Britannia offers solace and a promise of compensation for her exiled American born Loyalists.

Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution. They were often referred to as Tories, King's Men, or Royalists by the rebels. Later on those Loyalists who were forced out of the country and resettled in Canada were given the title United Empire Loyalists. Their colonial opponents, who supported the Revolution, were called rebels, Whigs, Patriots, Congress Men, or, in their own view, having rejected 'loyalty to the mother country' for the new United States of America, just 'Americans'. Historians have estimated that about 30% of the population were Loyalists (that is, about 900,000),^[1] but because their existence has been all but ignored since, there are no exact numbers.^[2][3] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1017x802, 302 KB) Summary Engraving by H. Moses after Benjamin West. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1017x802, 302 KB) Summary Engraving by H. Moses after Benjamin West. ... For other uses, see Britannia (disambiguation). ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen... The term Tory derives from the Tory Party, the ancestor of the modern UK Conservative Party. ... The name United Empire Loyalists is given to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other British Colonies as an act of fealty to King George III after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. ... This article concerns Patriots in the American Revolutionary War. ...

Loyalists in wartime

By July 4, 1776, the rebels had gained control of virtually all territory in the 13 States by violently suppressing the Loyalists, demanding that they all give up their loyalty to the King. Those who refused to do so ran the risk of being tarred and feathered, (which often killed the loyalists) as a deterant to others. Neutrality was not permitted. Those that were still determined to remain loyal contributed to the war by giving aid and volunteering to fight with the British army.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Tarring and feathering is a physical punishment, at least as old as the Crusades, used to enforce formal justice in feudal Europe and informal justice in Europe and its colonies in the early modern period, as well as the early American frontier, mostly as a type of mob vengeance (compare...

The British had been forced out of New York in March 1776 but they returned later that year in August to convincingly defeat the rebel army at Long Island and in doing so, captured New York City and its vicinity, where they remained until 1783. From time to time they also liberated other cities such as Philadelphia (1777), Savannah (1778–83) and Charleston (1780–82), together with various slices of countryside. However, 90% of the population lived outside the cities. The result was that the wishes of the rebel government dominated 80–90% of the population. The British pulled out their governors from where the rebels were controlling by martial law. But civilian government was re-established in coastal Georgia^[4] 1779–82, although the rebels still controlled some of the upstate. Elsewhere, the British were only able to maintain normality where they had sufficient army presence and Royal Navy activity.

In Canada, American agents were active, especially John, agent of the Boston Committee of Correspondence, along with Canadian-American merchant Thomas Walker and others, during the winter of 1774–5. They won over some inhabitants to sympathize with Congress. However others — probably the large majority — remained neutral, also not joining the militia which the British had called out to protect against the American invasion in late 1775. Although only a minority openly expressed loyalty to King George: about 1500 militia fought for the King in defence of Montreal. In the region south of Montreal occupied by the Americans, some inhabitants supported the Americans and raised two regiments to join them.^[5] In Nova Scotia, the large Yankee settlement there tried to win more support and were said to have been tar and feathering Loyalists, but with the powerful British naval base there, this was quickly stamped out.

Tar and feathering is where patriots would strip the loyalist of their clothing and make them watch the tar boil over the fire. They would then pour the tar over the man and make him roll in feathers. The tar was very hard to clean off and the blistered skin underneath usually came off with the peeled tar.

Loyalists in the Thirteen Colonies

Historian Robert Middlekauff summarizes scholarly research on who was a Loyalist as follows:

The largest number of loyalist were found in the middle colonies: many tenant farmers of New York supported the king, for example, as did many of the Dutch in the colony and in New Jersey. The Germans in Pennsylvania tried to stay out of the Revolution, just as many Quakers did, and when that failed, clung to the familiar connection rather than embrace the new. Highland Scots in the Carolinas, a fair number of Anglican clergy and their parishioners in Connecticut and New York, a few Presbyterians in the southern colonies, and a large number of the Iroquois Indians stayed loyal to the king.^[6]

Johnson Hall, seat of Sir John Johnson in the Mohawk Valley.

