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Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas of the lung, derived from epithelial cells. Lung cancer, the most common [[Link title < small > < / small > ]]cause of cancer-related death in men and the second most common in women,[1][2] is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually.[3] In the UK, it is the most common site of fatal cancer in both men and women. The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing (including coughing up blood), and weight loss.[4] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (884x1350, 950 KB) Public domain image from cancer. ...
The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ...
// C00-D48 - Neoplasms (C00-C14) Malignant neoplasms, lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00) Malignant neoplasm of lip (C01) Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue (C02) Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C03) Malignant neoplasm of gum (C04) Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth (C05) Malignant neoplasm of...
// C00-D48 - Neoplasms (C00-C14) Malignant neoplasms, lip, oral cavity and pharynx (C00) Malignant neoplasm of lip (C01) Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue (C02) Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C03) Malignant neoplasm of gum (C04) Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth (C05) Malignant neoplasm of...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ...
MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ...
eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ...
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
This article is about the medical term. ...
The term cell growth is used in two different ways in biology. ...
Biological tissue is a group of cells that perform a similar function. ...
For the village in Tibet, see Lung, Tibet. ...
For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ...
This article is about the epithelium as it relates to animal anatomy. ...
Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...
A symptom is a manifestation of a disease, indicating the nature of the disease, which is noticed by the patient. ...
Hemoptysis (US English) or haemoptysis (International English) is the expectoration (coughing up) of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs (e. ...
The main types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. This distinction is important because the treatment varies; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is sometimes treated with surgery, while small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiation.[5] The most common cause of lung cancer is long term exposure to tobacco smoke.[6] The occurrence of lung cancer in non-smokers, who account for fewer than 10% of cases, appears to be due to a combination of genetic factors,[7][8] radon gas,[9] asbestos,[10] and air pollution,[11][12][13] including second-hand smoke.[14][15] Lung cancer surgery describes the use of surgical operations in the treatment of lung cancer. ...
Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer. ...
The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco. ...
This article is about the general scientific term. ...
For other uses, see Radon (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Asbestos (disambiguation). ...
Air pollution is the modification of the natural characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent. ...
Tobacco smoke used to fill the air of Irish pubs before the smoking ban came into effect on March 29, 2004 Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of smoke from tobacco products. ...
Lung cancer may be seen on chest x-ray and computed tomography (CT scan). The diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy. This is usually performed via bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy. Treatment and prognosis depend upon the histological type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the patient's performance status. Possible treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. With treatment, the five-year survival rate is 14%.[4] Frontal chest X-ray. ...
negron305 Cat scan redirects here. ...
In general, diagnosis (plural diagnoses) has two distinct dictionary definitions. ...
Brain biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ...
This drawing shows a bronchoscope inserted through the mouth, trachea, and bronchus into the lung; lymph nodes along trachea and bronchi; and cancer in one lung. ...
Prognosis (older Greek Ï€Ïόγνωσις, modern Greek Ï€Ïόγνωση - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctors prediction of how a patients disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. ...
A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ...
In the context of pathology, staging refers to the evaluation of a disease in terms of its progression in the body, or stage. This term is most often used in the context of oncology to establish the stage of development of a certain cancer. ...
In medicine (oncology and other fields), performance status is an attempt to quantify cancer patients general wellbeing. ...
Varian Clinac 2100C Linear Accelerator Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...
In biostatistics, survival rate is a part of the the survival analysis, indicating the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis. ...
[edit] Classification Frequency of histological types of lung cancer[16] | Histological type | Frequency (%) | | Non-small cell lung carcinoma | 80.4 | | Small cell lung carcinoma | 16.8 | | Carcinoid[17] | 0.8 | | Sarcoma[18] | 0.1 | | Unspecified lung cancer | 1.9 | The vast majority of lung cancers are carcinomas—malignancies that arise from epithelial cells. There are two main types of lung carcinoma, categorized by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a microscope: non-small cell (80.4%) and small-cell (16.8%) lung carcinoma.[16] This classification, based on histological criteria, has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease. Picture of a carcinoid tumour that encroaches into lumen of the small bowel. ...
A sarcoma is a cancer of the connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels) and soft tissue. ...
In medicine, carcinoma is any cancer that arises from epithelial cells. ...
In zootomy, epithelium is a tissue composed of a layer of cells. ...
