Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Motto	Mens et Manus (Mind and Hand)
Established	1861, Opened 1865
Type	Private
Staff	983
President	Susan Hockfield
Undergraduates	4,136
Postgraduates	6,184
Location	Cambridge, Mass. USA
Campus setting	Urban, 168 acres/68 ha
Athletics	Division III 41 varsity teams
Colors	Red & Gray
Mascot	Beaver
Website	mit.edu

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, is a university located in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Seal This is a copyrighted and/or trademarked logo. ... A motto is a phrase or a short list of words meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group or organization. ... The date of establishment or date of founding of an institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... A private university is a university that is run without the control of any government entity. ... University President is the title of the highest ranking officer within a university, within university systems that prefer that appellation over other variations such as Chancellor or rector. ... Susan Hockfield, a molecular neurobiologist, became the first woman President of MIT on December 6, 2004 Susan Hockfield was announced as MIT’s sixteenth president on August 26, 2004. ... In some educational systems, an undergraduate is a post-secondary student pursuing a Bachelors degree. ... Having a degree conferred is a requirement of (post)graduate school. ... Cambridge City Hall Cambridge is a city in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 44th 10,555 mi²; 27,360 km² 183 mi; 295 km 113 mi; 182 km 13. ... Urban area is a term used to define an area where there is an increased density of man-made structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... An acre is an English unit of area, which is also frequently used in the United States and some Commonwealth countries. ... A hectare (symbol ha) is a unit of area, equal to 10,000 square meters, commonly used for measuring land area. ... School colors are the colors chosen by a school to represent it on uniforms and other items of identification. ... Mascots at the Mascot Olympics in Orlando, FL. A mascot is something, typically an animal or human character used to represent a group with a common public identity, such as a school, professional sports team (the name often corresponds with the mascot), society or corporation. ... The front page of the English Wikipedia Website. ... MIT Standard Logo Copyright ©2003 MIT. This is a copyrighted and/or trademarked logo. ... A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and doctor) in a variety of subjects. ... Cambridge City Hall Cambridge is a city in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 44th 10,555 mi²; 27,360 km² 183 mi; 295 km 113 mi; 182 km 13. ...

MIT is one of the world's leading research institutions in science and technology, as well as in numerous other fields, including management, economics, linguistics, political science, and philosophy. Among its most prominent departments and schools are the Lincoln Laboratory, the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the MIT Media Lab, the Whitehead Institute and the MIT Sloan School of Management. Management (from Old French ménagement the art of conducting, directing, from Latin manu agere to lead by the hand) characterises the process of leading and directing all or part of an organization, often a business, through the deployment and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible). ... Economics (from the Greek οίκος [oikos], family, household, estate, and νομος [nomos], custom, law, hence household management and management of the state) is a social science that studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and someone who engages in this study is called a linguist or linguistician. ... Political science is a social science discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... MIT Lincoln Laboratory, also known as Lincoln Lab, is a federally funded research and development center managed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and funded by the United States Department of Defense. ... MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, or CSAIL, is an interdisciplinary research laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, formed on July 1, 2003 by the merger of MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. ... The Wiesner Buildings Atrium The MIT Media Lab in the School of Architecture and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology engages in education and research in the digital technology used for expression and communication. ... Founded in 1984, the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research is a non-profit research and teaching institution located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The MIT Sloan School of Management is one of the five schools of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. MIT Sloan is one of the worlds leading business schools, conducting research and teaching in finance, entrepreneurship, marketing, strategic management, economics, organizational behavior, operations management, supply...

History

The Great Dome at MIT, illuminated at night.

In 1861, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts approved a charter for the incorporation of the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston Society of Natural History," submitted by William Barton Rogers, a distinguished natural scientist. This was an important first step toward establishing what Rogers hoped would become a new kind of independent educational institution relevant to an increasingly industrialized America. With the charter approved, Rogers began raising funds, developing a curriculum and appraising suitable real estate. His efforts were hampered by the Civil War, and as a result its first classes were held in rented space at the Mercantile Building in downtown Boston in 1865.^[1] Image File history File links Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... Image File history File links Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... // Definition and linguistics The original phrase common wealth or the common weal is a calque translation of the Latin term res publica (public thing), from which the word republic comes, which was itself used as a synonym for the Greek politeia as well as for the republican (i. ... Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 44th 10,555 mi²; 27,360 km² 183 mi; 295 km 113 mi; 182 km 13. ... This page relates to the founder of MIT. For other men named William Rogers, see William Rogers (disambiguation). ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Abraham Lincoln+ Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Strength 1,556,678 1,064,200 Casualties KIA: 110,100 Total dead: 359,500 Wounded: 275,200 KIA: 74,500 Total dead: 198,500 Wounded: 137,000+  The American... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Construction on the first MIT building was completed in Boston's Back Bay in 1866. In the following years, it established a sterling reputation in the sciences and in engineering, but it also fell on hard financial times. These two factors made it a perfect fit in many peoples' eyes to merge with nearby Harvard University, which was flush with cash but much weaker in the sciences than it was in the liberal arts. Around 1900, a merger^[2]with Harvard was proposed, but was cancelled after protests from MIT's alumni. In 1916, MIT moved across the river to its present location in Cambridge. Aerial view of Back Bay, Boston including the Charles River, Prudential Center and John Hancock Tower Back Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 - The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ...

MIT has been nominally coeducational since admitting Ellen Swallow Richards in 1870. Female students, however, remained a tiny minority (numbered in dozens) prior to the completion of the first women's dormitory, McCormick Hall, in 1964. In the past few years, the ratio of women to men among undergraduate students has approached 1:1. Coeducation is the integrated education of men and women at the same school facilities; co-ed is a shortened adjectival form of co-educational. ... Ellen Swallow Richards (December 3, 1842 — March 30, 1911) was the foremost female industrial and environmental chemist in the United States in the 1800s, pioneering the field of sanitary engineering and founding the field of home economics. ... 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Katharine Dexter McCormick (August 27, 1875 – December 28, 1967) was a U.S. biologist, suffragette, philanthropist and, after her husbands death, heir to a substantial part of the McCormick fortune. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ...

MIT's prominence increased following World War II as the United States government began to fund projects at research universities with immediate or potential defense or national security applications (see Vannevar Bush, Lincoln Laboratory, and Charles Stark Draper Laboratory). Combatants Allies: • Soviet Union, • UK & Commonwealth, • USA, • France/Free France, • China, • Poland, • ...and others Axis: • Germany, • Japan, • Italy, • ...and others Casualties Military dead: 18 million Civilian dead: 33 million Full list Military dead: 7 million Civilian dead: 4 million Full list World War II, also known as the Second World... Federally Funded Research and Developments Centers (FFRDCs) conduct research for the federal government. ... Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 – June 30, 1974) was an American engineer and science administrator, known for his political role in the development of the atomic bomb, and idea of the memex—seen as a pioneering concept for the World Wide Web. ... MIT Lincoln Laboratory, also known as Lincoln Lab, is a federally funded research and development center managed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and funded by the United States Department of Defense. ... The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. ...