New York City and Long Island (controlled by the British from 1776 to 1783) had a very large concentration of Loyalists, many of whom were refugees from other states.^[7] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1460x1083, 530 KB) Summary Johnson Hall, Johnstown, NY. Taken by User:Mwanner, July 26, 2006. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1460x1083, 530 KB) Summary Johnson Hall, Johnstown, NY. Taken by User:Mwanner, July 26, 2006. ... Sir John Johnson was a prominent Loyalist partisan leader in the American Revolution. ... The Mohawk Valley region of the U.S. state of New York includes the industrialized cities of Utica and Rome, along with other smaller commercial centers. ...

Loyalists tended to be older, more likely merchants and wealthier, but there were also many Loyalists of humble means. Many active Anglicans became Loyalists. Some recent emigrants, especially Scots, had a high Loyalist proportion. Loyalists in the South, however, were suppressed by the local Patriots who controlled local and state government. Many people — such as some of the ex-Regulators in North Carolina — refused to join the rebellion as they had earlier protested against corruption by the local authorities who later became rebel leaders. Such pre-Revolutionary War oppression by the local Whigs contributed to the reason that much of backcountry North Carolina tended to be loyalist.^[8] Most of the Pennsylvania Dutch (Germans in Pennsylvania) were loyalists.^[9] They feared that their royal land grants would be in danger with a new republican form of government. This article is about the Episcopal Church in the United States. ... The Pennsylvania Dutch (perhaps more strictly Pennsylvania Deitsch or Pennsylvanian German) are the descendants of German immigrants who came to Pennsylvania prior to 1800. ... For the township in Canada, see Loyalist, Ontario In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be. ...

In Patriot controlled areas — that is most of the country — Loyalists were subject to confiscation of property. Outspoken supporters of the King were threatened with public humiliation (such as tarring and feathering) or physical attack. It is not known how many Loyalist civilians were actually murdered by the rebels, but it's reasonable to assume that sufficient were, to intimidate the majority from taking up arms against them; in Philadelphia a number of officials were executed for supporting the British. In September 1775, William Drayton and loyalist leader Colonel Thomas Fletchall signed a treaty of neutrality in the interior community of Ninety Six, South Carolina. In October 1775, Congress passed a resolution calling for the arrest of all loyalists who are dangerous to "the 'so called' liberties of America."

Historians estimate that about 33-40% of the population in the thirteen states were Loyalist (or roughly 750,000 to 900,000 people among 2.25 million residents)^{[citation needed]}, but the number started to decline as thousands of Loyalists fled the country every year of the war, while others were forced under the threat of death to change their affiliation.^[10] In Georgia and the Carolinas, people changed back and forth, due to the highly volatile nature of the war as about 33% of the white population just didn't want to be on the losing side.

Approximately half the colonists of European ancestry tried to avoid involvement in the struggle — some of them deliberate pacifists, others recent emigrants, and many more simple apolitical folk. The patriots received active support from approx 27% of the white populace, some suggesting as much as 33% but they were only ever a minority.^[11]

Black Loyalists and slavery

See also Black Loyalist

As a result of the looming crisis in 1775, the Royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore issued a proclamation that promised freedom to servants and slaves who were able to bear arms and join his Loyalist Ethiopian regiment. About 800 did so and were able to convincingly rout the Virginia militia at Kemp's Landing. They then fought a battle at Great Bridge on the Elizabeth River, wearing the motto "Liberty to Slaves." but this time they were defeated. The remains of their regiment were then involved in the evacuation of Norfolk, after which they served in the Chesapeake area. Unfortunately the camp that they had set up there suffered an outbreak of smallpox and other diseases. This took a heavy toll, putting many of them out of action for some time. The survivors joined other British units and continued to serve throughout the war. Blacks were often the first to come forward to volunteer and a total of 12,000 Blacks served with the British from 1775 to 1783. This factor had the effect of forcing the rebels to also offer freedom for those who served in the Continental army, but after the war, most actually remained as slaves.^{[citation needed]} Black Loyalists is the name given to formerly enslaved Africans or Free Blacks of the North American continent who joined the British Army in their war against the American Revolutionaries. ...

