The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. The Lusitanians are seen as the ancestors of the modern Portuguese living in the western portion of the Iberian peninsula. The most notable among the Lusitanians was Viriathus.Viriathus was born in Lorica,Hermínius Mons,actual Loriga,Serra da Estrela,in central Portugal. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Roman province of Lusitania, 120 AD Lusitania, an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal (except for the area between the rivers Douro and Minho) and part of modern day western Spain (specifically the present autonomous community Extremadura), named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people. ... The Lusitanian language (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was a paleo-Iberian Indo-European language known by five inscriptions and numerous names of places (toponyms) and of gods (theonyms). ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Castilian) (180 BC - 139 BC) was the most important leader of the Lusitanian tribe that resisted Roman expansion into the regions of Western Iberia, where the Roman province of Lusitania would be established (in the areas comprising Portugal, south of the Douro river...

The Lusitanians may have come from the Alps and established themselves in the region in the 6th century BCE. But historians and archeologists largely discuss their ethnic origins. Some modern authors consider them to be autochthonous and initially dominated by the Celts, before gaining full independence from them. The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... (7th century BC - 6th century BCE - 5th century BCE - other centuries) (600s BCE - 590s BCE - 580s BCE - 570s BCE - 560s BCE - 550s BCE - 540s BCE - 530s BCE - 520s BCE - 510s BCE - 500s BCE - other decades) (2nd millennium BCE - 1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium) The 5th and 6th centuries BCE were... A historian is a person who studies history. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Indigenous peoples are: Peoples living in an area prior to colonization by a state Peoples living in an area within a nation-state, prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not identify with the dominant nation. ... This article is about the European people. ...

The investigator Lambrino defended that the Lusitanians were a tribal group of Celt origin related to the Lusones (a tribe that inhabited the east of Iberia). Possibly, both tribes came from the Swiss mountains. But some rather prefer to see the Lusitanians as a native Iberian tribe, resulting of intermarriage between different tribes. The Lusones were an ancient Celtiberian (Pre-Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania). ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... The Iberian language describes a linguistic group identified with the Iberian civilization (7th century BC – 1st century BC), formed in the eastern and south-eastern regions of the Iberian peninsula. ...

The first area colonized by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta; in Beira they stayed until they defeated the Celts and other tribes, then they expanded to cover a territory that reached Estremadura before the arrival of the Romans. The Douro at Oporto The Douro (Spanish Duero, Latin Durius, Portuguese Douro) is one of the major rivers of Spain and Portugal, flowing from its source near Soria across central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Oporto. ... Beira Alta is a Portuguese province in the Northern Part of the country. ... A Celtic cross. ... Estremadura Estremadura is a historical province of Portugal. ... See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ...

Originally the Roman province of Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of new Provincia Tarraconensis and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. Its northern border was along the Douro, while on its eastern side its border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river. Capital Oviedo Area  - total  - % of Spain Ranked 10th 10 604 km² 2,1% Population  - Total (2003)  - % of Spain  - Density Ranked 12th 1 056 789 2,5% 99,65/km² Demonym  - English  - Spanish Asturian asturiano/a, astur Statute of Autonomy January 11, 1982 ISO 3166-2 O Parliamentary representation  Congress seats... Gallaecia or Callaecia (from Gaulish *gal-laikos smoke?-hero/warrior) was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately the current Galicia of Spain and the north of Portugal). ... The Vettones were one of the pre-Roman peoples of Iberia, dwelling in the northwestern part of the meseta— the high central upland plain of the Iberian peninsula, the region where the Spanish provinces of Avila and Salamanca are today, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and Cáceres. ... Guadiana (Latin Anas, Spanish Guadiana, Portuguese Guadiana) - one of the major rivers of Spain, part of it is the border with Portugal, ends in the Atlantic Ocean. ...

Culture

The Lusitanians are classified as, at least, having being influenced by Celtic culture. Theirs was a developed culture, although not as developed as the Romans and Greeks, but they became infamous to the Romans due to their surprising capacity in fighting them; it is by this Roman perspective that we know about this people. A Celtic cross. ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...