During the Watergate scandal, it was revealed that President Nixon's counsel Charles W. Colson had prepared an "enemies list" tabulating people "hostile to the administration." MIT had more names on the list than any other single organization, among them its president Jerome Wiesner and professor Noam Chomsky. Memos revealed during Watergate indicated that Nixon had ordered MIT's federal subsidy cut "in view of Wiesner's anti-defense bias" (see the article on Wiesner for details)^[1]. The Watergate building. ... Order: 37th President Vice President: Spiro Agnew (1969–1973), Gerald R. Ford (1973–1974) Term of office: January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 Preceded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Succeeded by: Gerald R. Ford Date of birth: January 9, 1913 Place of birth: Yorba Linda, California Date of death: April 22... Charles Wendell Chuck Colson was the chief counsel for President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. ... Nixons Enemies List is the informal name of what started as a list of the Nixon administrations major political opponents compiled by Charles Colson and sent in memorandum form to John Dean on September 9, 1971. ... Jerome Wiesner (Jerome Bert Wiesner) (May 30, 1915-October 21, 1994) was an educator, a science advisor to U.S. Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, an advocate for arms control, and a critic of anti-ballistic-missile defense systems. ... Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is the Institute Professor Emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ...

Throughout its history, MIT has focused on invention. An illustrative 1997 report^[2]showed that the aggregated revenues produced by companies founded by MIT and its graduates would make it the twenty-fourth largest economy in the world. In 2001, MIT announced that it planned to put course materials online as part of its OpenCourseWare project. The same year, president Charles Vest made history by being the first university official in the world to admit that his institution had severely restricted the career of women faculty members, researchers, and students through sexist discrimination, and promised to take steps to redress the issue. In August 2004, Susan Hockfield, a molecular neurobiologist, was appointed as MIT's first female president. She took office as the Institute's 16th president on December 6, 2004. 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... MIT OpenCourseWare is an initiative of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to put all of the educational materials from MITs undergraduate- and graduate-level courses online, free and openly available to anyone, anywhere, by the year 2007. ... Charles Marstiller Vest (Chuck) (born 1941) is a U.S. educator and engineer. ... The sign of the headquarters of the National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage Sexism is commonly considered to be discrimination against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits, but can also refer to any and all differentiations based on sex. ... 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December See also: August 2004 in sports Deaths in August 2004 • 30 Fred Whipple • 26 Laura Branigan • 24 Elisabeth Kübler-Ross • 18 Elmer Bernstein • 15 Amarsinh Chaudhary • 14 CzesÅ‚aw MiÅ‚osz • 13 Julia Child • 8 Robert... Susan Hockfield, a molecular neurobiologist, became the first woman President of MIT on December 6, 2004 Susan Hockfield was announced as MIT’s sixteenth president on August 26, 2004. ... Neuroscience is a field of study that deals with the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system, divided into the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the myriad nerve pathways running throughout the body. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

MIT is particularly noted as a educational pioneer in the use of laboratory instruction^[3], and for its founding philosophy of "the teaching, not of the manipulations and minute details of the arts, which can be done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of all the scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them;"^[4] for the Radiation Laboratory's contributions to radar development during the Second World War; for contributions to electronic computation, particularly Project Whirlwind and magnetic core memory; and as an influencer of U. S. national science policies during the years of the Cold War (Leslie, 1994). The Radiation Laboratory or often RadLab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology was in operation from October 1940 until December 31, 1945. ... The Whirlwind computer was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... A 16×16 cm area core memory plane of 128×128 bits, i. ... The Cold War was the protracted geostrategic, economic, and ideological struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their respective and emerging alliance partners. ...

As of 2006, MIT's endowment stands at $6.7 billion dollars, sixth-largest in the United States. For a survey of the ways popular culture has viewed the school — many of them not so serious — see MIT in popular culture. In addition, see MIT people for a list of prominent individuals who are or have been associated with the Institute. This list of US colleges and universities by endowment contains the 55 universities in the United States that have an endowment of at least 1 billion US dollars (at fiscal year-end 2005). ... Popular culture, or pop culture, is the vernacular (peoples) culture that prevails in any given society. ... The mad scientist is one character type frequently referenced in connection with MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an educational and research institution in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has been referenced in many works of cinema, television and the written word. ... This is a list of famous individuals associated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, including graduates, former students, and professors. ...

Ranking and reputation

Since the inception of the US News and World Report US college rankings, MIT's overall ranking has fluctuated between #3 and #7 in the nation. The top five schools by peer reputation ("prestige") according to US News are the same every year, however, with MIT, Harvard, Stanford, Princeton and Yale all scoring 4.9/5.0, always above any other schools. U.S. News & World Report is a weekly newsmagazine. ...

The National Research Council, in a 1995 study ranking research universities, placed MIT first in "mean score of reputation rating" and fourth for "citations or awards density" for all programs. ^[3]

The Atlantic Monthly ranked MIT in 2004 as the most selective university in the United States, and it is consistently ranked #1 or #2 in terms of selectivity in most rankings. However, because of its longstanding tradition of meritocratic admissions,^[4] in the U.S. undergraduate attendance at MIT has not conveyed the same social cachet to some individuals as attendance at older liberal arts institutions such as Harvard, Yale or Princeton.^[5] February 1862 edition of The Atlantic Monthly, with The Battle Hymn of the Republic on the front page. ...

Organization

The Tang Center at the
MIT Sloan School of Management

Tang Center at MIT Sloan School of Management Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... Tang Center at MIT Sloan School of Management Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... The MIT Sloan School of Management is one of the five schools of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. MIT Sloan is one of the worlds leading business schools, conducting research and teaching in finance, entrepreneurship, marketing, strategic management, economics, organizational behavior, operations management, supply...

MIT's schools

MIT is organized into five schools and one college which contain 26 academic departments:

• School of Architecture and Planning: Architecture, Media Arts and Sciences, Urban Studies and Planning
• School of Engineering: Aeronautics and Astronautics, Biological Engineering Division, Computational and Systems Biology, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Engineering Systems Division, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear Science and Engineering
• School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences: Anthropology, Comparative Media Studies, Economics, Foreign Languages and Literatures, History, Humanities, Linguistics and Philosophy, Literature, Music and Theatre Arts, Political Science, Science, Technology, and Society, Writing and Humanistic Studies
• Alfred P. Sloan School of Management
• School of Science: Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Chemistry, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Mathematics, Physics
• The Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology: Also known as the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology.

The MIT Sloan School of Management is one of the five schools of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. MIT Sloan is one of the worlds leading business schools, conducting research and teaching in finance, entrepreneurship, marketing, strategic management, economics, organizational behavior, operations management, supply... The Department of Mathematics at MIT is one of the leading mathematics departments in America. ... Founded in 1970, the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, or HST, is one of the oldest and largest biomedical engineering and physician-scientist training programs in the United States and the longest-standing functional collaboration between Harvard and MIT. HST HSTs unique interdisciplinary educational program brings...