As the war ended and more Loyalists left the country, an estimated 75,000 to 100,000 Blacks decided to go with them, not all that wanted to go however were able to do so, as they were being captured by Patriot owners.^{[citation needed]} A large number of them arrived in the Bahamas and re-created cotton plantations, although these eventually failed, they have, as with other former British Islands in the area, inherited virtually the whole country. About 400 to 1000 free Blacks went to London and joined the community of about 10,000 free blacks there. About 3500 to 4000 went to the British colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where the British provided them with land. Over 1,500 settled in Birchtown, Nova Scotia, instantly making it the largest free Black community in North America. However, mainly because they were willing to work for less money than their white counterparts, some old prejudices crept back in. Britain still wishing to stand by their commitment, offered to transport those that were dissatisfied elsewhere, so about 1,500 left Nova Scotia for the British colony of Sierra Leone in Africa where they named the capital, Freetown. After 1787, they became the country's ruling elite and because of this, Krio having African American ancestry they initially used 'dollars and cents' as their currency. Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Krio is a language spoken in Sierra Leone. ...

Military service

The Loyalists rarely attempted any political organization. They were often passive unless regular British army units were in the area. The British, however, assumed a highly activist Loyalist community was ready to mobilize and planned much of their strategy around raising Loyalist regiments. The British provincial line, consisting of Americans enlisted on a regular army status, enrolled 19,000 American loyalists (50 units and 312 companies). Another 10,000 served in loyalist militia or "associations." The maximum strength of the Loyalist provincial line was 9,700 in December 1780.^[12][13] In all about 50,000 at one time or another were soldiers or militia in British forces, including 15,000 from the main Loyalist stronghold of New York.^[14] The majority of Loyalists fought in the southern colonies and were not from the north.^{[citation needed]} Lebanese Kataeb militia The term Militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary [1] citizens to provide defense, emergency, law enforcement, or paramilitary service, and those engaged in such activity, without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service. ...

Emigration

Shelburne, Nova Scotia, a major early destination of Loyalist refugees.

The vast majority of the Loyalists (700,000 to 800,000) remained in America during and after the war. Starting in the mid-1780s a small percentage of those who had left returned to the U.S. Image File history File links The waterfront in Shelburne, Nova Scotia. ... Image File history File links The waterfront in Shelburne, Nova Scotia. ... The Cox Warehouse on Dock St. ...

During and following the end of the Revolution in 1783, Loyalists (especially soldiers and former officials) could choose evacuation. Loyalists whose roots were not yet deeply embedded in the New World were more likely to leave; older men who had familial bonds and had acquired friends, property, and a degree of social respectability were more likely to remain in America.^[15]

About 10–20% of the Loyalists left, an estimated 100,000 Loyalists, or about 5% of the total American population. About 70,000 went to British North America (present day Canada); 7,000 to Great Britain and 17,000 to British colonies in the Caribbean (most notably The Bahamas). In fact, the Loyalists were the first of Canada's political refugees, and the first true British settlers, as beforehand, Canada had been mostly French, though annexed by Britain.^[16] About 32,000 went to Nova Scotia, where they were not well received, so the colony of New Brunswick was created for them. About 10,000 went to Canada proper, especially the Eastern Townships of Quebec and modern-day Ontario. The Haldimand Collection is the main source for historians in the study of American Loyalists settlement in Canada. Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article describes the Canadian province. ... The Eastern Townships (in French les Cantons de lest) is a region in south central Quebec, lying between the Saint Lawrence River and the US border. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor David C. Onley Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 107 Senate seats 24 Confederation July 1, 1867 (1st) Area...