Histopathology is a field of pathology which specialises in the histologic study of diseased tissue. ...
A microscope (Greek: (micron) = small + (skopein) = to look at) is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. ...
A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ...
[edit] Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) The non-small cell lung carcinomas are grouped together because their prognosis and management are similar. There are three main sub-types: squamous cell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell lung carcinoma. Biopsy of a highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. ...
Adenocarcinoma is a form of carcinoma that originates in glandular tissue. ...
Sub-types of non-small cell lung cancer[16] | Histological sub-type | Frequency of all lung cancers (%) | | Squamous cell lung carcinoma | 31.1 | | Adenocarcinoma | Adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified) | 23.2 | | Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma | 3.0 | | Adenosquamous carcinoma | 1.2 | | Papillary adenocarcinoma | 0.7 | | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma[19] | 0.1 | | Adenoid cystic carcinoma[20] | 0.04 | | Other specified adenocarcinoma | 1.1 | | Large cell carcinoma | 10.7 | | Giant cell and spindle cell carcinoma | 0.4 | | Other/unspecified non-small cell lung carcinoma | 8.9 | Accounting for 31.1% of lung cancers,[16] squamous cell lung carcinoma usually starts near a central bronchus. Cavitation and necrosis within the center of the cancer is a common finding. Well-differentiated squamous cell lung cancers often grow more slowly than other cancer types.[5] Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is a rare type of lung cancer. ...
A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. ...
Cavitating propeller model in a water tunnel experiment High speed jet of fluid impact on a fixed surface. ...
Necrosis (in Greek ÎεκÏός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. ...
Adenocarcinoma accounts for 29.4% of lung cancers.[16] It usually originates in peripheral lung tissue. Most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking. However, among people who have never smoked ("never-smokers"), adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer.[21] A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment.[22] Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) is a rare type of lung cancer. ...
Accounting for 10.7% of lung cancers,[16] large cell lung carcinoma is a fast-growing form that develops near the surface of the lung.[23] It is often poorly differentiated and tends to metastasize early.[5] Embryonic stem cells differentiate into cells in various body organs. ...
For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ...
[edit] Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)
 Small cell lung carcinoma (microscopic view of a core needle biopsy) Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC, also called "oat cell carcinoma") is less common. It tends to arise in the larger airways (primary and secondary bronchi) and grows rapidly, becoming quite large.[24] The "oat" cell contains dense neurosecretory granules (vesicles containing neuroendocrine hormones) which give this an endocrine/paraneoplastic syndrome association.[25] While initially more sensitive to chemotherapy, it ultimately carries a worse prognosis and is often metastatic at presentation. Small cell lung cancers are divided into Limited stage and Extensive stage disease. This type of lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking.[26] Image File history File linksMetadata Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_(1)_by_core_needle_biopsy. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_(1)_by_core_needle_biopsy. ...
Small cell carcinoma is a type of carcinoma usually associated with the lung, though it can be associated with other topographies, such as in cervical cancer. ...
A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. ...
In cell biology, a vesicle is a relatively small and enclosed compartment, separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. ...
redirect Template:Db-reason synaptophysin ...
For other uses, see Hormone (disambiguation). ...
[edit] Metastatic cancers The lung is a common place for metastasis from tumors in other parts of the body. These cancers are identified by the site of origin, thus a breast cancer metastasis to the lung is still known as breast cancer. They often have a characteristic round appearance on chest x-ray.[27] Primary lung cancers themselves most commonly metastasize to the adrenal glands, liver, brain, and bone.[5] For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ...
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines...
[edit] Staging - See also: Non-small cell lung carcinoma staging and lung cancer staging with EUS
Lung cancer staging is an assessment of the degree of spread of the cancer from its original source. It is an important factor affecting the prognosis and potential treatment of lung cancer. Non-small cell lung carcinoma is staged from IA ("one A", best prognosis) to IV ("four", worst prognosis).[28] Small cell lung carcinoma is classified as limited stage if it is confined to one half of the chest and within the scope of a single radiotherapy field. Otherwise it is extensive stage.[24] Non-small cell lung carcinoma staging is an important part of the assessment of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (a type of lung cancer). ...
The stage of a cancer is a descriptor (usually numbers I to IV) of how much the cancer has spread. ...
Prognosis (older Greek Ï€Ïόγνωσις, modern Greek Ï€Ïόγνωση - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctors prediction of how a patients disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. ...
Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...
[edit] Signs and symptoms Symptoms that suggest lung cancer include:[29] A symptom is a manifestation of a disease, indicating the nature of the disease, which is noticed by the patient. ...
If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. This can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, predisposing the patient to pneumonia. Many lung cancers have a rich blood supply. The surface of the cancer may be fragile, leading to bleeding from the cancer into the airway. This blood may subsequently be coughed up. Dyspnea (R06. ...
Hemoptysis (US English) or haemoptysis (International English) is the expectoration (coughing up) of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs (e. ...
Cough is also the name of a band, see Cough (band) A cough is a sudden, often repetitive, spasmodic contraction of the thoracic cavity, resulting in violent release of air from the lungs, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. ...
In medicine, chest pain is a symptom of a number of conditions and is generally considered a medical emergency, unless the patient is a known angina pectoris sufferer and the symptoms are familiar (appearing at exertion and resolving at rest, known as stable angina). When the chest pain is not...
The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ...
The appetite is the desire to eat food, felt as hunger. ...
Lisp may mean: Lisp programming language Lisp (speech) This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...
For other uses, see Clubbing (disambiguation). ...
Dysphagia () is a medical term defined as difficulty swallowing. ...
The airways are those parts of the respiratory system through which air flows, to get from the external environment to the alveoli. ...
Dyspnea (R06. ...
This article is about human pneumonia. ...
Depending on the type of tumor, so-called paraneoplastic phenomena may initially attract attention to the disease.[30] In lung cancer, these phenomena may include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (muscle weakness due to auto-antibodies), hypercalcemia or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Tumors in the top (apex) of the lung, known as Pancoast tumors,[31] may invade the local part of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to changed sweating patterns and eye muscle problems (a combination known as Horner's syndrome), as well as muscle weakness in the hands due to invasion of the brachial plexus. A paraneoplastic phenomenon is a disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. ...
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare disorder of nerve-muscle (neuromuscular) junction. ...
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. ...
Hypercalcaemia is an elevated calcium level in the blood. ...
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a condition commonly found in the hospital population, especially in patients being hospitalized for central nervous system (CNS) injury. ...
A pancoast tumor, also pancoast tumour (UK), is a tumor of the pulmonary apex. ...
The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system. ...
Horners syndrome is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system. ...
The brachial plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibres (a plexus) running from the spine (vertebrae C5-T1), through the neck, the axilla (armpit region), and into the arm. ...
Many of the symptoms of lung cancer (bone pain, fever, weight loss) are nonspecific; in the elderly, these may be attributed to comorbid illness.[5] In many patients, the cancer has already spread beyond the original site by the time they have symptoms and seek medical attention. Common sites of metastasis include the bone, such as the spine (causing back pain and occasionally spinal cord compression), the liver and the brain. About 10% of people with lung cancer do not have symptoms at diagnosis; these cancers are incidentally found on routine chest x-rays.[4] Bone Pain- Bone pain is generally referred to as having pain within the affected bone. ...
An analogue medical thermometer showing the temperature of 38. ...
Weight loss, in the context of medicine or health or physical fitness, is a reduction of the total body weight, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon and other connective tissue. ...
In medicine and in psychiatry, comorbidity is either The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder; or The effect of such additional disorders or diseases. ...
For the musical composition, see Metastasis (Xenakis composition). ...
The vertebral column seen from the side Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column The vertebral column (backbone or spine) is a column of vertebrae situated in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen. ...
Spinal cord compression develops when the spinal cord is compressed by a tumor, abscess or other lesion. ...
[edit] Causes The main causes of lung cancer (and cancer in general) include carcinogens (such as those in tobacco smoke), ionizing radiation, and viral infection. This exposure causes cumulative changes to the DNA in the tissue lining the bronchi of the lungs (the bronchial epithelium). As more tissue becomes damaged, eventually a cancer develops.[5] Look up carcinogen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Radiation hazard symbol. ...
A common alternate meaning of virus is computer virus. ...
The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ...
A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airways in the the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. ...
This article is about the epithelium as it relates to animal anatomy. ...