Other MIT labs and groups

MIT also has many laboratories, centers and programs which cut across disparate disciplines. These include:

• MIT Media Lab
• Lincoln Laboratory
• MIT Enterprise Forum^[5]
• MIT Entrepreneurship Center
• MIT Center for eBusiness
• Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
• The Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems
• Radiation Lab
• Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation^[6]
• Center for Cancer Research^[7]
• Francis Bitter Magnet Lab^[8]
• Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies^[9]
• McGovern Institute for Brain Research^[10]
• Picower Institute for Learning and Memory^[11]
• Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
• Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
• MIT Nuclear Reactor Lab^[12]
• Lean Aerospace Initiative^[13]
• MIT Operations Research Center^[14]
• MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center

The Wiesner Buildings Atrium The MIT Media Lab in the School of Architecture and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology engages in education and research in the digital technology used for expression and communication. ... MIT Lincoln Laboratory, also known as Lincoln Lab, is a federally funded research and development center managed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and funded by the United States Department of Defense. ... The MIT Enterprise Forum, Inc. ... The MIT Entrepreneurship Center is one of the largest research and teaching centers at the MIT Sloan School of Management. ... The Center for eBusiness at MIT is the largest research center based at the MIT Sloan School. ... MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, or CSAIL, is an interdisciplinary research laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, formed on July 1, 2003 by the merger of MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. ... The MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems is a research labotarory of MIT, working in the areas of communication, controls, and signal processing. ... The Radiation Laboratory or often RadLab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology was in operation from October 1940 until December 31, 1945. ... Logo of Deshpande Center MIT has a long tradition of nurturing innovation, providing the technology for new companies, and of building successful relationships with larger corporations that fund research. ... Founded in 1984, the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research is a non-profit research and teaching institution located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, formerly the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research (WICGR), is a multidisciplinary institution dedicated to fulfilling the potential of genomics for the biomedical sciences. ...

External relationships

MIT has close ties to a number of institutions.

An example of cooperation, "The Coop" is the official bookstore of both institutions

MIT has a friendly rivalry with Harvard University which dates back to the earliest days of the Institute, and the aforementioned merger talks between the two schools. Today, they cooperate as much as they compete, with many joint conferences and programs, including the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology,^[15] the Broad Institute, and the Harvard-MIT Data Center.^[16] In addition, students at the two schools can cross-register without any additional fees, for credits toward their own school's degrees. Another cross-registration program exists between MIT and Wellesley College, a renowned women's college in suburban Wellesley, MA. The city of Cambridge is notable for the presence of two major research universities within two miles of each other. A third major research university, Boston University, is located between MIT and Harvard on the Boston side of the Charles River. These three schools jointly run the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology.^[17] Harvard MIT Co-op Logo Image Copyright © 1990 by the Harvard-MIT Co-op. ... Harvard MIT Co-op Logo Image Copyright © 1990 by the Harvard-MIT Co-op. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, formerly the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research (WICGR), is a multidisciplinary institution dedicated to fulfilling the potential of genomics for the biomedical sciences. ... Cross-registration in United States higher education is a system allowing students at one university, college, or faculty within a university to take individual courses for credit at another institution or faculty, typically in the same region. ... Wellesley College is a womens liberal arts college that opened in 1875, founded by Henry Fowle Durant and his wife Pauline Fowle Durant. ... Wellesley is a town located in Norfolk County, Massachusetts. ... (For the unrelated similarly-named Jesuit-associated university in Chestnut Hill, see Boston College. ... Charles River in Cambridge The Charles River is a small, relatively short Massachusetts river that separates Boston from Cambridge and Charlestown. ...

The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, now an independent defense contractor, was founded as the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, and still shares some facilities and faculty with MIT. (The Draper Lab, which designed missile guidance systems, was spun off during the Vietnam War to assuage antiwar feeling on campus and in the city of Cambridge, while holding on to the more lucrative defense contracts at Lincoln Laboratory.) The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution runs its graduate program jointly with MIT. The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 1,250,000+ US dead: 58,226 US wounded... MIT Lincoln Laboratory, also known as Lincoln Lab, is a federally funded research and development center managed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and funded by the United States Department of Defense. ... The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) is devoted to scientific research and science- and engineering-education leading to MS and PhD degrees in oceanography and related fields. ...

MIT maintains an undergraduate exchange program with the University of Cambridge in England, and a partnership known as the Cambridge-MIT Institute, which was established to bring the entrepreneurial spirit of MIT to Britain and to increase knowledge exchange between universities and industry. MIT also has close but informal ties with one of Britain's top engineering universities, the University of Southampton, which has its own thriving collection of spin-off businesses. The University of Cambridge, located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Languages English (de facto) Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ... The Cambridge-MIT Institute, or CMI, is a partnership between the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... University of Southampton Dolphin logo The University of Southampton is a British university situated in the city of Southampton, on the south-coast of the United Kingdom. ...

MIT was instrumental in setting up and development of Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT Kanpur). Collaborative research conducted at IIT Kanpur has led to significant original contributions and have been widely cited. A large number of students pursued advanced degrees in USA and many of them have grown to become international authorities in critical areas of science and technology. The Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) is one of the Indian Institutes of Technology, set up in the then-industrial city of Kanpur in 1960. ...

MIT has also set up relationships with the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore known as the Singapore-MIT alliance. This has enabled it to take quality engineering education to a higher number of students. In 2004, MIT set up the MIT-Zaragoza Logistics Program modelled on its own masters degree in logistics. The MIT-Zaragoza program was set up with the local government of Aragon, University of Zaragoza and MIT and hopes to bring quality education in logistics and supply chain management to Europe. The National University of Singapore (Abbreviation: NUS; Chinese: 新加坡国立大学; pinyin: XÄ«njiāpō Guólì Dàxué; Abbreviated 国大; Malay: Universiti Nasional Singapura; Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் தேசிய பல்கலைக்) is Singapores oldest university, and remains the largest in the country in terms of student enrolment and curriculum offered. ... Nanyang Technological University (Abbreviated NTU; Chinese: 南洋理工大学; abbreviated: 南大; Malay: Universiti Teknologi Nanyang) has a 2 km² campus in Jurong, in the south-western part of Singapore, some 25 km from the city centre. ... Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA) was founded in [1998]] as an initiative to develop research talents who can contribute locally to the economy. ... It has been suggested that Logistics Overview be merged into this article or section. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 217 514  2,9%  25,51/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... The building of the Faculty of Medicine and Sciences in Zaragoza. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ...

The Malaysia University of Science and Technology^[18](MUST) was set up under a collaborative agreement between MIT and MUST Ehsan Foundation. MUST's syllabus are modelled after MIT's selected courses in order to create a curriculum for MUST's Masters degree program.

MIT publishes the mass-market magazine Technology Review through a subsidiary company. Alumni of the Institute receive copies with an "MIT News" section added, so that Technology Review serves as the Institute's official alumni magazine. Technology Review is an innovation and technology magazine affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ...

MIT students are involved in a variety of community service projects, especially in educational outreach to middle and high school students. This ranges from programs held on the MIT campus to federal work-study working with students at a variety of local schools.