Realizing the importance of some type of consideration, on November 9, 1789, Lord Dorchester, the governor of Quebec, declared that it was his Wish to "put the mark of Honour upon the Families who had adhered to the Unity of the Empire…" As a result of Dorchester's statement, the printed militia rolls carried the notation: Sir Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (1724-1808) was a British soldier who served as Governor of the Province of Quebec. ...

Those Loyalists who have adhered to the Unity of the Empire, and joined the Royal Standard before the Treaty of Separation in the year 1783, and all their Children and their Descendants by either sex, are to be distinguished by the following Capitals, affixed to their names: U.E. Alluding to their great principle The Unity of the Empire.

The initials "U.E." are rarely seen today, but the influence of the Loyalists on the evolution of Canada remains. Their ties with Great Britain and their antipathy to the United States provided the strength needed to keep Canada independent and distinct in North America. The Loyalists' basic distrust of republicanism and "mob rule" influenced Canada's gradual path to independence. In effect, the new British North American provinces of Upper Canada (the forerunner of Ontario) and New Brunswick were founded as places of refuge for the United Empire Loyalists. Flag Map of Upper Canada (orange) Capital Newark 1792 - 1797 York(later renamed Toronto in 1834) 1797 - 1841 Language(s) English Religion Anglican Government Constitutional monarchy Sovereign  - 1791-1820 George III  - 1837-1841 Victoria Lieutenant-Governor See list of Lieutenant-Governors Legislature Parliament of Upper Canada  - Upper house Legislative Council... This article is about the Canadian province. ...

The richest and most prominent Loyalist exiles went to Great Britain to rebuild their careers; many received pensions. Many Southern Loyalists, taking along their slaves, went to the West Indies and the Bahamas, particularly to the Abaco Islands. The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... [--168. ... The Commonwealth of The Bahamas is an independent English_speaking nation in the West Indies. ...

Thousands of Iroquois and other Native Americans were expelled from New York and other states and resettled in Canada. The descendants of one such group of Iroquois, led by Joseph Brant Thayendenegea, settled at Six Nations of the Grand River, the largest First Nations Reserve in Canada. A group of Black Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia but, facing discrimination there, emigrated again for Sierra Leone. First Nations is a Canadian term of ethnicity which refers to the aboriginal peoples located in what is now Canada, and their descendants who are neither Inuit nor M̩tis. ... For other uses, see Iroquois (disambiguation). ... Joseph Brant, painted in London by leading court painter George Romney in 1776 Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant (c. ... Six Nations of the Grand River is the name applied to two contiguous Indian reserves southeast of Brantford, Ontario, Canada РSix Nations reserve no. ... First Nations is a Canadian term of ethnicity which refers to the aboriginal peoples located in what is now Canada, and their descendants who are neither Inuit nor M̩tis. ... In Canada, an Indian reserve is specified by the Indian Act as a tract of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty, that has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band. ...

Count Rumford (Benjamin Thompson) was a loyalist who fled to London when the War began. He became a world class scientist, a founder of thermodynamics and famous also for research in artillery ordnance. He expressed a desire to return to the United States in 1799 and was eagerly sought by the Americans (who needed help in fighting the Quasi-War with France). Rumford eventually decided to stay in London because he was engrossed with establishing the Royal Institution in England.^[17] Benjamin Thompson. ... The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1801. ... The Royal Institution of Great Britain was set up in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish and its first president George Finch, the 9th Earl of Winchilsea, for diffusing the knowledge, and facilitating the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for...

Many of the Loyalists were forced to abandon substantial amounts of property, and restoration of or compensation for this lost property was a major issue during the negotiation of the Jay Treaty in 1795. The Treaty The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain averted war, solved many issues left over from the Revolution, and opened ten years of peaceful trade in the midst of a large war. ...

