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Message Digest Algorithm 2 (MD2) is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1989. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers. MD2 is specified in RFC 1319. Although other algorithms have been proposed since, such as MD4, MD5 and SHA, even as of 2004 MD2 remains in use in public key infrastructures as part of certificates generated with MD2 and RSA. In cryptography, a cryptographic hash function is a hash function with certain additional security properties to make it suitable for use as a primitive in various information security applications, such as authentication and message integrity. ...
Professor Ron Rivest Professor Ronald Linn Rivest (born 1947, Schenectady, New York) is a cryptographer, and is the Viterbi Professor of Computer Science at MITs Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
8-bit refers to the number of bits used in the data bus of a computer. ...
MD4 is a message digest algorithm (the fourth in a series) designed by Professor Ronald Rivest of MIT in 1990. ...
In cryptography, MD5 (Message-Digest algorithm 5) is a widely-used cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value. ...
Sha (Ш, ш) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant sound or . ...
2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In cryptography, a public key infrastructure (PKI) is an arrangement that provides for trusted third party vetting of, and vouching for, user identities. ...
In cryptography, a public key certificate (or identity certificate) is a certificate which uses a digital signature to bind together a public key with an identity — information such as a the name of a person or an organisation, their address, and so forth. ...
In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public-key encryption. ...
Description
The 128-bit hash value of any message is formed by padding it to a multiple of the block length on the computer (128 bits or 16 bytes) and adding a 16-byte checksum to it. For the actual calculation, a 48-byte auxiliary block and a 256-byte table generated indirectly from the digits of the fractional part of pi are used. Once all of the blocks of the (lengthened) message have been processed, the first partial block of the auxiliary block becomes the hash value of the message. A byte is commonly used as a unit of storage measurement in computers, regardless of the type of data being stored. ...
A checksum is a form of redundancy check, a very simple measure for protecting the integrity of data by detecting errors in data that is sent through space (telecommunications) or time (storage). ...
Lower-case π (the lower case letter is used for the constant) This article is about the mathematical constant. ...
MD2 hashes The 128-bit (16-byte) MD2 hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MD2 hash: In mathematics and computer science, base-16, hexadecimal, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix or base of 16 usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F or a–f. ...
There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ...
MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") = 03d85a0d629d2c442e987525319fc471 Even a small change in the message will (with probability) result in a completely different hash, e.g. changing d to c: MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog") = 6b890c9292668cdbbfda00a4ebf31f05 The hash of the zero-length string is: MD2("") = 8350e5a3e24c153df2275c9f80692773
Security Rogier and Chauvaud (1997) described collisions of MD2's compression function, although they were unable to extend the attack to the full MD2.
In 2004, MD2 was shown to be vulnerable to a preimage attack with time complexity equivalent to 2104 applications of the compression function (Muller, 2004). The author concludes, "MD2 can no longer be considered a secure one-way hash function". 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
In cryptography, a preimage attack on a cryptographic hash differs from a collision attack. ...
In computer science, computational complexity theory is the branch of the theory of computation that studies the resources, or cost, of the computation required to solve a given problem. ...
References - Burt Kaliski, MD2 Message Digest Algorithm, April 1992.
- Frédéric Muller, The MD2 Hash Function is Not One-Way, ASIACRYPT 2004, pp214–229.
- N. Rogier and Pascal Chauvaud, MD2 is not Secure without the Checksum Byte, Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 12(3), pp245–251, 1997.
- Lars R. Knudsen and John Erik Mathiassen, Preimage and Collision Attacks on MD2. FSE 2005.
Lars R. Knudsen Lars Ramkilde Knudsen (born February 21, 1962) is a Danish researcher in cryptography, particularly the design and analysis of block ciphers, hash functions and message authentication codes (MACs). ...
External links - Serversniff.net Online-Tool to compute MD2-Hashes out of strings
- Online Char (ASCII), HEX, Binary, Base64, etc... Encoder/Decoder with MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA1+2, etc. hashing algorithms
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