Culture and student life

MIT notes that it has never awarded an honorary degree, and that the only way to receive an MIT diploma is to earn it. In addition, it does not award athletic scholarships, ad eundem degrees, or Latin honors upon graduation — the philosophy is that the honor is in being an MIT graduate. It does on rare occasions award honorary professorships; Winston Churchill was so honored in 1949 and Salman Rushdie in 1993. ^[6] MIT faculty and students pride themselves on pure intellectual ability and achievement, and MIT professors often say that they grade with "all the letters of the alphabet." Due to these academic pressures, MIT culture is characterized by a love-hate relationship. The school's informal motto is the initialism IHTFP^[19] ("I hate this fucking place," jocularly euphemized as "I have truly found paradise," "Institute has The finest professors," etc.). An honorary degree (Latin: honoris causa ad gradum) is an extra-ordinary academic degree awarded to an individual as a decoration, rather than as the result of matriculating and studying for several years. ... An ad eundem degree is a courtesy degree awarded by one university or college to an alumnus of another. ... Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an academic degree was earned. ... Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... Salman Rushdie Salman Rushdie (born Ahmed Salman Rushdie, Urdu: أحمد سلمان رشدی, Hindi: अह्मद सलमान रश्डी on June 19, 1947, in Bombay, India) is an Indian-born British essayist and author of fiction, most of which is set on the Indian subcontinent. ... While the word fuck, used literally, refers to having sexual intercourse, it is commonly considered extremely vulgar in this usage. ...

A plaque of George Eastman, founder of Kodak, whose nose displays a high polish from generations of MIT students who would rub it for good luck on the way to exams.

In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder, published The Hidden Curriculum, in which he argues that a mass of unstated assumptions and requirements dominates MIT students' lives and inhibits their ability to function creatively. Snyder contends that these unwritten regulations often outweigh the "formal curriculum"'s effect, and that the situation is not unique to MIT. Plaque of George Eastman at MIT Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... Plaque of George Eastman at MIT Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... George Eastman (July 12, 1854 - March 14, 1932) founded the Eastman Kodak Co. ... Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... The Hidden Curriculum (1973 edition) The Hidden Curriculum (1970) is a book by Benson R. Snyder, the then-Dean of Institute Relations at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ...

The school has a powerful anti-authoritarian ethos in which it is believed that one's social status should be determined by raw intellectual prowess rather than by social class or organizational position. Other beliefs that are strongly held by people within the school are that information should be widely disseminated and not held secret, and that truth is a matter of empirical reality rather than the result of popular belief or management directive. Many of the values of the Institute have influenced the hacker ethic. The term "hacker" and much of hacker culture originated at MIT, starting with the TMRC and MIT AI Lab in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Resident hackers have included Richard Stallman and professors Gerald Jay Sussman and Tom Knight. At MIT, however, the term "hack" has multiple meanings. "To hack" can mean to physically explore areas (often on-campus, but also off) that are generally off-limits such as rooftops and steam tunnels. "Hack" as a noun also means an elaborate practical joke, and not just a clever technical feat. The best hacks are humorous technical feats. The most famous hacks have been the weather balloon saying "MIT" which popped up out of the ground on the 50 yard line at the Harvard / Yale Football Game, and The Great Dome Police Car Hack, where the body shell of a campus police car mysteriously appeared on the top of the almost inaccessible Great Dome one morning, complete with a dozen donuts. ^[7] The Great Dome was also "dressed" as R2-D2 to celebrate the release of Star Wars Episode I. See also hack (technology slang) and roof and tunnel hacking. In modern parlance, the hacker ethic is either: the belief that information-sharing is a powerful positive good, and that it is an ethical duty of hackers to share their expertise by writing free software and facilitating access to information and computing resources wherever possible; and/or the belief that... The Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC), a student organization at MIT, is one of the most famous model railroad clubs in the world. ... ... An image of Richard Stallman from the cover of the OReilly book Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallmans Crusade for Free Software by Sam Williams (2002). ... Gerald Jay Sussman is the Matsushita Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). ... Tom Knight is a senior research scientist in the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the MIT EECS department. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Game (always capitalized) is a title used to describe several college football rivalry games, but most particularly the annual game in November at the end of the schools football season, between the Harvard University Crimson and the Yale University Bulldogs or Elis, currently alternating between Harvard Stadium and the... For the weapons system nicknamed R2-D2, see Phalanx CIWS. R2-D2 (called R2 for short), is an astromech droid and colleague of C-3PO in the fictional Star Wars universe, created not long before 32 BBY. R2-D2 was played by Kenny Baker in all 6 Star Wars films... Film poster for Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace is a 1999 film by George Lucas starring Liam Neeson, Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, and Jake Lloyd. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A mural by Roof & Tunnel Hackers at MIT-- 2004 Roof and Tunnel Hacking is the unauthorized (generally prohibited and often outright illegal) entry into and exploration of roof and utility tunnel spaces. ...

MIT's particular strain of anti-authoritarianism has manifested itself in other forms. In 1977, two female students, juniors Susan Gilbert and Roxanne Ritchie, were disciplined for publishing an article on April 28 of that year in the "alternative" MIT campus weekly Thursday. Entitled "Consumer Guide to MIT Men," the article was a sex survey of 36 men the two claimed to have slept with, and the men were rated according to their sexual performance. Gilbert and Ritchie had intended to turn the tables on the rating systems and facebooks men use for women, but their article led not only to disciplinary action against them, but also to a protest petition signed by 200 students, as well as condemnation by President Jerome B. Wiesner, who published a fierce criticism of the article. ^{[20] [21]} For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ...

MIT has a student athletics program offering 44 varsity-level sports. The Institute's sports teams are called the Engineers, their mascot since 1914 being a beaver, "nature's engineer." (Or sometimes: "The beaver is the engineer among animals—MIT students are the animals among engineers.") Lester Gardner, a member of the Class of 1898, provided the following justification: "The beaver not only typifies the Tech, but his habits are particularly our own. The beaver is noted for his engineering and mechanical skills and habits of industry. His habits are nocturnal. He does his best work in the dark." They participate in the NCAA's Division III, the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference, the New England Football Conference, and NCAA's Division I and Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) for crew. They fielded several dominant intercollegiate Tiddlywinks teams through 1980, winning national and world championships^[22]. MIT teams have won or placed highly in national championships in pistol, track and field, cross country, crew, and water polo. 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Binomial name Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820 The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) is a large semi-aquatic rodent native to Canada, most of the United States and parts of northern Mexico. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA, often said NC-Double-A) is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletics programs of many colleges and universities in the United States. ... The New England Womens and Mens Athletic Conference (or NEWMAC) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA’s Division III. Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the States of Connecticut, and Massachusetts. ... The New England Football Conference is an athletic conference which competes in football in the NCAAs Division III. Member teams are located in New England. ... The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA, often said NC-Double-A) is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletics programs of many colleges and universities in the United States. ... Tiddlywinks is a game played with sets of small, thin discs (called winks) lying on a hard surface. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX in Roman) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...