[edit] Smoking
 The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking. Source: NIH. Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).[32] Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%. Among female smokers, the risk is 11.6%. This risk is significantly lower in non-smokers: 1.3% in men and 1.4% in women.[33] Cigarette smoke contains over 60 known carcinogens[34] including radioisotopes from the radon decay sequence, nitrosamine, and benzopyrene. Additionally, nicotine appears to depress the immune response to malignant growths in exposed tissue. The length of time a person smokes as well as the amount smoked increases the person's chance of developing lung cancer. If a person stops smoking, this chance steadily decreases as damage to the lungs is repaired and contaminant particles are gradually removed.[35] Across the developed world, almost 90% of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking.[36] In addition, there is evidence that lung cancer in never-smokers has a better prognosis than in smokers,[37] and that patients who smoke at the time of diagnosis have shorter survival than those who have quit.[38] Image File history File links Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg‎ Other versions File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg‎ Other versions File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco. ...
Unlit filtered cigarettes. ...
A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ...
For other uses, see Radon (disambiguation). ...
Structure of the nitrosamino group Nitrosamines are chemical compounds of the chemical structure R1N(-R2)-N=O, some of which are carcinogenic. ...
Benzo[a]pyrene, C20H12, is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is mutagenic and highly carcinogenic. ...
Passive smoking—the inhalation of smoke from another's smoking—is a cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. Studies from the U.S.,[39] Europe,[40] the UK,[41] and Australia[42] have consistently shown a significant increase in relative risk among those exposed to passive smoke. Recent investigation of sidestream smoke suggests it is more dangerous than direct smoke inhalation.[43] Tobacco smoke used to fill the air of Irish pubs before the smoking ban came into effect on March 29, 2004 Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of smoke from tobacco products. ...
In statistics and mathematical epidemiology, relative risk (RR) of an event associated with the exposure is a ratio of probability of outcome of interest in exposed group versus treatment group. ...
Sidestream smoke is smoke coming from the end of a smoldering cigarette. ...
[edit] Radon gas Radon is a colorless and odorless gas generated by the breakdown of radioactive radium, which in turn is the decay product of uranium, found in the earth's crust. The radiation decay products ionize genetic material, causing mutations that sometimes turn cancerous. Radon exposure is the second major cause of lung cancer after smoking.[9] Radon gas levels vary by locality and the composition of the underlying soil and rocks. For example, in areas such as Cornwall in the UK (which has granite as substrata), radon gas is a major problem, and buildings have to be force-ventilated with fans to lower radon gas concentrations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that one in 15 homes in the U.S. has radon levels above the recommended guideline of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) (148 Bq/m³).[44] Iowa has the highest average radon concentration in the United States; studies performed there have demonstrated a 50% increased lung cancer risk with prolonged radon exposure above the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L.[45][46] For other uses, see Radon (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Gas (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Radium (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
Geologic provinces of the world (USGS) In geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon. ...
This article is about the electrically charged particle. ...
For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see granite (disambiguation). ...
EPA redirects here. ...
The curie (symbol Ci) is a former unit of radioactivity, defined as 3. ...
For other uses, see Becquerel (disambiguation). ...
The cubic meter (symbol m³) is the SI derived unit of volume. ...
This article is about the U.S. state. ...
[edit] Asbestos Asbestos can cause a variety of lung diseases, including lung cancer. There is a synergistic effect between tobacco smoking and asbestos in the formation of lung cancer.[10] In the UK, asbestos accounts for 2–3% of male lung cancer deaths.[47] Asbestos can also cause cancer of the pleura, called mesothelioma (which is different from lung cancer). For other uses, see Asbestos (disambiguation). ...
Synergy (from the Greek synergos, συνεÏγός meaning working together, circa 1660) refers to the phenomenon in which two or more discrete influences or agents acting together create an effect greater than that predicted by knowing only the separate effects of the individual agents. ...
In anatomy, the pleural cavity is the potential space between the lungs and the chest wall. ...
[edit] Viruses Viruses are known to cause lung cancer in animals[48][49] and recent evidence suggests similar potential in humans. Implicated viruses include human papillomavirus,[50] JC virus,[51] simian virus 40 (SV40), BK virus and cytomegalovirus.[52] These viruses may affect the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis, allowing uncontrolled cell division. This article is about biological infectious particles. ...
HPV redirects here. ...
The JC virus (JCV) is a type of human polyomavirus (formerly known as papovavirus) and is genetically similar to BK virus and SV40. ...
SV40 is an abbreviation for Simian vacuolating virus 40 or Simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. ...
