NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Lung volumes

Lung volumeizing refer to physical differences in lung volume, while lung capacities represent different combinations of lung volumes, usually in relation to inhalation and exhalation. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 276 pixelsFull resolution (935 Ã— 323 pixel, file size: 126 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a prototypical output of a spirometer. The y-axis signifies the volume, with the bottom left corner equaling zero volume. The sinusoid comes from... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 276 pixelsFull resolution (935 Ã— 323 pixel, file size: 126 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a prototypical output of a spirometer. The y-axis signifies the volume, with the bottom left corner equaling zero volume. The sinusoid comes from...

The average pair of human lungs can hold about 6 liters of air, but only a small amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing. This article is about modern humans. ... For the village in Tibet, see Lung, Tibet. ... Look up air in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Breathing transports oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. ...

Breathing mechanism in mammals is called "tidal breathing". Tidal breathing means that air goes into the lungs the same way that it comes out.

Factors affecting lung volume

Several factors affect lung volumes, some that can be controlled and some that can not. Lung volumes can be measured using the following terms:

A person who is born and lives at sea level will develop a slightly smaller lung capacity than a person who spends their life at a high altitude. This is because the atmosphere is less dense at higher altitude, and therefore, the same volume of air contains fewer molecules of all gases, including oxygen. In response to higher altitude, the body's diffusing capacity increases in order to be able to process more air. This article is about the Male sex. ... For other uses, see Female (disambiguation). ... The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... Altitude is the elevation of an object from a known level or datum. ... In mathematics, the term dense has at least three different meanings. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...

When someone living at or near sea level travels to locations at high altitudes (eg. the Andes, Denver, Colorado, Tibet, the Himalayas, etc.) s/he can develop a condition called altitude sickness because their lungs cannot respirate sufficiently in the thinner air. This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... Nickname: Location of Denver in the State of Colorado Location of Colorado in the United States Coordinates: , Country United States State State of Colorado City and County Denver[1] Founded 1858-11-22, as Denver City, K.T.[2] Incorporated 1861-11-07, as Denver City, C.T.[3] Consolidated... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ... Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), altitude illness, or soroche, is a pathological condition that is caused by acute exposure to low air pressure (usually outdoors at high altitudes). ...

Measurement and values

These values vary with the age and height of the person; the values that follow are for a 70 kg (154 lb), average-sized adult male ^[1]:

The tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume can be measured directly with a spirometer. Determination of the residual volume can be done by radiographic planemetry, body plethysmography, closed circuit dilution and nitrogen washout. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ... Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after maximum inhalation. ... Look up air in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the ambient air to the tissue cells and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. ... Exhalation (or expiration) is the movement of air out of the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing. ... Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is a medical term referring to the amount of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. ... In physiology, dead space is air that is inhaled by the body in breathing, but does not partake in gas exchange. ... A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs. ... Body Plethysmographs-To do a body plethysomograph, the person is enclosed in an airtight chamber often referred to as a body box. ...

These are the basic elements of a ventilatory pulmonary function test. The results (in particular FEV1/FVC and FRC) can be used to distinguish between restrictive and obstructive pulmonary diseases: Spirometry, also known as Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT), is the measurement of lung function, specifically by measuring the volume and speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. ...

Diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), also known as interstitial lung disease, refers to a group of lung diseases, affecting the alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium, basement membrane, perivascular and perilymphatic tissues. ... Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a group of diseases characterized by limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible. ...

Other

The largest human lung capacity recorded is that of British rower Peter Reed (rower) at 11.68 litres^{[citation needed]}, roughly twice that of an average person. Peter Reed (born 27 July 1981 in Seattle, United States) is a British rower and World Champion. ...

Unofficially Grant Hackett, an Australian Olympic Swimmer, has a lung capacity of 13 litres^[8] Grant George Hackett (born May 9, 1980) is an Australian swimmer who won the mens 1500 metres freestyle race at both the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. ...

References

GPnotebook is a British medical database for general practitioners (GPs. ... Dorlands Medical Dictionary was first published in 1890 as the American Illustrated Medical Dictionary including 770 pages. ... GPnotebook is a British medical database for general practitioners (GPs. ... Dorlands Medical Dictionary was first published in 1890 as the American Illustrated Medical Dictionary including 770 pages. ... In 1828 the Medical Academy of Georgia was chartered by the state of Georgia with plans to offer a single course of lectures leading to a bachelors degree. ...