MIT also features a campus radio station, an annual "mystery hunt" run on Martin Luther King Day weekend, and one of the oldest modern Western square dance clubs in the country. The MIT Science Fiction Society claims to have the "world's largest open-shelf collection of science fiction" in English. WMBR is the MIT-run student broadcasting station. ... The MIT Mystery Hunt is a puzzlehunt competition held each January at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... Martin Luther King Jr. ... Modern Western square dance (also called Western square dance, contemporary Western square dance, or modern American square dance) is one of two types of square dancing, along with traditional square dance. ... The MIT Science Fiction Society (or MITSFS) is a literary society and library of science fiction and fantasy books and magazines, located at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ...

A hack done with the lights of Simmons Hall

Undergraduate housing. The undergraduate dormitories tend to be extremely close-knit, and the Institute provides live-in graduate student tutors and faculty housemasters who have the dual role of both helping students and monitoring them for medical or health problems. Students are permitted to select their dorm and floor upon arrival on campus, and as a result diverse communities arise in living groups. Although many dorms contain a wide range of living options, the dorms east of Massachusetts Avenue are stereotypically more involved in countercultural activities. Many MIT students live in fraternities, sororities, and independent living groups; however, after the alcohol-related death of Scott Krueger in September 1997, MIT made several decisions that affected the lives of undergraduates in subsequent years, including the decision that all freshmen live in on-campus housing beginning in 2002. Simmons Hall was constructed as a response to the increased housing demand this decision brought about. Image File history File links Residents of MITs Simmons Hall collaborated to make a smiley face on the buildings facade, December 8, 2002. ... Image File history File links Residents of MITs Simmons Hall collaborated to make a smiley face on the buildings facade, December 8, 2002. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe a cultural group whose values and norms are at odds with those of the social mainstream, a cultural equivalent of a political opposition. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII in Roman) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Cusco album, see 2002 (album). ...

Brass Rat. Despite the disdain that many MIT graduates profess for academic tradition, a very large number of them proudly wear an MIT class ring, which is large, heavy, distinctive, and easily recognized from a considerable distance. Originally created in 1929, the ring's official name is the "Standard Technology Ring," but its colloquial name is far more well known—the "Brass Rat." The undergraduate ring design varies slightly from year to year to reflect the unique character of the MIT experience for that class but always features a three-piece design, with the MIT seal and the class year each appearing on a separate shank, flanking a large rectangular bezel bearing an image of a beaver. 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Binomial name Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820 The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) is a large semi-aquatic rodent native to Canada, most of the United States and parts of northern Mexico. ...

Undergraduate academics

Barker Library, inside the Great Dome

There is a large amount of pressure in the classes, which have been characterized as "drinking from a fire hose" or "academic boot camp." Although the perceived pressure is high, the failure rate, both from classes and the Institute as a whole, is low. The school's emphasis on technical excellence and information sharing, as well as its policy of housing undergraduates of all four classes together, results in a situation where students are encouraged to help each other through difficult classes. This culture of helpfulness offsets the academic stress to a certain degree. Furthermore, students are not assigned letter grades in their first semester; instead, they are graded Pass/No Record. To allow the students to gradually adjust to regular grading, second semester is ABC/No Record. For both semesters, classes that a student fails are noted on the internal transcript but erased from all external records. (Prior to the 2002-03 academic year, both terms were graded Pass/No Record.) In subsequent terms, students receive letter grades without a modifier (+ or -). A student's grade point average is calculated on a 5.0 scale, with A=5, B=4, C=3, D=2, and F=0. Barker Library at MIT Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... Barker Library at MIT Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... For the Cusco album, see 2002 (album). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A grade in education can mean either a teachers evaluation of a students work or a students level of educational progress, usually one grade per year (often denoted by an ordinal number, such as the 3rd Grade or the 12th Grade). This article is about evaluation of...

Majors are numbered with Roman numerals; for example, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science is Course VI, while Mathematics is Course XVIII. Students will typically refer to their major by the course number, saying "he's Course Eighteen" rather than "he's a math major." Subjects within each course also have numeric identifications, which most students use more frequently than the written names; the course number is given with an Arabic numeral, then a decimal point, and a subject number. This pattern differs from that of many U.S. universities; the course which many universities would designate as "Physics 101" is, at MIT, "8.01."

Course requirements

All undergraduate students are required to take a variety of courses (called the General Institute Requirements, or GIRs) beyond those required for their major. These include physics, biology, chemistry, calculus, and eight terms of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (HASS). The core Physics curriculum has recently shifted to a seminar-style "technology-enabled" format which has been met with praise from some students and by complaints from others. The HASS requirements are intricately constructed: students must take three "distribution" or "HASS-D" classes, which are designed so that they give broad subject overviews with little or no prerequisites. Furthermore, students must choose a "concentration" among the HASS subdepartments (which are not the same as the numeric HASS-D categories). Concentrations typically require three or four classes within that subject. A Superconductor demonstrating the Meissner Effect Physics (from the Greek, φυσικός (physikos), natural, and φύσις (physis), nature) is the science of the natural world dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces. ... Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of life. ... Chemistry (derived from the Arabic word kimia, alchemy, where al is Arabic for the) is the science that deals with the properties of organic and inorganic substances and their interactions with other organic and inorganic substances. ... Integral and differential calculus is a central branch of mathematics, developed from algebra and geometry. ...

Those students who graduated earlier than the Class of 2005 had a writing requirement which was divided between "Phase I" and "Phase II." A Phase II paper typically involved researching a topic in one's field of interest and writing about it in a suitable style for a textbook or a journal article. More recent graduating classes have exchanged this procedure for the "Communication Intensive" system. Students are required to take two "CI" classes within their chosen major ("CI-M" courses). These classes are chosen by the department to instruct the students in the forms of communication used in that field. In addition to the CI-Ms, students are required to take two CI classes outside their major, chosen from the HASS departments. ^[23]

The General Institute Requirements, and in particular the HASS arrangements, have drawn criticism from some quarters. In the spring of 2005, a student-operated advisory committee was formed to address the merits of changing the GIR curricula. The committee's initial report stressed the need to simplify the HASS system in particular. Blog-based discussions brought student input on the initial report, but the committee did not substantially revise their paper, deciding instead to include an addendum with students' opinions that had been expressed online. ^[24] A subsequent proposal includes a shift away from the original HASS requirements to voluntary classes for those interested in humanities. A blog is a website in which items are posted on a regular basis and displayed in reverse chronological order. ...

Class structure

Most of the science and engineering classes follow a standard pattern. Typically, a professor gives a lecture that explains a concept. Then, teaching assistants lead recitations to explore fuller details, or often to provide students help on homework problems. Problem sets (colloquially known as "psets"), given roughly weekly, are designed to enable the student to master the concept. Students often gather in informal groups to solve the problem sets, and it is within these groups that much of the actual learning takes place. Over time, students compile "bibles," collections of problem set and examination questions and answers. They may be created over several years and are often handed down "from generation to generation"—bearing in mind that "generations" of student time may be short-lived.

These "bibles" were one issue addressed in Snyder's The Hidden Curriculum. After studying the behavior of MIT and Wellesley students, Snyder observed that the "bibles" are often in fact counterproductive; they fool professors into believing that their classes are acquiring knowledge as intended, locking professors and students into a feedback cycle to the detriment of actual education. The Hidden Curriculum (1973 edition) The Hidden Curriculum (1970) is a book by Benson R. Snyder, the then-Dean of Institute Relations at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ...

