Antibody (Monoclonal antibodies, Polyclonal antibodies, Autoantibody) • Allotype • Isotype • Idiotype • Antigen (Superantigen) • Polyclonal response

Immunity • Autoimmunity • Allergy • Tolerance (Central) • Immunodeficiency

Cytokines • Opsonin • Cytolysin

Hilum – Trabeculae

Red pulp (Cords of Billroth, Marginal zone) A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ... The immune system is the collection of organs and tissues involved in the adaptive defense of a body against foreign biological material. ... The innate immune system comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner. ... Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). ... Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and NK-cells, the production of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. ... A complement protein attacking an invader. ... Anaphylatoxins, or anaphylotoxins, are fragments (C3a, C4a or C5a) that are produced during the pathways of the complement system. ... Each antibody binds to a specific antigen; an interaction similar to a lock and key. ... // Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell and are all clones of a single parent cell. ... Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different B-cell lines. ... An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) manufactured by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individuals own proteins. ... The allotype affects the constant region (labeled CL and CH1-3 in the diagram. ... In immunology, the immunoglobulin isotype refers to the type of chain. ... The idiotype affects the variable region (labeled VL and VH in the diagram. ... An antigen or immunogen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response. ... SEB, A typical bacterial superantigen (PDB:3SEB) The β-grasp domain is shown in red, and the β-barrel in green: The disulphide loop is shown in yellow SEC3 (yellow) complexed with an MHC-II molecule (green & cyan): The SAgs binds adjacent to the antigen (purple) presentation cleft in the MHC-II... White Blood Cells redirects here. ... T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. ... B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response). ... Natural killer cells (NK) are a type of lymphocyte (a white blood cell) and a component of nonspecific immune defense. ... Mast cells A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cell of areolar connective tissue (loose connective tissue) that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Biology stubs | Blood and immune system cells ... Eosinophils are white blood cells that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in the body. ... A phagocyte is a cell that ingests and destroys foreign matter such as microorganisms or debris via a process known as phagocytosis. ... Neutrophil granulocytes (commonly referred to as neutrophils) are a class of white blood cells and are part of the immune system. ... A macrophage of a mouse stretching its arms to engulf two particles, possibly pathogens Macrophages (Greek: big eaters, from makros large + phagein eat) are cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells called monocytes. ... Dendritic cells (DC) are immune cells and form part of the mammal immune system. ... An antigen-presenting cell (APC) is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC on its surface. ... The reticuloendothelial system (RES), part of the immune system, consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue, primarily monocytes and macrophages. ... Immunity is a medical term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. ... Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts (down to the sub-molecular levels) as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues. ... Allergy is an abnormal reaction to a substance foreign to the body that is acquired, predictable and rapid. ... Immune or immunological tolerance is the process by which the immune system does not attack an antigen. ... Central tolerance is a condition caused by tumor cells caused by tumor antigens inhibiting the immune system which has no reaction. ... In medicine, immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune systems ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. ... Immunogenetics is the branch of medical research that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... V(D)J recombination is a mechanism of DNA recombination used by humans and other vertebrates for immunological protection against attacks by bacterial, viral, and parasitic invaders. ... Immunoglobulin class switching (or isotype switching) is a mechanism by which the constant region of a heavy chain changes. ... Protein images comparing the MHC I (1hsa) and MHC II (1dlh) molecules. ... HLA region of Chromosome 6 The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). ... Cytokines are a category of less-widely-known signalling proteins and glycoproteins that, like hormones and neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cellular communication. ... An opsonin is any molecule that acts as a binding enhancer for the process of phagocytosis, for example, by coating the negatively-charged molecules on the membrane. ... Cytolysin refers to the substance or antibody elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that is specifically toxic to individual cells [1], in many cases causing their dissolution through lysis. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... An epitope is the part of a macromolecule that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or cytotoxic T cells. ... A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune response by itself. ... Cross-reactivity is the reaction between an antigen and an antibody that was generated against a different but similar antigen. ... List of bones of the human skeleton Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. ... For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. ... what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ... The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... In zootomy, the integumentary system is the external covering of the body, comprising the skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). ... The muscular system is the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move. ... The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ... A pictorial illustration of the human female reproductive system. ... Among quadrupeds, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. ... Front view of a skeleton of an adult human Back view of a skeleton of an adult human The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. ... The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. ... A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange). ... In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ... A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a single human lymphocyte. ... For the Dir en grey album, see The Marrow of a Bone. ... Thymus, see Thyme. ... Hassalls corpuscles (or thymic corpuscles) are structures in the thymus gland, composed of epithelial reticular cells. ... The spleen is an organ located in the abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. ... For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation). ... The Splenic hilum is a location on the surface of the spleen. ... The fibroelastic coat of the spleen invests the organ, and at the hilum is reflected inward upon the vessels in the form of sheaths. ... The red pulp (also called splenic pulp, but should not be confused with white pulp) is a soft mass of a dark reddish-brown color, resembling grumous blood It consists of a fine reticulum of fibers, continuous with those of the splenic trabeculae, to which are applied flat, branching cells. ... The Cords of Billroth (also known as splenic cords or red pulp cords) are found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. ... The marginal zone is a portion of the spleen. ...