BK virus is a member of the polyomavirus family. ...
Species see text Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (from the Greek cyto-, cell, and -mega-, large) is a viral genus of the Herpesviruses group: in humans it is commonly known as human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). ...
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication. ...
A section of mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell indicated by an arrow Apoptosis (pronounced apo tÅ sis) is a process of suicide by a cell in a multicellular organism. ...
[edit] Pathophysiology -
Main article: Carcinogenesis Similar to many other cancers, lung cancer is initiated by activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.[53] Oncogenes are genes that are believed to make people more susceptible to cancer. Proto-oncogenes are believed to turn into oncogenes when exposed to particular carcinogens.[54] Mutations in the K-ras proto-oncogene are responsible for 20–30% of non-small cell lung cancers.[55] Chromosomal damage can lead to loss of heterozygosity. This can cause inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Damage to chromosomes 3p, 5q, 13q and 17p are particularly common in small cell lung carcinoma. The TP53 tumor suppressor gene, located on chromosome 17p, is often affected.[56] Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. ...
An oncogene is a modified gene that increases the malignancy of a tumor cell. ...
A tumor suppressor gene is a gene that reduces the probability that a cell in a multicellular organism will turn into a tumor cell. ...
For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ...
An oncogene is a gene that can cause a cell to develop into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer. ...
For linguistic mutation, see Apophony. ...
In molecular biology, Ras is the name of a protein, the gene that encodes it, and the family and superfamily of proteins to which it belongs. ...
A scheme of a condensed (metaphase) chromosome. ...
Loss of heterozygosity in a cell represents the loss of a single parents contribution to part of its genome. ...
TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene that is named after, and provides instructions for making, a protein called tumor protein 53 (TP53). ...
Several genetic polymorphisms are associated with lung cancer. These include polymorphisms in genes coding for interleukin-1,[57] cytochrome P450,[58] apoptosis promoters such as caspase-8,[59] and DNA repair molecules such as XRCC1.[60] People with these polymorphisms are more likely to develop lung cancer after exposure to carcinogens. Light-morph Jaguar (typical) Dark-morph or melanistic Jaguar (about 6% of the South American population) Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different types exist in the same population of the same species— in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph. ...
For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ...
Interleukins are a group of cytokines that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes, hence the -leukin) as a means of communication (inter-). The name is sort of a relic though; it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of bodily...
Cytochrome P450 Oxidase (CYP2E1) Cytochrome P450 oxidase (commonly abbreviated CYP) is a generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, oxidative enzymes (EC 1. ...
A section of mouse liver showing an apoptotic cell indicated by an arrow Apoptosis (pronounced apo tÅ sis) is a process of suicide by a cell in a multicellular organism. ...
Caspases are a group of cysteine proteases, enzymes with a crucial cysteine residue that can cleave other proteins after an aspartic acid residue, a specificity which is unusual among proteases. ...
RNA expression pattern Orthologs Human Mouse Entrez Ensembl Uniprot Refseq Location Pubmed search XRCC1 is a DNA repair protein. ...
Look up carcinogen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
[edit] Diagnosis
 Chest x-ray showing a cancerous tumor in the left lung Performing a chest x-ray is the first step if a patient reports symptoms that may be suggestive of lung cancer. This may reveal an obvious mass, widening of the mediastinum (suggestive of spread to lymph nodes there), atelectasis (collapse), consolidation (pneumonia), or pleural effusion. If there are no x-ray findings but the suspicion is high (such as a heavy smoker with blood-stained sputum), bronchoscopy and/or a CT scan may provide the necessary information. Bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy is often used to identify the tumor type.[4] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 633 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,030 × 976 pixels, file size: 44 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to de. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 633 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,030 × 976 pixels, file size: 44 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to de. ...
Frontal chest X-ray. ...
FIG. 967– Transverse section through the upper margin of the second thoracic vertebra The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax (chest), surrounded by loose connective tissue. ...
Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ...
Atelectasis is defined as a state in which the lung, in whole or in part, is collapsed or without air. ...
This article is about human pneumonia. ...
Pleural effusion Chest x-ray of a pleural effusion. ...
This drawing shows a bronchoscope inserted through the mouth, trachea, and bronchus into the lung; lymph nodes along trachea and bronchi; and cancer in one lung. ...
