Marion King Hubbert (October 5, 1903 – October 11, 1989) was a Geologist by education and a geophysicist by profession who worked at the Shell research lab in Houston, Texas. He made several important contributions to geology and geophysics, most notably the Hubbert curve and Hubbert peak theory (or peak oil), with important political ramifications. He was often referred to as "M. King Hubbert" or "King Hubbert". is the 278th day of the year (279th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... The Geologist by Carl Spitzweg A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... Geophysics, the study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, especially by seismic reflection and refraction, gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods. ... The Shell emblem known as the Pecten Shell Oil Company (SOC) is the Houston, Texas based wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. ... Houston redirects here. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... The Hubbert curve, named after the geophysicist M. King Hubbert, is the derivative of the logistic curve. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Peak oil and Hubbert peak theory, accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ...

Biography

M. King Hubbert (outlined in blue) and other prominent leaders of the technocratic movement

Hubbert was born in San Saba, Texas, in 1903. He attended the University of Chicago, where he received his B.S. in 1926, his M.S. in 1928, and his Ph.D in 1937, studying geology, mathematics, and physics. He worked as an assistant geologist for the Amerada Petroleum Company for two years while pursuing his Ph.D. He joined the Shell Oil Company in 1943, retiring from that firm in 1964. After he retired from Shell, he became a senior research geophysicist for the United States Geological Survey until his retirement in 1976. He also held positions as a professor of geology and geophysics at Stanford University from 1963 to 1968, and as a professor at UC Berkeley from 1973 to 1976. A picture of M. Kind Hubbert (outlined in blue) and other prominent leaders of the technocratic movement. ... A picture of M. Kind Hubbert (outlined in blue) and other prominent leaders of the technocratic movement. ... The Technocracy Monad, official symbol of Technocracy, Inc. ... San Saba is a town located in San Saba County, Texas. ... Official language(s) No official language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... The Geologist by Carl Spitzweg A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ... Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university located approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles northwest of San José in Stanford, California. ... Sather tower (the Campanile) looking out over the San Francisco Bay and Mount Tamalpais. ...

Hubbert was also an avid Technocrat. He co-founded Technocracy Incorporated and contributed significantly to the Technocracy Study Course. The Technocracy Monad, representing balance, is the official symbol of The Technocracy movement is a social movement that started in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s and advocates a form of society where the welfare of human beings is optimized by means of scientific analysis and widespread use... Technocracy, Inc. ... The Technocracy Study Course is a document, published in 1934, which formed the basis for the Technocratic movement of North America. ...

Research

Hubbert made several contributions to geophysics, including a mathematical demonstration that rock in the Earth's crust, because it is under immense pressure in large areas, should exhibit plasticity, similar to clay. This demonstration explained the observed results that the Earth' s crust deforms over time. He also studied the flow of underground fluids. This balancing rock, Steamboat Rock stands in Garden of the Gods park in Colorado Springs, CO The rocky side of a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. ... Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ... Look up plasticity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Gay Head cliffs in Marthas Vineyard are made almost entirely of clay. ...

Hubbert is most well-known for his studies on the capacities of oil fields and natural gas reserves. He predicted that, for any given geographical area, from an individual oil field to the planet as a whole, the rate of petroleum production of the reserve over time would resemble a bell curve. Based on his theory, in a paper^[1] that he presented to the 1956 meeting of the American Petroleum Institute in San Antonio, Texas, Hubbert made the prediction that overall petroleum production would peak in the United States in the late 1960s to the early 1970s. He became famous when this prediction came true in 1970. The curve he used in his analysis is known as the Hubbert curve, and the peak of the curve is known as the Hubbert peak. Drilling rig in a small oil field Near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 An oil field is an area with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (oil) from below ground. ... Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide. ... Drilling rig in a small oil field Near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 An oil field is an area with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (oil) from below ground. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... The graph of the probability density function of the normal distribution is sometimes called the bell curve or the bell-shaped curve; see normal distribution. ... The American Petroleum Institute, commonly referred to as API, is the main U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry, representing about 400 corporate members involved in all aspects of the industry. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... The Hubbert curve, named after the geophysicist M. King Hubbert, is the derivative of the logistic curve. ... The Hubbert peak theory, also known as peak oil, is an influential theory concerning the long-term rate of conventional oil (and other fossil fuel) extraction and depletion. ...