White pulp (Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, Germinal center) The altered coat of the arterioles, consisting of adenoid tissue, presents here and there thickenings of a spheroidal shape, the white pulp (Malpighian bodies of the spleen, splenic lymphoid nodules). ... Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (or periarterial lymphatic sheaths, or PALS) are a portion of the white pulp of the spleen. ... Germinal centers (GC) are an important part of the humoral immune response. ...

Trabecular arteries – Trabecular veins

GALT – Peyer's patches – Germinal center

Superficial cervical: Superficial anterior cervical - Superficial lateral cervical

Deep cervical: Deep anterior cervical (Pretracheal, Paratracheal, Prelaryngeal, Thyroid) - Deep lateral cervical (Superior deep cervical, Inferior deep cervical, Retropharyngeal, Jugulodigastric, Jugulo-omohyoid) Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ... In some animals, including mammals, the two types of extracellular fluids are interstitial fluid and blood plasma. ... The pulp of the lymph gland does not, completely fill the spaces, but leaves, between its outer margin and the enclosing trabeculae, a channel or space of uniform width throughout. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... In anatomy, lymph vessels are thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph away from the tissues, through the lymph nodes and thoracic duct back to the general circulation. ... High endothelial venules, or HEVs, are a subtype of blood endothelium present within lymph nodes; used by various leukocytes to gain entry into the lymph node via the blood. ... Germinal centers (GC) are an important part of the humoral immune response. ... The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is the diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, that line various body cavities and internal organs. ... Overview About 70% of the bodys immune system is found in the digestive tract. ... Peyers patches are secondary lymphoid organs, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer. ... Germinal centers (GC) are an important part of the humoral immune response. ... An MRI scan of the head. ... The occipital lymph nodes, one to three in number, are located on the back of the head close to the margin of the Trapezius and resting on the insertion of the Semispinalis capitis. ... The mastoid lymph nodes (posterior auricular glands), usually two in number, are situated on the mastoid insertion of the Sternocleidomastoideus, beneath the Auricularis posterior. ... The parotid lymph nodes, form two groups in relation with the parotid salivary gland, viz. ... The preauricular deep parotid lymph nodes (anterior auricular glands or preauricular glands), from one to three in number, lie immediately in front of the tragus. ... The buccinator lymph node or nodes are one or more lymph nodes placed on the Buccinator opposite the angle of the mouth. ... The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), three to six in number, are placed beneath the body of the mandible in the submaxillary triangle, and rest on the superficial surface of the submaxillary salivary gland. ... The submental lymph nodes (or suprahyoid) are situated between the anterior bellies of the Digastrici. ... Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. ... The superficial cervical lymph nodes lie in close relationship with the external jugular vein as it emerges from the parotid gland, and, therefore, superficial to the Sternocleidomastoideus. ... The right and left paratracheal lymph nodes (or paratracheal chains) are groups of lymph nodes located in the thorax. ... The superior deep cervical lymph nodes lie under the Sternocleidomastoideus in close relation with the accessory nerve and the internal jugular vein. ... The inferior deep cervical lymph nodes extend beyond the posterior margin of the Sternocleidomastoideus into the supraclavicular triangle, where they are closely related to the brachial plexus and subclavian vein. ... The retropharyngeal lymph nodes, from one to three in number, lie in the buccopharyngeal fascia, behind the upper part of the pharynx and in front of the arch of the atlas, being separated, however, from the latter by the Longus capitis. ...