Return of some Exiles

The great majority of Loyalists never left the United States, staying on, although not recognized as citizens of the new country. A few that had disowned their past allegiance became nationally prominent leaders, including Samuel Seabury and Tench Coxe. Some of the exiled sneaked back into Massachusetts as the ‘story’ implies.^[18] Of those who left Massachusetts, virtually none of them expressed a desire to return to what was their native home, as the wave of anti-Toryism persisted well after the peace treaty of 1783. Those Loyalists who were emotionally attached to the area and had stayed, were subjected to fines, land confiscation, no rights and triple taxation. Any making their way back to Massachusetts between 1784 and 1789 found their reception was as hostile as ever. They found that in Massachusetts in particular, they not only encountered extreme anti-Toryism, but society was so chaotic they could not re-integrate themselves back into society, unable to reclaim property, work in their profession, collect debts or join the political culture of the state. An exception was Captain Benjamin Hallowell, who, as Mandamus Councilor in Massachusetts, served as the direct representative of the Crown. In that role, he was considered by the insurgents as one of the most hated men in the Colony but as a token of compensation when he returned from England in 1796, his son was allowed to regain the family house.[2] Samuel Seabury The Right Reverend Samuel Seabury (November 30, 1729 – February 25, 1796), was the first American Episcopal bishop, the second Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, USA, and the first Bishop of Connecticut. ... Tench Coxe (May 22, 1755– July 17, 1824) was an American political economist and a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress in 1788. ...

Prominent Loyalists

• William Allen, wealthy merchant, Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania and former mayor of Philadelphia
• Benedict Arnold, Brigadier General, commissioned about close of 1780, originally a rebel/patriot general
• Joseph Brant Thayendenegea, Mohawk war leader
• Thomas Brown, LTC commanding King's Rangers in Georgia
• Montford Browne, Brigadier General, commanding Prince of Wales American Regiment, 1777
• John Butler, Colonel commanding Butler's Rangers in the Mohawk Valley)
• Walter Butler (Capt. in Butler's Rangers and son of John Butler)
• Lt. Col. James Chalmers, Commander, First Battalion of Maryland Loyalists and author of anti-"Common Sense" pamphlet entitled "Plain Truth" in 1776
• Myles Cooper, president of King's College in New York City
• Robert Cunningham, Brigadier General, in 1780 in command of a garrison in South Carolina
• Oliver DeLancey, Brigadier General, commanding Delancey's Brigade 1776
• Abraham DePeyster, Officer of King's American Regiment
• Arent DePeyster, Officer of the 8th Regiment of Foot
• William Franklin, Governor of New Jersey, son of Benjamin Franklin
• Joseph Galloway, Pennsylvania politician
• Simon Girty, served as a liaison between the British and their Native American allies during the American Revolution
• Reuben Hankinson, Ensign, First New Jersey Volunteers, September 1780^[19]
• John Howe, printer of the Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News-Letter
• Thomas Hutchinson, last royal Governor of Massachusetts
• Sir John Johnson, commander of the King's Royal Regiment of New York)
• Thomas Jones, historian
• Daniel Leonard
• John Lovell, headmaster of the Boston Latin School
• Isaac Low, New York merchant
• Gabriel Ludlow, New York merchant
• George Ludlow, New York judge
• Flora MacDonald Scottish Jacobite heroine
• Alexander McKee, liaison between the British and the Shawnees
• James Moody, Lieutenant, First New Jersey Volunteers, March 1781^[20]
• Beverley Robinson, Colonel, Loyal American Regiment
• Robert Rogers, commander of The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC), innovator of ranging tactics
• Count Rumford (Benjamin Thompson), scientist
• Samuel Seabury, clergyman
• Peggy Shippen, Philadelphia socialite and second wife of Benedict Arnold
• Cortlandt Skinner, Brigadier General, commanding New Jersey Volunteers, Sept. 4, 1776
• William Stark, brother of Gen. John Stark
• John Taylor, Captain, First New Jersey Volunteers, January 1781
• Edward Jessup, Colonel of Jessup's Rangers in upstate New York and Canada