CAT apparatus in a hospital Computed axial tomography (CAT), computer-assisted tomography, computed tomography, CT, or body section roentgenography is the process of using digital processing to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around...
Brain biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. ...
 CT scan showing a cancerous tumor in the left lung The differential diagnosis for patients who present with abnormalities on chest x-ray includes lung cancer, as well as nonmalignant diseases. These include infectious causes such as tuberculosis or pneumonia, or inflammatory conditions such as sarcoidosis. These diseases can result in mediastinal lymphadenopathy or lung nodules, and sometimes mimic lung cancers.[5] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...
FIG. 967– Transverse section through the upper margin of the second thoracic vertebra The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax (chest), surrounded by loose connective tissue. ...
Lymphadenopathy is a term meaning disease of the lymph nodes. ...
In medicine, a nodule refers to a small aggregation of cells. ...
[edit] Prevention - See also: Smoking ban and List of smoking bans
Prevention is the most cost-effective means of fighting lung cancer. While in most countries industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned, tobacco smoking is still widespread. Eliminating tobacco smoking is a primary goal in the prevention of lung cancer, and smoking cessation is an important preventative tool in this process.[61] No Smoking sign. ...
This is a list of smoking bans by country. ...
A No Smoking sign Smoking cessation (commonly known as quitting, or kicking the habit) is the effort to stop smoking tobacco products. ...
Policy interventions to decrease passive smoking in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces have become more common in many Western countries, with California taking a lead in banning smoking in public establishments in 1998. Ireland played a similar role in Europe in 2004, followed by Italy and Norway in 2005, Scotland as well as several others in 2006, England in 2007, and France in 2008. New Zealand has banned smoking in public places as of 2004. Tobacco smoke used to fill the air of Irish pubs before the smoking ban came into effect on March 29, 2004 Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of smoke from tobacco products. ...
The state of Bhutan has had a complete smoking ban since 2005.[62] In many countries, pressure groups are campaigning for similar bans. Arguments cited against such bans are criminalisation of smoking, increased risk of smuggling and the risk that such a ban cannot be enforced.[63] Criminalization or criminalisation is the process by which an act which was previously legal becomes a criminal offense by the passing of legislation or by increased enforcement of legislation when the act was previously condoned. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
A 2008 study performed in over 75,000 middle-aged and elderly people demonstrated that the long-term use of supplemental multivitamins, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate did not reduce the risk of lung cancer. To the contrary, the study indicates that the long term intake of high doses of vitamin E supplements may even increase the risk of lung cancer.[64]
[edit] Screening -
Screening refers to the use of medical tests to detect disease in asymptomatic people. Possible screening tests for lung cancer include chest x-ray or computed tomography (CT) of the chest. So far, screening programs for lung cancer have not demonstrated any clear benefit. Randomized controlled trials are underway in this area to see if decreased long-term mortality can be directly observed from CT screening.[65] Lung cancer screening is a strategy used to identify early lung cancer in people, before they develop symptoms. ...
Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used to identify disease in an unsuspecting population. ...
A medical test is any kind of diagnostic medical procedure performed for health reasons. ...
Frontal chest X-ray. ...
negron305 Cat scan redirects here. ...
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a form of clinical trial, or scientific procedure used in the testing of the efficacy of medicines or medical procedures. ...
[edit] Treatment Treatment for lung cancer depends on the cancer's specific cell type, how far it has spread, and the patient's performance status. Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.[4] The stage of a cancer is a descriptor (usually numbers I to IV) of how much the cancer has spread. ...
In medicine (oncology and other fields), performance status is an attempt to quantify cancer patients general wellbeing. ...
“Surgeon†redirects here. ...
Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer. ...
Varian Clinac 2100C Linear Accelerator Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...
[edit] Surgery -
If investigations confirm lung cancer, CT scan and often positron emission tomography (PET) are used to determine whether the disease is localised and amenable to surgery or whether it has spread to the point where it cannot be cured surgically. Lung cancer surgery describes the use of surgical operations in the treatment of lung cancer. ...
Gross examination or grossing is the process by which pathology specimens are inspected with the naked eye to obtain diagnostic information, while being processed for further microscopic examination. ...
A pneumonectomy (or pneumectomy) is an surgical procedure to remove a lung. ...
Biopsy of a highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. ...
Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ...