Anterior cervical - Lateral cervical

Supraclavicular (Virchow's)
Jugular trunk

supratrochlear - deltopectoral

Cisterna chyli

Lumbar trunk - lumbar/paraaortic: Retroaortic - Lateral aortic - iliac: Common (External, Internal, Sacral) Supraclavicular lymph nodes are lymph nodes found superior to the clavicle, palpable in the supraclavicular fossa. ... In medicine (oncology), Virchows node is an enlarged, hard, left supraclavicular lymph node which can contain metastasis of visceral malignancy. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... This article or section contains too much jargon and may need simplification or further explanation. ... Waldeyers tonsillar ring is an antomical term describing the the lymphoid tissue ring located in the nasopharynx. ... Most commonly, the term tonsils refers to the palatine tonsils that can be seen in the back of the throat. ... The lingual tonsils are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the posterior region of the tongue. ... Adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are folds of lymphatic tissue covered by ciliated epithelium. ... The Tubal Tonsil is one of the four main tonsil groups which include the Palatine tonsil, the Lingual tonsil, the Pharyngeal tonsil, and the Tubal Tonsil. ... In humans, the upper limb is an anatomical term for the limb that is attached to the pectoral girdle. ... The Axillary lymph nodes are of large size, vary from twenty to thirty in number, and may be arranged in the following groups: 1. ... A brachial (or lateral) group of from four to six glands lies in relation to the medial and posterior aspects of the axillary vein; the afferents of these glands drain the whole arm with the exception of that portion whose vessels accompany the cephalic vein. ... An anterior or pectoral group consists of four or five glands along the lower border of the Pectoralis minor, in relation with the lateral thoracic artery. ... A posterior or subscapular group of six or seven glands is placed along the lower margin of the posterior wall of the axilla in the course of the subscapular artery. ... A central or intermediate group of three or four large glands is imbedded in the adipose tissue near the base of the axilla. ... An apical (or medial or subclavicular) group of six to twelve glands is situated partly posterior to the upper portion of the Pectoralis minor and partly above the upper border of this muscle. ... One or two supratrochlear lymph nodes are placed above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, medial to the basilic vein. ... One or two deltopectoral lymph nodes (or infraclavicular nodes) are found beside the cephalic vein, between the Pectoralis major and Deltoideus, immediately below the clavicle. ... The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ... Male Chest The chest is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals. ... The right lymphatic duct, about 1. ... In human anatomy, the thoracic duct is an important part of the lymphatic system — it is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. ... The efferent vessels of the tracheobronchial glands ascend upon the trachea and unite with efferents of the internal mammary and anterior mediastinal glands to form the right and left bronchomediastinal trunks. ... The tracheobronchial lymph nodes form four main groups: (a) tracheal, on either side of the trachea; (b) bronchial, in the angles between the lower part of the trachea and bronchi and in the angle between the two bronchi; (c) bronchopulmonary, in the hilus of each lung; and (d) pulmonary, in... The parasternal lymph nodes (or sternal glands) are placed at the anterior ends of the intercostal spaces, by the side of the internal mammary artery. ... The intercostal lymph nodes (intercostal glands ) occupy the posterior parts of the intercostal spaces, in relation to the intercostal vessels. ... The human abdomen (from the Latin word meaning belly) is the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax. ... The cisterna chyli (or receptaculum chyli) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. ... The lumbar trunks are formed by the union of the efferent vessels from the lateral aortic lymph glands. ... The lumbar lymph nodes are a group of lymph nodes residing in the lumbar region. ... The paraaortic lymph nodes (also para-aortic, periaortic, and peri-aortic) are a group of lymph nodes that lie in front of the lumbar vertebral bodies near the aorta. ... The retroaortic lymph nodes (or postaortic lymph nodes) are placed below the cisterna chyli, on the bodies of the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. ... There are two groups of lateral aortic lymph nodes: right and left. ... The common iliac lymph nodes, four to six in number, are grouped behind and on the sides of the common iliac artery, one or two being placed below the bifurcation of the aorta, in front of the fifth lumbar vertebra. ... The external iliac lymph nodes, from eight to ten in number, lie along the external iliac vessels. ... The internal iliac lymph nodes (or hypogastric) surround the hypogastric vessels, and receive the lymphatics corresponding to the distribution of the branches of the hypogastric artery, i. ...

Intestinal trunk - preaortic: Celiac (Gastric, Hepatic, Splenic) - Superior mesenteric (Mesenteric, Ileocolic, Mesocolic) - Inferior mesenteric (Pararectal)