William Allen (1704-1780) was a lawyer, businessman, and statesman in colonial Pennsylvania. ... A map of the Province of Pennsylvania. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... For other persons named Benedict Arnold, see Benedict Arnold (disambiguation). ... Joseph Brant, painted in London by leading court painter George Romney in 1776 Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant (c. ... Thomas Burnfoot Brown was born 27 May 1750, Whitby, Yorkshire, England and died 3 August, 1825, Grand Sable Plantation, St. ... Bust of John Butler at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa John Butler (1728-1796) was a Loyalist who led an irregular unit known as Butlers Rangers on the northern frontier in the American Revolutionary War. ... for other men named Walter Butler, see Walter Butler Walter Butler ( 1752 – 30 October 1781 ) was a British Loyalist officer during the American Revolution. ... Butlers Rangers (1777–1784) was a Loyalist (or Tory) irregular militia regiment in the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. ... Lt. ... For other uses, see Common sense (disambiguation). ... For the magazine of the same name see The Plain Truth Plain Truth is a 2000 novel written by Jodi Picoult about a murder on an Amish farm. ... Portrait of Myles Cooper by John Singleton Copley Myles Cooper (1735 – 1785) was a figure in colonial New York. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Arent Schuyler DePeyster (27 June 1736 - 26 November 1822) was a British military officer best known for his term as commandant of the British controlled Fort Michilimackinac and Fort Detroit during the American Revolution. ... William Franklin (1731-1813) William Franklin (1731 – November 16, 1813) was the last Colonial Governor of New Jersey. ... Jon Corzine 54th Governor of New Jersey; Incumbent Christine Christie Todd Whitman, the first female governor of New Jersey The Governor of New Jersey is the chief executive of the U.S. state of New Jersey. ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... Joseph Galloway (1731–August 29, 1803) was an American Continental Congress Delegate from Pennsylvania; born at West River, Maryland; moved with his father to Pennsylvania in 1740; received a liberal schooling; studied law; was admitted to the bar and began practice in Philadelphia; member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives... Simon Girty (1741–February 18, 1818) was a British subject, born in what is now the United States, who served as a liaison between the British and their Native American allies during the American Revolution. ... John Howe, c. ... The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the executive magistrate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. ... Sir John Johnson was a prominent Loyalist partisan leader in the American Revolution. ... The Kings Royal Regiment of New York was the first Loyalist regiment raised June 19, 1776 in Canada during the American Revolution. ... The Boston Latin School is a public exam school founded on April 23, 1635, in Boston, Massachusetts, making it the oldest public school in America. ... Isaac Low ( April 13, 1735 – July 25, 1791) was an American merchant in New York City. ... Flora MacDonald (Gaelic: Fionnghal MacDonald) (1722 – March 4, 1790), Jacobite heroine, was the daughter of Ranald MacDonald of Milton on the island of South Uist in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, and his wife Marion, the daughter of Angus MacDonald. ... Beverley Robinson (1723-1792), a wealthy colonist from New York, was a son of the Hon. ... The Loyal American Regiment was a Royal Provincial regiment comprised of American loyalists who served in the American Revolution from 1777 to 1783. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The Queens York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC) is a Canadian Forces reserve regiment based in Toronto. ... There are two versions of the Rangers Standing Orders of Major Robert Rogers. ... Benjamin Thompson. ... Samuel Seabury The Right Reverend Samuel Seabury (November 30, 1729 – February 25, 1796), was the first American Episcopal bishop, the second Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, USA, and the first Bishop of Connecticut. ... Peggy Shippen, or Margaret Shippen (1760 - August 24, 1804), was the second wife of General Benedict Arnold, (following Margaret Mansfield, who died in 1775). ... William Stark (1724-1776) was the older brother of Gen. ... General John Stark John Stark (August 28, 1728 – May 8, 1822) was a general who served in the American Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. ... Edward Jessup (December 24, 1735 - February 3, 1816) was a soldier, judge and political figure in Upper Canada. ...