In many classes, especially those beyond the introductory classes, the problem sets make up a relatively small fraction of the grade. The rest of the evaluation consists of performance on tests, which typically contain grueling problems that measure the students' ability to apply their knowledge, often to something not specifically covered in class. Problem sets and tests, even for the large introductory freshmen classes, are usually free response, hand graded, with much partial credit given to people who almost get the answer right. This is highly labor intensive, and after a test for a large class one can see a room full of teaching assistants and professors hand-grading the examinations.

The lack of machine grading and multiple-choice stems from the belief that understanding the concept is almost as important as getting the right answer. For example, students are seldom strongly penalized for making arithmetic mistakes, and partial credit tends to be generous. Tests often consist of a small number of large problems which are subdivided into smaller steps. Test problems are intentionally extremely difficult and often clever, and are designed so that few students can obtain a perfect score. On the other hand, the assignment of grades reflects the difficulty, and most classes end with a grade distribution centered around a B.

Although professors often use the average performance of a class to gauge the difficulty of an exam or a course, MIT policy does not permit grade cutoffs based purely on predetermined percentages or statistics (i.e., grading "on a curve") ^[25]. This policy is intended, in part, to prevent a competitive atmosphere where the students want one another to do poorly in order to improve their own prospects.

Graduate academics

Unlike most colleges and universities around the world, at MIT the graduate population outnumbers the undergraduate (60% of the student body are graduate students). MIT graduate students can work towards Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Doctor of Science (ScD), Engineer, Master of Science (SM), Master of Engineering (MEng), Master of Architecture (MArch), Master in City Planning (MCP), and Master of Business Administration (MBA) depending on their department affiliation.

In addition to the work that each department does for its graduate program, the Graduate Students Office provides additional support for the graduate students, and the Graduate Student Council organizes many events (such as the MIT Graduate Student Orientation) and lobbies for the interests of students. In addition to these two Institute-wide organizations, there are many departmental and special-interest groups that cater to the graduate community.

Architecture

Killian Court and The Great Dome

A network of underground tunnels connects many of the buildings, providing protection from the Cambridge weather. The bridge closest to MIT is the Harvard Bridge, which is marked off in the fanciful unit called the Smoot. The Kendall MBTA Red Line station is located on the far northeastern edge of the campus. The neighborhood of MIT is a mixture of high tech companies seeded by MIT alumni combined with residential neighborhoods of Cambridge (see Kendall Square). Killian Court at MIT Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... Killian Court at MIT Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... The Harvard Bridge (also known locally as the MIT bridge or the Mass Ave bridge) is the longest bridge over the Charles River. ... The smoot is a nonstandard unit of length created as part of an MIT fraternity prank. ... Kendall/MIT Station, Fall 2004 Kendall/MIT Station is located in Kendall Square at the intersection of Broadway and Main Street, in Cambridge. ... View of Boston from the Red Line The Red Line is the newest of the MBTA rapid transit lines in the Boston, Massachusetts area. ... Kendall Square is a neighborhood in Cambridge, Massachusetts, located around the intersection of Main Street, Broadway, Wadsworth Street, and Third Street. ...

Naming and pronunciation

MIT buildings [26] all have a number (or a number and a letter) designation and most have a name as well. Typically, academic and office buildings are referred to only by number while residence halls are referred to by name. Rooms on campus are referred to by building number designation, followed by a dash, followed by the floor in the building on which the room resides, followed by the room number on that floor. Thus, the classroom "10-250" (pronounced "ten two fifty") is actually room "50" on the second floor of building 10. Campus visitors will often be confused when they hear students say something like "I have 18.02 ['eighteen oh two'] in 2-102 ['two one oh two'] and then 5.111 ['five one eleven' or 'five eleven one'] in 10-250 ['ten two fifty']," and indeed this contributes to MIT's eccentric reputation. (For information on pronouncing course number designations, see here.) However, based on the above, it is clear that this phrase translates into English as "I have Multivariable Calculus in building 2, first floor, room 2 followed by Introductory Chemistry in building 10, second floor, room 50." The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Multivariable calculus is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus in several variables: the functions which are differentiated and integrated involve several variables rather than one variable. ... Chemistry (derived from the Arabic word kimia, alchemy, where al is Arabic for the) is the science that deals with the properties of organic and inorganic substances and their interactions with other organic and inorganic substances. ...

The organization of building numbers on campus may appear random, but there is some order to it and it is believed to roughly correspond to the order in which the buildings were built. Buildings 1-10 were the original main campus, with building 10, the location of the Great Dome, designed to be the main entrance. Buildings 1-8 are arranged symmetrically around building 10, with odd-numbered buildings to the west and even-numbered buildings to the east.

The east side of campus has "the 6s", several connecting buildings that end with the digit 6. (Buildings 6, 16, 26, 36 and 56, with buildings 46 across the street from 36.) The 30s buildings run along Vassar street on the north side of main campus. Buildings that are East of Ames Street are prefixed with an 'E' (e.g. E52, the Sloan Bulding); those West of Massachusetts Avenue generally start with a 'W' (e.g. W20, the Stratton Student Center).

Early constructions

One striking part of the campus is Killian Court, also known as the Great Court, in front of the Great Dome, where commencement is held (as well as the annual J. Edgar Hoover Memorial Celebration on May 2, for several years following his death on May 2, 1972), but most of the campus contains a jumble of different architectural styles which many accuse of lacking elegance. A few other buildings are architecturally significant, including Baker House (the dormitory designed by Alvar Aalto) and Eero Saarinen's Kresge Auditorium and MIT Chapel. The first buildings constructed on the Cambridge campus are known officially as the Maclaurin buildings, completed in 1916, after Institute president Richard Maclaurin who oversaw their construction; they surround Killian Court on three sides. On one side of Killian Court is the Infinite Corridor, which serves as something of a main artery for the campus, connecting east campus with west campus. The Infinite Corridor runs through two domes: the Great Dome, which is featured in most publicity shots, and the lesser dome (surmounting what is known as "Lobby 7" after its building number), which opens into Massachusetts Avenue, and which is the entrance most often used as well as the official address of the Institute as a whole. The Star Trek episode "Bread and Circuses" uses a shot of the Great Dome to depict a generic building on a planet dominated by ancient Roman culture. Hoover in 1961 John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the founder of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in its present form and its director from May 10, 1924 until his death in 1972. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1972 calendar). ... A dormitory at MIT designed by the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. ... Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 - May 11, 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. ... Saarinens Gateway Arch frames The Old Courthouse, which sits at the heart of the city of Saint Louis, near the rivers edge. ... Kresge Auditorium from rear, looking toward I. M. Peis Green Building. ... Exterior. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 - The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Richard Cockburn Maclaurin (1870 - 1920), was a U.S. educator and physicist. ... The Infinite Corridor is the hallway, 251 meters (825 feet) long, that runs through the main building of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... Star Trek collectively refers to a science-fiction franchise spanning six unique television series, 726 episodes and ten feature films in addition to hundreds of novels, computer and video games, fan stories and other works of fiction all set within the same fictional universe created by Gene Roddenberry in the... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,553,873 almost 4,300,000 1. ...

