NationMaster - Encyclopedia: MIMO

Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO, (pronounced mee-moh or mai-moh) refers to the use multiple antennas both at the transmitter and receiver to improve the performance of radio communication systems. It is one of several forms of smart antenna (SA) in a narrow sense or the state of the art of SA technology. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Smart Antenna refers to a system of antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms that are used to identify the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. ...

MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications, since it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency (more bits per second per Hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). Because of these properties, MIMO is a central theme of international wireless research currently (2007). (Refer to: Research trend in MIMO literature) For the use of the term in networking, see Wireless networking. ... Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO, (pronounced mee-moh or mai-moh) refers to the use multiple antennas both at the transmitter and receiver to improve the performance of radio communication systems. ...

Various wireless systems such as WPAN, WLAN, WMAN and Cellular, are expected to equip MIMO. Consumer electronic markets (e.g., Best Buy) now sell a number of WLAN AP/STAs equipped MIMO (e.g., ). International standards of WMAN (WiMax) and Cellular (3GPP/3GPP2) have accepted to apply MIMO into their specifications as mandatory base technology. For WPAN, research of new MIMO technology such as exploiting multi-user degree of freedom is on the beginning stage. Therefore, the effect of MIMO technology on wireless economics looks unpredictably high, noting that 7 trillion wireless devices for 70 billion people in 2017' (Refer to: WWRF in 4G). A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) offers broadband network access via exterior antennas. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... For the defunct chain of catalog showrooms, see Best Products. ... Official WiMax logo WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article needs cleanup. ... A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. ... Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO, (pronounced mee-moh or mai-moh) refers to the use multiple antennas both at the transmitter and receiver to improve the performance of radio communication systems. ... This article is about the mobile phone standard. ...

History of MIMO

Background technologies

The earliest ideas in this field go back to work by A.R. Kaye and D.A. George (1970) and W. van Etten (1975, 1976). Jack Winters and Jack Salz at Bell Laboratories published several papers on beamforming related applications in 1984 and 1986. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) was the main research and development arm of the United States Bell System. ...

Principal technologies

Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath proposed the concept of Spatial Multiplexing using MIMO in 1993. Their US Patent No. 5,345,599 issued 1994 on Spatial Multiplexing emphasized applications to wireless broadcast.

In 1996, Greg Raleigh and Gerard J. Foschini refine new approaches to MIMO technology, which considers a configuration where multiple transmit antennas are co-located at one transmitter to improve the link throughput effectively. Gerard J. Foschini, born in Jersey City, New Jersey is a telecommunications engineer who has worked for Bell Laboratories since 1961. ...

Bell Labs was the first to demonstrate a laboratory prototype of spatial multiplexing (SM) in 1998, where spatial multiplexing is a principal technology to improve the performance of MIMO communication systems. Spatial multiplexing is a transmission technique in MIMO wireless communication to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas. ...

Commercial areas

Wireless standards

In the commercial arena, Iospan Wireless Inc. developed the first commercial system in 2001 that used MIMO-OFDMA technology. Iospan technology supported both diversity coding and spatial multiplexing. In 2005, Airgo Networks had developed a pre-11n version based on their patents on MIMO. Following that in 2006, several companies (Broadcom, Intel,..) have fielded a MIMO-OFDM solution based on a pre-standard for IEEE 802.11n WiFi standard. Also in 2006, several companies (Beceem Communications, Samsung, Runcom Technologies, etc.) have developed MIMO-OFDMA based solutions for IEEE 802.16e WIMAX broadband mobile standard. All upcoming 4G systems will also employ MIMO technology. Several research groups have demonstrated over 1 Gbit/s prototypes. Airgo Networks (formerly Woodside Networks), is a Palo Alto, California-based company specializing in the development of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless technology. ... IEEE 802. ... The IEEE 802. ... This article is about the mobile phone standard. ...

See also: MIMO technology in WiMAX
See also: MIMO technology in 3G mobile standards

// WiMAX is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standard IEEE 802. ... 3G MIMO describes MIMO techniques which have been considered as 3G standard techniques. ...

Functions of MIMO

MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories, precoding, spatial multiplexing, or SM, and diversity coding. Precoding is genralized beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in MIMO systems. ... Spatial multiplexing is a transmission technique in MIMO wireless communication to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas. ... Diversity Coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by space-time coding. ...

Precoding is multi-layer beamforming in a narrow sense or all spatial processing at the transmitter in a wide-sense. In (single-layer) beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate phase (and sometimes gain) weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of beamforming are to increase the signal gain from constructive combining and to reduce the multipath fading effect. In the absence of scattering, beamforming results in a well defined directional pattern, but in typical cellular conventional beams are not a good analogy. When the receiver has multiple antennas, the transmit beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antenna and precoding is used. Note that precoding requires knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. Beamforming is a signal processing technique used with arrays of transmitting or receiving transducers that control the directionality of, or sensitivity to, a radiation pattern. ...

Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures, the receiver can separate these streams, creating parallel channels for free. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the lesser in the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used with or without transmit channel knowledge.

Diversity coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas using certain principles of full or near orthogonal coding. Diversity exploits the independent fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding. A spaceâ€“time code (STC) is a method employed to improve the reliability of data transmission in wireless communication systems using multiple transmit antennas. ...

Spatial multiplexing can also be combined with precoding when the channel is known at the transmitter or combined with diversity coding when decoding reliability is in trade-off.

Forms of MIMO

MIMO communications

Image File history File links MIMO_communications. ... Image File history File links MIMO_communications. ...

Multi-antenna types

Up to now, multi-antenna MIMO (or Single user MIMO) technology has been mainly developed and is implemented in some standards, e.g. 802.11n (draft) products.

SISO/SIMO/MISO are degenerate cases of MIMO
- Multiple-input and single-output (MISO) is a degenerate case when the receiver has a single antenna.
- Single-input and multiple-output (SIMO) is a degenerate case when the transmitter has a single antenna.
- single-input single-output (SISO) is a radio system where neither the transmitter nor receiver have multiple antenna.

Principal single-user MIMO techniques
- Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST), Gerard. J. Foschini (1996)
- Per Antenna Rate Control (PARC), Varanasi, Guess (1998), Chung, Huang, Lozano (2001)
- Selective Per Antenna Rate Control (SPARC), Ericsson (2004)

Some limitations
- The physical antenna spacing are selected to be large-multiple wavelengths at the base station. The antenna separation at the receiver is heavily space constrained in hand sets, though advanced antenna design and algorithm techniques are under discussion. Refer to: Advanced MIMO

The word degeneracy has more than one meaning: In general, degeneracy means reverting to an earlier, simpler, state In mathematics, a limiting case in which a class of object changes its nature so as to belong to another, usually simpler, class. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. ... MIMO communications Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) is a set of advanced MIMO technology that exploits the multiple user degree of freedom, whereas (single-user) MIMO makes good use of the multiple antenna degree of freedom. ...

Multi-user types

Recently, the research on multi-user MIMO technology is emerging. While full multi-user MIMO (or network MIMO) can have higher potentials, from its practicality the research on (partial) multi-user MIMO (or multi-user and multi-antenna MIMO) technology is more active.

Multi-user MIMO (MU-MMIO)
- In 3GPP/3GPP2, there have been active discussions with many companies including Samsung, Qualcomm, Ericsson, TI, Huawei, Philips, Alcatel-Lucent, Freescale, et al.
- PU²RC allows the network to allocate each antenna to the different users instead of allocating only single user as in single-user MIMO scheduling. The network can transmit user data through a codebook-based spatial beam or physical antenna. Efficient user scheduling, such as pairing spatially distinguishable users with codebook based spatial beams, are additionally discussed for the simplification of wireless networks in terms of additional wireless resource requirements and complex protocol modification.
- Enhanced multiuser MIMO: 1) Employ advanced decoding techniques, 2) Employ advanced precoding techniques
- SDMA represents either space-division multiple access or super-division multiple access where super emphasises that orthogonal division such as frequency and time division is not used but non-orthogonal approaches such as super-position coding are used.

Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)
- Utilizes distributed antennas which belong to other users.

MIMO Routing
- Routing a cluster by a cluster in each hop, where the number of nodes in each cluster is larger or equal to one. MIMO routing is different from conventional (SISO) routing since conventional routing protocols route a node by a node in each hop^[1].

Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) is a technique for advanced MIMO communications. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article needs cleanup. ... PU2RC is the world first codebook based multi-user MIMO platform[1], which is a similar to Linux as a world wide coopertive OS platform. ... SDMA or space-division multiple access is a channel access method which enables the use of the same frequency (for instance on GSM systems) at the same time in different spaces (cells). ... Coopertive MIMO utilizes distributed antennas which belong to other users. ... This article is about routing (or routeing) in computer networks. ...

Applications of MIMO

Spatial multiplexing techniques makes the receivers very complex, and therefore it is typically combined with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) or with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) modulation, where the problems created by multi-path channel are handled efficiently. The IEEE 802.16e standard incorporates MIMO-OFDMA. The IEEE 802.11n standard, which is expected to be finalized soon, recommends MIMO-OFDM. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) â€” essentially identical to Coded OFDM (COFDM) â€” is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme, which uses a large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers. ... Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multiple access scheme for OFDM systems. ... The IEEE 802. ... The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-ee) is an international non-profit, professional organization incorporated in the State of New York, United States. ... IEEE 802. ...