The Lusitanians used such weapons as the dagger, the iron-made javelin, and the brass spear. They greased their bodies, and used vapour baths before bathing more properly in cold water; and usually ate once a day. They were known to practice human sacrifices, and when a priest wounded a pregnant prisoner in the womb, they drew predictions by the way the victim collapsed. They sacrified to Cariocecus, god of war: not just prisoners but also horses and goats. They practiced gymnastic exercises such as boxing and racing, combat simulations on foot and on horse; Lusitanians practiced monogamy and usually took one wife. They used boats made of leather, or from harvested lumber. A dagger (from Vulgar Latin: daca - a Dacian knife) is a blade weapon (essentially a double-edged knife) used for stabbing, thrusting or as a secondary defense weapon in close combat. ... Look up Javelin on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Javelin can refer to several things: For the spear-like object,used as a thrown weapon in ancient times see Javelin Ancient For the modern athletic discipline see Javelin throw. ... Hunting spear and knife, from Mesa Verde National Park. ... Cariocecus was the god of war in Lusitanian mythology. ...

Early Roman records classify them as Carthaginian mercenaries; this arose from early reports that there were reports of Lusitanians fighting alongside the Carthaginians in the Pyrenees on the way to Rome. A map of the central Mediterranean Sea, showing the location of Carthage (near modern Tunis). ... Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2. ...

The Lusitanians lived in a small quadrangular houses (round in the north) of a single floor, made of stones. Their clothes were made of wool or of goat skin. They used necklaces, bracelets and other jewels made of gold. They made their jewels using a filigree method, or by hammering.

Wine was only used in festivities and they usually drank water, goat milk, or beer.

Religion

Main article: Lusitanian mythology

The Lusitanians worshipped various gods in a very chaotic polytheism, using animal sacrifice. They represented their gods and warriors in rudimentary sculpture. Endovelicus was the most important god: his cult eventually spread across the Iberian peninsula and beyond, to the rest of the Roman Empire and his cult maintained until the 5th century; he was the god of public health and safety. Goddess Ataegina was especially popular in the south, and she was the Goddess of rebirth (Spring), fertility, nature, and cure, during the Roman era was venerated as being Proserpina. Lusitanian mythology was related with Celtic mythology, and with later Roman rule it also became very influenced by the Roman one, as Romans also started venerating Lusitanian gods. Runesocesius, the javelin god, was also an important god, and often formed the supreme trinity in the Lusitanian pagan religion with Endovelicus and Ataegina. Lusitanian (or Ancient Portuguese) Gods were later related with the Celtic and Roman invaders. ... Endovelicus was an Iron Age god of public health and safety, worshipped in pre-Roman Lusitania. ... // Overview Events Romulus Augustus, Last Western Roman Emperor 410: Rome sacked by Visigoths 452: Pope Leo I allegedly meets personally with Attila the Hun and convinces him not to sack Rome 439: Vandals conquer Carthage At some point after 440, the Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain. ... Ataegina (Portuguese: Atégina) was the Goddess of rebirth (Spring), fertility, nature, and cure in the Lusitanian mythology. ... Proserpina is an ancient goddess whose story is the basis of a myth of Springtime. ... Runesocesius was the God of Darts in Lusitanian mythology. ...

The Lusitanians practiced the cult of the dead, and used cremation.

Language

Main article: Lusitanian language

The Lusitanian language was a paleo-Iberian, Indo-European language with particular characteristics, different from the languages spoken in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, being more archaic than the Celt-Iberian language. The Lusitanian language (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was a paleo-Iberian Indo-European language known by five inscriptions and numerous names of places (toponyms) and of gods (theonyms). ...

The filiation of the Lusitanian language is still in debate: there are those who endorse that it is a Celtic language with an obvious "celticity" to most of the lexicon, over many anthroponyms and toponyms. A second theory relates Lusitanian with the Italic languages; based on a relation of the name of Lusitanian deities with other grammatical elements of the area. Finally, Ulrich Schmoll proposed a new branch to which he named "Galician-Lusitanian".

Tribes

Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations. Turduli movement in red, Celtic in brown and Lusitanian in a blue colour. Most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin.