Frieze on Building 2 dedicated to Newton

The Maclaurin buildings, in many ways the public "entrance" of MIT, were designed by William Welles Bosworth based on plans developed by wealthy alumnus and hydraulic engineer John Ripley Freeman. Bosworth's design was drawn so as to admit large amounts of light through exceptionally large windows on the first and second floors, many internal windows—not only on office doors but above door-level, and skylights over huge stairwells. The interior decor of the Maclaurin buildings is stylistically consistent throughout. Its major architectural features are the Infinite Corridor, an impressive central dome, and the expansive domed lobby at the main 77 Massachusetts Ave. entrance. The friezes of these buildings are carved in large Roman letters with the names of Aristotle, Newton, Franklin, Pasteur, Lavoisier, Faraday, Archimedes, da Vinci, Darwin, and Copernicus; each of these names is surmounted by a cluster of appropriately related names in smaller letters. Lavoisier, for example, is placed in the company of Boyle, Cavendish, Priestley, Dalton, Gay Lussac, Berzelius, Woehler, Liebig, Bunsen, Mendelejeff [sic], Perkin, and van't Hoff. Newton Tower at MIT Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... Newton Tower at MIT Photograph taken by Jackson Frakes. ... Sir Isaac Newton, PRS, (4 January [O.S. 25 December 1642] 1643 – 31 March [O.S. 20 March] 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, inventor and natural philosopher who is generally regarded as one of the most influential scientists in history. ... The Infinite Corridor is the hallway, 251 meters (825 feet) long, that runs through the main building of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... Aristotle (Ancient Greek: AristotelÄ“s 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, who studied with Plato and taught Alexander the Great. ... Sir Isaac Newton, PRS, (4 January [O.S. 25 December 1642] 1643 – 31 March [O.S. 20 March] 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, inventor and natural philosopher who is generally regarded as one of the most influential scientists in history. ... Benjamin Franklin by Jean-Baptiste Greuze 1777 Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most prominent of the Founders and early political figures and statesmen of the United States. ... Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. ... Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. ... Michael Faraday Michael Faraday, FRS (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was a British scientist (a physicist and chemist) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. ... Archimedes of Syracuse. ... Leonardo da Vinci (Vinci, Italy, April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, Cloux, France) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: an architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter. ... In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as an influential scientist examining controversial topics. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... Robert Boyle The Honourable Robert Boyle (January 25, 1627 - December 30, 1692) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, noted for his work in physics and chemistry. ... Henry Cavendish (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810) was a British scientist. ... Joseph Priestley is often credited for the discovery of oxygen. ... John Dalton John Dalton (September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844) was a British chemist and physicist, born at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth in Cumberland. ... Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (December 6, 1778–May 10, 1850) was a French chemist and physicist. ... Jöns Jakob Berzelius Statue of Berzelius in the centre of Berzelii Park, Stockholm Jöns Jakob Berzelius (August 20, 1779 - August 7, 1848) was a Swedish chemist. ... Friedrich Wöhler Friedrich Wöhler (July 31, 1800 - September 23, 1882) was a German chemist, best-known for his synthesis of urea, but also the first to isolate several of the elements. ... Freiherr Justus von Liebig (May 12, 1803 in Darmstadt, Germany - April 18, 1873 in Munich, Germany) was a German chemist. ... Bunsen redirects here. ... Portrait of Dmitri Mendeleev by Ilya Repin Dmitri Mendeleev (Russian: , Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev (help· info)) (8 February [O.S. 27 January] 1834 in Tobolsk – 2 February [O.S. 20 January] 1907 in Saint Petersburg), was a Russian chemist. ... Sir William Henry Perkin (March 12, 1838 – July 14, 1907) was an English chemist best known for his discovery, at the age of 18, of the first aniline dye, mauveine. ... Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff (August 30, 1852 - March 1, 1911) was a Dutch physical and organic chemist and the winner of the inaugural Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ...

I. M. Pei '40 designed a number of MIT buildings constructed in this period, including the Green Building (Building 54), headquarters of the Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science Department and the tallest building on campus; Building 66, the Chemical Engineering Department; and the Weisner Building (Building E15), the Media Laboratory, whose tiled exterior was designed by Kenneth Noland.
The Louvre Pyramid, Paris Ieoh Ming Pei (Chinese: 貝聿銘; Hanyu Pinyin: ; b. ... Green Building, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... Kenneth Noland (born 1924) is an American painter. ...

Recent building efforts

MIT's Stata Center for Computer, Information and Intelligence Sciences

A major building effort has been underway for several years (as of 2006), including the Simmons Hall dormitory (designed by Steven Holl), the Zesiger sports and fitness center, and a new home for the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, the Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, and the McGovern Institute for Brain Research (designed by Charles Correa). A photograph of MITs Stata Center. ... A photograph of MITs Stata Center. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Simmons Hall. ... Steven Holls design for Simmons Hall of MIT won the Harleston Parker Medal in 2004. ... Rendering of human brain based on MRI data Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... The McGovern Institute for Brain Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a research and teaching center, which conducts integrated research in neuroscience, molecular neurobiology, cognitive science, computation and related areas. ... Charles Correa is an Indian architect, Planner, activist, theoretician and a fundamental figure in the world-wide panorama of the contemporary architecture. ...

The Frank Gehry-designed Stata Center opened in March, 2004. Boston Globe architecture columnist Robert Campbell wrote a glowing appraisal of the building on April 25th. According to Campbell, "the Stata is always going to look unfinished. It also looks as if it's about to collapse. Columns tilt at scary angles. Walls teeter, swerve, and collide in random curves and angles. Materials change wherever you look: brick, mirror-surface steel, brushed aluminum, brightly colored paint, corrugated metal. Everything looks improvised, as if thrown up at the last moment. That's the point. The Stata's appearance is a metaphor for the freedom, daring, and creativity of the research that's supposed to occur inside it." Campbell stated that the cost overruns and delays in completion of the Stata Center are of no more importance than similar problems associated with the building of St. Paul's Cathedral. The 2005 Kaplan/Newsweek guide "How to Get into College,"^[27]which lists twenty-five universities its editors consider notable in some respect, recognizes MIT as having the "hottest architecture," placing most of its emphasis on the Stata Center. Gehrys most famous work, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Ephraim Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is an architect known for his sculptural approach to building design. ... Stata Center The Ray and Maria Stata Center is a 430,000-ft² (40,000 m²) academic complex designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Frank Gehry for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... St Pauls Cathedral is a cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London in London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. ...

The building of the Stata Center necessitated the removal of the much-beloved Building 20 in 1998. Building 20 was erected hastily during World War II as a temporary building that housed the historic Radiation Laboratory. Over the course of fifty-five years, its "temporary" nature allowed research groups to have more space, and to make more creative use of that space, than was possible in more respectable buildings. Simson Garfinkel quoted Professor Jerome Y. Lettvin as saying "You might regard it as the womb of the Institute. It is kind of messy, but by God it is procreative!"^[8] The Radiation Laboratory or often RadLab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology was in operation from October 1940 until December 31, 1945. ...

