasgow. ... Renfrewshire (Siorrachd Rinn Friù in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary authority regions in Scotland. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 20th  - Total 427 km²  - % Water  ? Admin HQ Livingston ISO 3166-2 GB-WLN ONS code 00RH Demographics Population Ranked 10th  - Total (2005) 163,780  - Density 384 / km² Scottish Gaelic  - Total () {{{Scottish council Gaelic Speakers}}} Politics West Lothian Council http://www. ... Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir in Scottish Gaelic) is a region of south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde. ... Lowland-Highland divide Highland Sign with welcome in English and Gaelic The Scottish Highlands (A Ghàidhealtachd in Gaelic) include the rugged and mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... Scottish Borders (often referred to locally as The Borders or The Borderland) is one of 35 local government unitary council areas of Scotland. ... For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation). ...

Some loyalists in Scotland support paramilitary groups such as the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) and Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). Although the Orange Institution nominally repudiates these organisations, some of its members in Scotland support of these paramilitary organisations.^{[citation needed]}

Although loyalists claim to speak on behalf of Protestants and unionists, they do not have widespread political support. Many of the political representatives in their areas are from the Labour Party and to a lesser extent, the Scottish National Party. Neither party supports their programme. Ideologically, Scottish loyalism is typified by a strident, and at times militant, opposition to Irish Republicanism, Scottish independence and the Roman Catholic Church - particularly the existence of Roman Catholic denominational schools. The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... The Scottish National Party (SNP) (Scottish Gaelic: is a centre-left political party which campaigns for Scottish independence. ... Scottish independence is a political ambition of a number of political parties, pressure groups and individuals within and outside of Scotland. ... This article is about the teaching of religion. ...

On March 2004, Scotland's first 24-hour loyalist radio station started broadcasting through an Internet server in Jersey. Calton Radio has an exclusively loyalist playlist, with many songs celebrating the loyalist history and culture.^[3]

England

Loyalists can be found in many parts of England, especially Liverpool, Manchester, Corby and London, where there are substantial Irish immigrant populations. Another small but militant plank of English loyalism is found in far right groups such as the British National Party, the British National Front and Combat 18. These organisations are devoted to the unity of the United Kingdom and against a united Ireland. Some of them have had links with Ulster loyalist paramilitaries such as the Ulster Defence Association and Ulster Volunteer Force in Northern Ireland. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Liverpool (disambiguation). ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... For other uses, see Corby (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Emigrants Leave Ireland, engraving by Henry Doyle (1827-1892), from Mary Frances Cusacks Illustrated History of Ireland, 1868 // The Irish diaspora (Irish: Diaspóra na nGael) consists of Irish emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Mexico, New Zealand... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into far right. ... The British National Party (BNP) is a white nationalist political party in the United Kingdom. ... The British National Front (most commonly called the National Front) is a British far right political party whose major political activities were during the 1970s and 1980s. ... Combat 18 logo, which is based on the Totenkopf of the 3rd SS Division Combat 18 (or C18) is the armed wing of the British neo-Nazi organization Blood & Honour. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Wales

Loyalists can be found all over Wales, but particularly in the south. Many loyalists in Wales, who study Northern Ireland politics very closely, are linked to or supporters of Swansea City FC. Many of them are associated with hooliganism. Some Welsh loyalists are members of far right groups like the British National Party, British National Front and Combat 18. These organisations are devoted to the unity of the United Kingdom and strongly against a united Ireland. This article is about the country. ... Approximate extent of South East Wales. ... Swansea City AFC is a Welsh football team currently playing in the Football League League One. ... Hooligan redirects here. ... The Welsh are, according to Hastings (1997), an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language, which is a Celtic language. ... The British National Party (BNP) is a white nationalist political party in the United Kingdom. ... The British National Front (most commonly called the National Front) is a British far right political party whose major political activities were during the 1970s and 1980s. ... Combat 18 logo, which is based on the Totenkopf of the 3rd SS Division Combat 18 (or C18) is the armed wing of the British neo-Nazi organization Blood & Honour. ...

Spanish Civil War

Supporters of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War were generally known as loyalists or republicans. In this case, unlike most of the others noted, it was the loyalists who were the left wing side to the conflict. Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Republic in exile dissolved July 15, 1977 Currency Spanish... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule of law, popular sovereignty and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms that refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially but not exclusively in the American sense of the word...

Footnotes

External links

• PULSE - Protestant Unionist Loyalist Social Education
• Loyalist Scotland
• American Loyalists
• Loyalism Online
• Loyalist Music Archive
• Ulster-Scots Online
• CAIN - University of Ulster
• Calton Radio - Loud & Proud
• Loyalist Pictures
• English Loyalists
• Loyal Irish Union
• North American Loyal
• Haldimand Collection