Blood tests and spirometry (lung function testing) are also necessary to assess whether the patient is well enough to be operated on. If spirometry reveals poor respiratory reserve (often due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), surgery may be contraindicated. Blood tests are laboratory tests done on blood to gain an appreciation of disease states and the function of organs. ...
Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. ...
For COPD occuring in horses, see recurrent airway obstruction. ...
Surgery itself has an operative death rate of about 4.4%, depending on the patient's lung function and other risk factors.[66] Surgery is usually only an option in non-small cell lung carcinoma limited to one lung, up to stage IIIA. This is assessed with medical imaging (computed tomography, positron emission tomography). A sufficient pre-operative respiratory reserve must be present to allow adequate lung function after the tissue is removed. negron305 Cat scan redirects here. ...
Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ...
Procedures include wedge resection (removal of part of a lobe), segmentectomy (removal of an anatomic division of a particular lobe of the lung), lobectomy (one lobe), bilobectomy (two lobes) or pneumonectomy (whole lung). In patients with adequate respiratory reserve, lobectomy is the preferred option, as this minimizes the chance of local recurrence. If the patient does not have enough functional lung for this, wedge resection may be performed.[67] Radioactive iodine brachytherapy at the margins of wedge excision may reduce recurrence to that of lobectomy.[68] Wedge resection of the lung is a surgical operation where a part of a lung is removed. ...
Lobectomy of the lung is a surgical operation where a lobe of the lung is removed. ...
A pneumonectomy (or pneumectomy) is an surgical procedure to remove a lung. ...
For other uses, see Iodine (disambiguation). ...
Brachytherapy for prostate cancer is administered using seeds, small radioactive rods implanted directly into the tumour. ...
[edit] Chemotherapy Small cell lung carcinoma is treated primarily with chemotherapy and radiation, as surgery has no demonstrable influence on survival. Primary chemotherapy is also given in metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma.
The combination regimen depends on the tumor type. Non-small cell lung carcinoma is often treated with cisplatin or carboplatin, in combination with gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide or vinorelbine.[69] In small cell lung carcinoma, cisplatin and etoposide are most commonly used.[70] Combinations with carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan and irinotecan are also used.[71][72] Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e. ...
Carboplatin is a chemotherapy drug used against some forms of cancer. ...
Gemcitabine is a nucleoside used as chemotherapy. ...
Paclitaxel is a drug used in the treatment of cancer. ...
Docetaxel chemical structure Docetaxel is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of cancer. ...
Etoposide phosphate (Eposin®, Etopophos®, Vepesid®, VP-16®) is an inhibitor of the enzyme topoisomerase II. It is used as a form of chemotherapy for malignancies such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, non-lymphocytic leukemia, and glioblastoma multiforme. ...
Vinorelbine (Navelbine) is a chemotherapy drug that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer including breast cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. ...
Topotecan (Hycamtin®) is a chemotherapy agent that is a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor. ...
Irinotecan is a chemotherapy agent that is a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor. ...
[edit] Adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy after surgery to improve the outcome. During surgery, samples are taken from the lymph nodes. If these samples contain cancer, then the patient has stage II or III disease. In this situation, adjuvant chemotherapy may improve survival by up to 15%.[73][74] Standard practice is to offer platinum-based chemotherapy (including either cisplatin or carboplatin).[75] Adjuvant chemotherapy is a term used to describe the role of chemotherapy relative to other cancer treatments. ...
Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ...
Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer is controversial as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a survival benefit.[76][77] Trials of preoperative chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable non-small cell lung carcinoma have been inconclusive.[78] Neoadjuvant chemotherapy refers to drug treatment given to people with cancer prior to surgery. ...
[edit] Radiotherapy Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be used with curative intent in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma who are not eligible for surgery. This form of high intensity radiotherapy is called radical radiotherapy. A refinement of this technique is continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART), where a high dose of radiotherapy is given in a short time period.[79] For small cell lung carcinoma cases that are potentially curable, in addition to chemotherapy, chest radiation is often recommended.[80] The use of adjuvant thoracic radiotherapy following curative intent surgery for non-small cell lung carcinoma is not well established and controversial. Benefits, if any, may only be limited to those in whom the tumor has spread to the mediastinal lymph nodes.[81][82] Varian Clinac 2100C Linear Accelerator Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis). ...
A tranverse section of the thorax showing the mediastinum. ...
Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ...
For both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma patients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used for symptom control (palliative<
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