The Lusitanians were primarily a single tribe that lived between the rivers Douro and Tagus. Later, the name Lusitania was adopted by ancient Calaicians or Gallaeci (tribes living in the north of Douro River) and other closely surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to all the local people fighting the Roman rule - but also because they were all culturally and ethnically very similar. Most of these tribes were from the north of the Douro river. Download high resolution version (335x728, 48 KB)Made by user:PedroPVZ upon a map from The World Factbook da CIA (USA government). ... Download high resolution version (335x728, 48 KB)Made by user:PedroPVZ upon a map from The World Factbook da CIA (USA government). ... Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. ... View of the river mouth from Portos Crystal Palace Gardens, facing West Douro (Latin Durius, Spanish Duero, Portuguese Douro) is one of the major rivers of Portugal and Spain, flowing from its source near Soria across central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Oporto. ... View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ... Gallaecia or Callaecia (from Gaulish *gal-laikos smoke?-hero/warrior) was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately the current Galicia of Spain and the north of Portugal). ...

Tribes, often known by their Latin names, living in the area of Portugal prior to the Roman rule:

• Bracari - living between the rivers Tâmega and Cávado, in the area of the modern city of Braga;
• Callaeci -living north of the River Douro;
• Celtici - Celts living in Alentejo;
• Coelerni - living in the mountains between the rivers Tua and Sabor;
• Conii - living in the Algarve and the south of Alentejo;
• Equaesi - living in the most mountainous region of modern Portugal;
• Grovii - a mysterious tribe living in the Minho valley;
• Interamici - living in Trás-os-Montes and in the border areas with Galicia (in modern Spain);
• Leuni - living between the rivers Lima and Minho;
• Luanqui - living between the rivers Tâmega and Tua;
• Lusitani - being the most numerous and dominant of the region;
• Limici - living in the swamps of the river Lima, on the border between Portugal and Galicia);
• Narbasi - living in the north of modern Portugal (interior) and nearby area of southern Galicia;
• Nemetati - living north of the Douro Valley in the area of Mondim;
• Paesuri - a dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living between the rivers Douro and Vouga;
• Quaquerni - living in the mountains at the mouths of rivers Cavado and Tâmega;
• Seurbi - living between the rivers Cávado and Lima (or even reaching the river Minho);
• Tamagani - from the area of Chaves, near the river Tâmega;
• Tapoli - another dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living north of the river Tagus, on the border between modern Portugal and Spain;
• Turduli - in the east of Alentejo (Guadiana Valley);
• Turduli Veteres - the "ancient Turduli" living south of the estuary of the river Douro;
• Turdulorum Oppida - Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura;
• Turodi - living in Trás-os-Montes and bordering areas of Galicia;
• Vettones - living in the Spanish provinces of Ávila and Salamanca, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and Cáceres;
• Zoelae - living in the mountains of Serra da Nogueira, Sanabria and Culebra, up to the mountains of Mogadouro in northern Portugal and adjacent areas of Galicia.