For an overview of the various sculptures and art-related installations at MIT, see MIT artwork. This article is intended to highlight significant artwork on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) campus, of which MIT has a remarkably fine collection. ...

MIT people

As of 2005, 61 current or former members of the MIT community have won the Nobel Prize, 14 of them in the last five years. For more information, see Nobel Prize laureates by university affiliation Sir Edward Appletons medal Photographs of Nobel Prize Medals. ... Nobel Prizes have always been a source of pride for universities, suggesting their excellence in teaching or in providing research opportunities. ...

• List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology people

List of MIT Presidents: This is a list of famous individuals associated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, including graduates, former students, and professors. ...

• William Barton Rogers (1862–1870, 1879–1881)
• John Daniel Runkle (1870–1878)
• Francis Amasa Walker (1881–1897)
• James Crafts (1897–1900)
• Henry Smith Pritchett (1900–1907)
• Arthur Amos Noyes (acting 1907–1909)
• Richard Cockburn Maclaurin (1909–1920)
• Elihu Thomson (acting 1920–1921, 1922–1923)
• Ernest Fox Nichols (1921–1922)
• Samuel Wesley Stratton (1923–1930)
• Karl Taylor Compton (1930–1948)
• James Rhyne Killian (1948–1959)
• Julius Adams Stratton (1959–1966)
• Howard Wesley Johnson (1966–1971)
• Jerome Wiesner (1971–1980)
• Paul Edward Gray (1980–1990)
• Charles Marstiller Vest (1990–2004)
• Susan Hockfield (2004—)

This page relates to the founder of MIT. For other men named William Rogers, see William Rogers (disambiguation). ... John Daniel Runkle (1822 - 1902) was a U.S. educator and mathematician. ... Francis Amasa Walker (1840–1897) was a United States economist and educator. ... James Crafts (March 8, 1839 - 20 June 1917) was an American chemist, most famous for developing the Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with Charles Friedel in 1877. ... Henry Smith Pritchett (April 16, 1857 – August 28, 1939) was a U.S. astronomer and educator. ... Arthur Amos Noyes (1866 – 1936) was a U.S. chemist and educator. ... Richard Cockburn Maclaurin () (1870 - 1920), was a U.S. educator and physicist. ... Elihu Thomson (March 29, 1853 - March 13, 1937) was an engineer who was instrumental in the founding of major electrical companies in the United States, Britain and France. ... Ernest Fox Nichols (June 1, 1869– April 29, 1924) was a U.S. educator and physicist. ... Samuel Wesley Stratton (1861 - 1931) was a U.S. administrator and educator. ... Karl Taylor Compton (1887-1954) was a prominent American physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (1930-1948). ... James Rhyne Killian (1904-1988) was the 10th president of MIT from 1948 until 1959. ... Julius Adams Stratton (1901 - 1994) was a U.S. educator. ... Howard Wesley Johnson (born 1922) was a U.S. educator. ... Jerome Wiesner (Jerome Bert Wiesner) (May 30, 1915-October 21, 1994) was an educator, a science advisor to U.S. Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, an advocate for arms control, and a critic of anti-ballistic-missile defense systems. ... Paul Edward Gray (born 1932) was the 14th president of MIT. He is an electrical engineer. ... Charles Chuck Marstiller Vest (born 1941) is a U.S. educator and engineer. ... Susan Hockfield, a molecular neurobiologist, became the first woman President of MIT on December 6, 2004 Susan Hockfield was announced as MIT’s sixteenth president on August 26, 2004. ...

Further reading

• Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford, Columbia University Press 1994

• T. F. Peterson, Nightwork: A History of Hacks and Pranks at MIT, MIT Press, 2003.

• Julius A. Stratton and Loretta H. Mannix, Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT, MIT Press, 2005.

References

1. ^  1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 4, p. 292: "[MIT] was a pioneer in introducing as a feature of its original plans laboratory instruction in physics, mechanics, and mining."
2. ^  The Founding of MIT, cites (1) Letter, William Barton Rogers to Henry Darwin Rogers, March 13, 1846, William Barton Rogers Papers (MC 1), Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries.
3. ^  "Lists of White House 'Enemies' and Memorandums Relating to Those Named," The New York Times, June 28, 1973, p. 38.
4. ^  MIT: The Impact of Innovation. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
5. ^  MIT Enterprise Forum. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
6. ^  Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
7. ^  MIT Nuclear Reactor Lab. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
8. ^  Center for Cancer Research. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
9. ^  Francis Bitter Magnet Lab. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
10. ^  Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
11. ^  McGovern Institute for Brain Research. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
12. ^  Picower Institute for Learning and Memory. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
13. ^  Lean Aerospace Initiative. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
14. ^  MIT Operations Research Center. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
15. ^  Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
16. ^  Harvard-MIT Data Center. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
17. ^  Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
18. ^  Malaysia University of Science and Technology. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
19. ^  IHTFP. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
20. ^  incorporation in the design of the class ring. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
21. ^  http://www-tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_097/TECH_V097_S0241_P012.txt. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
22. ^  http://www-tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_092/TECH_V092_S0210_P007.pdf. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
23. ^  Ted Morgan, On Becoming American (Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1978), pp. 330-1.
24. ^  2006 Ring Committee - Ring Design. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
25. ^  Communication Requirement: Students and Advisors. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
26. ^  The Task Force: Students. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
27. ^  U-INFO: How You Are Graded. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
28. ^  MIT - campus map home. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
29. ^  MIT - campus map home. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
30. ^  "How to Get into College,". URL accessed on November 23, 2005.

1. ↑ Andrews, Elizabeth, Nora Murphy, and Tom Rosko(2004), William Barton Rogers: MIT's Visionary Founder (Charter, laboratory instruction, first classes in Mercantile building).
2. ↑ National Selection Committee Ballot - Power of the NSC. URL accessed on November 23, 2005.
3. ↑ Diamond, Nancy and Hugh Davis Graham (1995), How should we rate research universities?
4. ↑ Anthony, R. (2004), "Gaining Speed," Spectrum (Winter 2004): Marilee Jones, MIT's dean of admissions refers to "MIT's meritocratic tradition."
5. ↑ Baltzell, E. Digby (1996). Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia, Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-560-00830-X. Page 249 states, "the three major upper-class institutions in America have been Harvard, Yale, and Princeton."
6. ↑ Daniel C. Stevenson. "Rushdie Stuns Audience 26-100" MIT Tech Vol. 113, No. 61 (30 November 1993): 1.
7. ↑ Hacks by Year.
8. ↑ Garfinkel, Simpson (1991), "Building 20: The Procreative Eyesore," Technology Review, 94 (November/December 1991), page MIT11, as cited by the MIT Libraries website Quotes and Stories about Building 20

(Some entries on this page have been duplicated on August 1. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1973 calendar). ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ted Morgan, French-American writer, biographer, journalist, and historian, born Le Comte Sanche Armand Gabriel de Gramont on March 30, 1932, in Geneva, the son of Gabriel Antoine Armand, Comte de Gramont (1908-1943), a hero of the French Resistance. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

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