Between October 17, 1973, and March 1974, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ceased shipments of petroleum to the United States, causing what has been called the 1973 energy crisis. In 1975, with the United States still suffering from high petroleum prices, the National Academy of Sciences confirmed their acceptance of Hubbert's calculations on oil and natural gas depletion, and acknowledged that their earlier, more optimistic estimates had been incorrect. This garnered great media attention for Hubbert. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is made up of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since 1965, its international headquarters have been in Vienna, Austria. ... (Redirected from 1973 energy crisis) United States, drivers of vehicles with odd numbered license plates were allowed to purchase gasoline only on odd-numbered days of the month, while drivers with even-numbers were limited to even-numbered days. ... President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ...

In 1974, Hubbert projected that global oil production would peak in 1995 at 12-GB/yr "if current trends continue".^[2] Various subsequent predictions have been made by others as trends have fluctuated in the intervening years. Hubbert's theory, and its implications for the world economy, remain controversial.

Originally convinced that solar power was too diffuse to be used, by 1988 at age 85 Hubbert had reversed his position and believed that solar power would be a practical renewable energy replacement for fossil fuels. Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the sun. ... World renewable energy in 2005 (except 2004 data for items marked* or **). Enlarge image to read exclusions. ...

Summary of Contributions

M. King Hubbert's contributions to science have been summarized ^[3] as follows:

• Correct statement of Darcy's Law.
• Mathematical demonstration that rock in the Earth's crust is plastic, and that the Earth's crust deforms over time.
• Prediction of migration paths of hydrocarbons.
• Demonstration that the Earth's endowment of crude oil is finite.

In fluid dynamics, Darcys law is a phenomologically derived constitutive equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. ...

Accolades

Hubbert was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was long affiliated with the Geological Society of America, receiving their Arthur L. Day Medal in 1954, being elected President of the Society in 1962, and receiving the Society's Penrose Medal in 1973. He received the Vetlesen Prize from the G. Unger Vetlesen foundation and Columbia University in 1981. President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ... The House of the Academy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The Geological Society of America (or GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences. ... The Arthur L. Day Medal is a prize awarded by the Geological Society of America, established in 1948 by Arthur Louis Day for outstanding distinction in contributing to geologic knowledge through the application of physics and chemistry to the solution of geologic problems. 2006 Frank M. Richter 2005 Donald W... The Penrose Medal was created in 1927 by R.A.F. Penrose, Jr. ... Columbia University is a private research university in the United States. ...

Citation

• Our ignorance is not so vast as our failure to use what we know.

See also

• Technocracy movement
• Hubbert peak theory

The Technocracy Monad, representing balance, is the official symbol of The Technocracy movement is a social movement that started in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s and advocates a form of society where the welfare of human beings is optimized by means of scientific analysis and widespread use... It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Peak oil and Hubbert peak theory, accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

External links

• Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: M. King Hubbert
• hubbertpeak.com : M. King Hubbert,citation
• Technocracy, Hubbert and peak oil Article from The North American Technocrat
• Tribute to M. King Hubbert

References

Other references:
The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. ...

• Hubbert, M.K. (1956), Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels, text version.

• The Texas State Historical Association (December 4, 2002), Handbook of Texas Online: Hubbert, Marion King. Accessed July 27, 2004.

• National Academy of Sciences (1990), Tribute to M. King Hubbert. Printed in "Letter to Members", Volume 19--Number 4, April 1990. Available at Tribute to M. King Hubbert, accessed at July 27, 2004.

• Patzek, Tadeusz W., Hubbert Cycle Lecture, University of Wisconsin Energy Institute, 2006.

• Hubbert's biography and quotes on Hubbert Peak of Oil Production M. King Hubbert. Accessed March 27, 2005.

• Interview with Steve Andrews; March 5, 1988