The Bracari were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers Tâmega and Cávado, around the area of the modern city of Braga. ... Coat of Arms Braga (pron. ... Gallaecia or Callaecia (from Gaulish *gal-laikos smoke?-hero/warrior) was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately the current Galicia of Spain and the north of Portugal). ... The Celtici were an ancient celtic tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in what today is the province of Alentejo in modern Portugal. ... Alentejo (pron. ... The Coelerni were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, in the mountains between the rivers Tua and Sabor. ... Ancient map of the Golf of Cadis, showing part of the Roman Provinces of Lusitania and Betica. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Algarve The Algarve (pron. ... Alentejo (pron. ... The Equaesi were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, between the provinces of Minho and Trás-os-Montes, near the border of modern Galicia (Spain). ... The Grovii were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, around the Minho river, and spreading into modern day Galicia (Spain). ... The Interamici were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, near the border with Galicia (Spain). ... Photo of the village of Urjais, concelho of Chaves, by J.B. Cesar Tras-os-Montes is a historical province of Portugal located in the northeastern corner of the country. ... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Leuni were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers Lima and Minho. ... The Luanqvi were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, between the rivers Tâmega and Tua. ... The Limici were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, province of Minho, in the swamps of the river Lima, near the border with modern Galicia (Spain). ... The Narbasi were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the province of Minho (north of modern Portugal) and nearby areas of modern Galicia (Spain). ... The Nemetati were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, north of the Douro valley in the area of Mondim. ... The Paesuri were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians, to whom they were a dependent tribe, living between the rivers Douro and Vouga, in the modern northern central Portugal. ... The Quaquerni were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, province of Minho, in the mountains at the mouths of the rivers Tâmega and Cávado. ... The Seurbi were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers Cávado and Lima (or even reaching the river Minho). ... The Tamagani were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, from the area of Chaves, near the river Tâmega. ... The Roman Bridge Coat of Arms Chaves, Portugal, is the second most populous city in the district of Vila Real, after the district capital of the same name. ... The Tapoli were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians, to whom they were a dependent tribe, living just north of the river Tagus, around the border area of modern day Portugal and Spain. ... The Turduli were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians, living in the south of modern Portugal, in the east of the province of Alentejo, along the Guadiana valley. ... Alentejo (pron. ... The Turduli Veteres, or Ancient Turduli were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living south of the estuary of the river Douro, in the north of modern Portugal. ... The Turdulorum Oppida, or Turduli living in the Portuguese region of Estremadura (litoral central Portugal), were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians. ... Estremadura Estremadura is a historical province of Portugal. ... The Turodi were an ancient Celtiberian tribe of Lusitania, akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes and border areas in Galicia (Spain). ... Photo of the village of Urjais, concelho of Chaves, by J.B. Cesar Tras-os-Montes is a historical province of Portugal located in the northeastern corner of the country. ... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Vettones were one of the pre-Roman peoples of Iberia, dwelling in the northwestern part of the meseta— the high central upland plain of the Iberian peninsula, the region where the Spanish provinces of Avila and Salamanca are today, as well as parts of Zamora, Toledo and Cáceres. ... Ávila province Ávila is a province of western Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. ... Categories: Spain geography stubs | Castile-Leon | Provinces of Spain ... Categories: Spain geography stubs | Castile-Leon | Provinces of Spain ... Categories: Spain geography stubs | Castile-La Mancha | Provinces of Spain ... Cáceres province Cáceres is a province of western Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Extremadura. ... The Zoelae were an ancient celtiberian tribe akin to the Lusitanians and Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the north of modern Portugal, in the province of Trás-os-Montes, between the mountains of Serra da Nogueira and the mountains of Mogadouro. ... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

War with the Romans and eventual Romanisation

Since 193 BCE, the Lusitanians had been fighting the Romans. In 150 BCE, they were defeated by Praetor Servius Galba: springing a clever trap, he killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves in Gaul (modern France). Three years later (147 BCE), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and severely damaged the Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. In 139 BCE, he was betrayed and killed by three of his companions, having been bribed by Servilius Cipianus. Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (from Latin Gallia, c. ... Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Castilian) (180 BC - 139 BC) was the most important leader of the Lusitanian tribe that resisted Roman expansion into the regions of Western Iberia, where the Roman province of Lusitania would be established (in the areas comprising Portugal, south of the Douro river...

After Viriathus' rule, the Lusitanians became largely romanised and more interbred with them, acquiring Roman culture and language; the Lusitanian cities, in a manner similar to those of the rest of the romanised Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome". The Portuguese language itself is a local evolution of the Roman language, Latin. Portuguese ( (help· info)) is an Iberian Romance language originated in Portugal and Galicia, which is now the main language also of Angola, Brazil, Mozambique, Cape Verde and several other African and Asian nations, and an important second language in many other countries. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

See also

• Lusitania
• Portugal
• History of Portugal
• Timeline of Portuguese history
  • Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd Century BC)
  • Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia (3rd Century BC to 4th Century AC)
• Hispania
• Spain
• Roman Empire

Roman province of Lusitania, 120 AD Lusitania, an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal (except for the area between the rivers Douro and Minho) and part of modern day western Spain (specifically the present autonomous community Extremadura), named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people. ... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ... This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ... This is a historical timeline of Portugal. ... Roman aqueduct in Segovia Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

External links

• Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)