See also

• Category:Loyalists in the American Revolution
• Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
• United Empire Loyalist

Martin v. ... The name United Empire Loyalists is given to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other British Colonies as an act of fealty to King George III after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. ...

Notes

... For other persons named John Adams, see John Adams (disambiguation). ...

References

• Bailyn, Bernard. The Contagion of Liberty. In The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, enlarged edition, 230-319. (1992).
• Bailyn, Bernard. The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson: Loyalism and the Destruction of the First British Empire (1974), full scale biography of the most prominent Loyalist
• Bradley, James E. "The Reprieve of a Loyalist: Count Rumford's Invitation Home." New England Quarterly 1974 47(3): 368-385. ISSN 0028-4866 in Jstor
• Brown, Wallace. The King's Friends: The Composition and Motives of the American Loyalist Claimants (1966).
• Calhoon, Robert M. "Loyalism and neutrality" in Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole, eds., The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (1991)
• Calhoon, Robert M. The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1766-1781 (1973), the most detailed study
• Robert M. Calhoon, Timothy M. Barnes and George A. Rawlyk, eds. Loyalists and Community in North America (1994).
• Jensen, Merrill; The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789 1950; detailed discussion of return of Loyalists, popular anger at their return; repeal of wartime laws against them
• Kermes, Stephanie. "'I Wish for Nothing More Ardent upon Earth, than to See My Friends and Country Again': The Return of Massachusetts Loyalists." Historical Journal of Massachusetts 2002 30(1): 30-49. ISSN 0276-8313
• Kerber, Linda. Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (1997)
• Knowles, Norman. Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts (1997) explores the identities and loyalties of those who moved to Canada.
• Lohrenz, Otto; "The Advantage of Rank and Status: Thomas Price, a Loyalist Parson of Revolutionary Virginia." The Historian. 60#3 (1998) pp 561+. online
• Moore, Christopher. The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, (1994).
• Mason, Keith. “The American Loyalist Diaspora and the Reconfiguration of the British Atlantic World.” In Empire and Nation: The American Revolution and the Atlantic World, ed. Eliga H. Gould and Peter S. Onuf (2005).
• Nelson, William H. The American Tory (1961)
• Norton, Mary Beth. Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (1996)
• Peck, Epaphroditus; The Loyalists of Connecticut Yale University Press, (1934) online
• Potter, Janice. The Liberty We Seek: Loyalist Ideology in Colonial New York and Massachusetts (1983).
• Quarles, Benjamin; Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography University of Massachusetts Press. (1988)
• Smith, Paul H. "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength," William and Mary Quarterly 25 (1968): 259-77. in JSTOR
• Van Tyne, Claude Halstead. The Loyalists in the American Revolution (1902) online
• Mason Wade, The French Canadians: 1760-1945 (1955) 2 vol.

It has been suggested that The Peopling of British North America be merged into this article or section. ...

External links

• "Who were the Loyalists" by Ann Mackenzie (5-page, in pdf format)
• "Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People"
• "Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia"
• American Loyalists
• Online books
• Maryland
• South Carolina
• Virginia
• The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies
• North Carolina Loyalists During the American Revolution
• Loyalist Page - Cyndi's List
• Why Were Some of Our Ancestors Tories?
• James Chalmers and "Plain Truth" (A Loyalist Answers Thomas Paine)
• Haldimand Collection The main source for historians in the study of the settlement of the American Loyalists in Canada. More than 20 thousand letters and documents, now fully indexed, and free on the Web.
• Benjamin Franklin to Baron Francis Maseres, June 26, 1785 (Opinion of Benjamin Franklin on persons who called themselves "Loyalists", whom he judged better called "Royalists")

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