External links

Among quadrupeds, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. ... Human Physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. ... It has been suggested that Gas exchange be merged into this article or section. ... Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after maximum inhalation. ... Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is a medical term referring to the amount of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. ... Respiratory minute volume (or minute ventilation, or flow of gas) is the volume of air which can be inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a persons lungs in one minute. ... The closing capacity (CC) is the volume in the lungs at which its smallest airways, the alveoli collapse. ... In physiology, dead space is air that is inhaled by the body in breathing, but does not partake in gas exchange. ... Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. ... Body Plethysmographs-To do a body plethysomograph, the person is enclosed in an airtight chamber often referred to as a body box. ... A peak flow meter is a small, hand-held device used to manage asthma by monitoring airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of restriction in the airways. ... A term coined by Dr. Gerald Gause of the University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Thoracic Independent Volume is the volume of the thoracic cavity without the lungs. ... There are some respiratory diseases such as exercise-induced asthma that are not apparent unless the patient is exposed to some sort of trigger, such as a chemical irritant, an allergen, cold or dry air, or rigorous exercise. ... In respiratory physiology, ventilation is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung. ... Positive Pressure ventilators help patients with respiratory problems to breathe easier. ... Breathing transports oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. ... Exhalation (or expiration) is the movement of air out of the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Minute volume. ... ... Diagram of the alveoli with both cross-section and external view Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells. ... Compliance is the ability of the lungs to stretch in a change in volume relative to an applied change in pressure. ... â€œHysteresivityâ€ derives from â€œhysteresisâ€, meaning â€œlagâ€. It is the tendency to react slowly to an outside force, or to not return completely to its original state. ... Airway resistance is a concept used in respiratory physiology to describe mechanical factors which limit the access of inspired air to the pulmonary alveoli, and thus determine airflow. ... Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. ... In physiology, perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of arterial blood to a capillary bed in the biological tissue. ... Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction is the phenomenon when pulmonary arterioles vasoconstrict in the presence of hypoxia (low oxygen levels) without hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels). ... Pulmonary shunts exist when there is normal perfusion to an alveolus, but ventilation fails to supply the perfused region. ... In respiratory physiology, the ventilation/perfusion ratio (or V/Q ratio) is a measurement used to the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables:[1] V - ventilation - the air which reaches the lungs Q - perfusion - the blood which reaches the lungs A normal value is approximately 0. ... A ventilation/perfusion scan, also called a V/Q scan, is a medical test to measure the circulation of air and blood within a patients lungs. ... The zones of the lung proposed by West in 1964,[1] divide the lung into three vertical regions, based upon the relationship between the pressure in the alveoli (PA), in the arteries (Pa), and the veins (Pv): #1: alveolar > arterial > venous #2: arterial > alveolar > venous #3: arterial > venous > alveolar The... Gas exchange or respiration takes place at a respiratory surface - a boundary between the external environment and the interior of the body. ... Following is a list of average partial pressures (in torr) for a human at rest: // The alveolar oxygen pressure is lower than the atmospheric O2 partial pressure for two reasons. ... The alveolar pO2 is not routinely measured but is calculated from blood gas measurements by the Alveolar gas equation: where: R is the Respiratory quotient (normally about 0. ... Structure of hemoglobin. ... The oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve plots the proportion of haemoglobin in its saturated form on the vertical axis against the prevailing oxygen tension on the horizontal axis. ... 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG, also known as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or 2,3-DPG) is a three carbon isomer of the glycolytic intermediate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. ... Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve. ... The Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin first described by the British physician John Scott Haldane. ... Carbonic anhydrase (carbonate dehydratase) is a family of metalloenzymes (enzymes that contain one or more metal atoms as a functional component of the enzyme) that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. ... In red blood cells, synthesis of carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase produces bicarbonate and a free proton. ... The Respiratory Quotient is used in BMR calculations (basal metabolic rate) and is a form of indirect calorimetry. ... Arterial blood gas measurement is a blood test that is performed to determine the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, as well as the pH, in the blood. ... In biology, diffusion capacity is a measurement of the lungs ability to transfer gases. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Control of ventilation refers to the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of ventilation (physiology). ... For other uses, see Pons (disambiguation). ... The pneumotaxic center of the upper pons antagonises the apneustic centre. ... The apneustic center of the lower pons appears to promote inspiration by stimulation of the I neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a constant stimulus. ... The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem. ... The dorsal repiratory group is found in many types of fish and marine mammals. ... The ventral respiratory group is a group of neurons in the medulla which initiates inhalation. ... A Chemosensor, also known as chemoreceptor, is a cell or group of cells that transduce a chemical signal into an action potential. ... Central chemoreceptors of the central nervous system, located on the ventrolateral medullary surface, are sensitive to the pH of their environment. ... Peripheral chemoreceptors act most importantly to detect variation of the oxygen in the arterial blood, in addition to detecting arterial carbon dioxide and pH. These nodes, called the aortic body and carotid body, are located on the arch of the aorta and on the common carotid artery, respectively. ... Pulmonary stretch receptors are mechanoreceptors found in the lungs. ... The Hering-Breuer reflex is a reflex triggered to prevent overinflation of the lungs. ... There are several effects of high altitude on humans: The percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen determines the content of oxygen in our blood. ... Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome is severe hyperoxia caused by breathing oxygen at elevated partial pressures. ... Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole (generalised hypoxia) or region of the body (tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. ...

Contents

Measurement and values

Other

References

External links