MIMO is also planned to be used in Mobile radio telephone standards such as recent 3GPP and 3GPP2 standards. In 3GPP, High-Speed Packet Access plus (HSPA+) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards take MIMO into account. Moreover, to fully support cellular environments MIMO research consortia including IST-MASCOT propose to develop advanced MIMO techniques, i.e., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article needs cleanup. ... HSPA+ (or HSPA Evolution) is a 3G mobile telephony protocol defined in 3GPP release 7 (expected in 2007). ... 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the name given to a project within the Third Generation Partnership Project to improve the UMTS mobile phone standard to cope with future requirements. ... Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) is a technique for advanced MIMO communications. ...

MIMO is also proposed to be used in Gigabit DSL(GDSL), which is based on Binder MIMO Channel.^[2].

Mathematical description

MIMO channel model

In MIMO systems, a transmitter sends multiple streams by multiple transmit antennas. The transmit streams go through a matrix channel which consists of multiple paths between multiple transmit antennas at the transmitter and multiple receive antennas at the receiver. Then, the receiver gets the received signal vectors by the multiple receive antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into the original information. Here is a MIMO system model: Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular table of elements (or entries), which may be numbers or, more generally, any abstract quantities that can be added and multiplied. ... In mathematics, a vector space (or linear space) is a collection of objects (called vectors) that, informally speaking, may be scaled and added. ...

$mathbf{y} = mathbf{H}mathbf{x} + mathbf{n}$

where $mathbf{y}$ and $mathbf{x}$ are the receive and transmit vectors, respectively. In addition, $mathbf{H}$ and $mathbf{n}$ are the channel matrix and the noise vector, respectively.

The average capacity of a MIMO system is as follows:

$C = E[max_{mathbf{Q}} log_2 (mathbf{I} + mathbf{H}mathbf{Q}mathbf{H}^{H})]$

which is min(N_t, N_r) times larger than that of a SISO system

MIMO literature

Principal researches

Papers by Gerard J. Foschini and Michael J. Gans^[3], Foschini^[4] and Emre Telatar have shown by Telatar that the channel capacity (a theoretical upper bound on system throughput) for a MIMO system is increased as the number of antennas is increased, proportional to the minimum number of transmit and receive antennas. This basic finding in information theory is what led to a spurt of research in this area. A text book by A. Paulraj, R. Nabar and D. Gore has published an introduction to this area ^[5] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Not to be confused with information technology, information science, or informatics. ...

Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff (DMT)

There exists a fundamental tradeoff between diversity and multiplexing in a MIMO system (Zheng and Tse, 2003) ^[6]

Research trend

In the IEEE international VTC 2007 fall conference (30 September – 3 October 2007, Renaissance Harborplace Hotel, Baltimore), approximately 130 MIMO, or spatial processing, based papers are presented among whole 420 high quality wireless communication papers. Those about 130 MIMO papers treat not only antenna processing but also various wireless technologies over MIMO configurations. Also part of papers take into account multi-user MIMO in addition to multi-antenna MIMO. Multi-user type techniques regard multiple active users as a basic unit of multiple element processing while multiple antenna elements are considered for the same resources in multi-antenna MIMO.

Given the nature of MIMO, it is not limited to wireless communication. It can be used to wire line communication as well. For example, a new type of DSL technology (Gigabit DSL) has been proposed based on Binder MIMO Channels.

References

^ S. Cui, A. J. Goldsmith, and A. Bahai (August, 2004). "Energy-efficiency of MIMO and Cooperative MIMO in Sensor Networks". IEEE J. Select. Areas of Commun. 22 (6): 1089-1098.
^ B. Lee, J. Cioffi, et al, (August, 2007). "Binder MIMO Channels". IEEE Transactions on Commun. 55 (8): 1617-1628.
^ Gerard J. Foschini and Michael. J. Gans (January 1998). "On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas". Wireless Personal Communications 6 (3): 311–335.
^ Gerard J. Foschini (autumn 1996). "Layered space-time architecture for wireless communications in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas". Bell Labs Technical Journal 1: 41–59.
^ A. Paulraj, R. Nabar and D. Gore. Introduction to Space-time Communications.
^ L. Zheng and D. N. C. Tse (May 2003.). "Diversity and multiplexing: A fundamental tradeoff in multiple-antenna channels". IEEE Trans. Inf. Th. 49 (5): 1073–1096.

External links

Web sites

Computerworld QuickStudy MIMO
Links to suggested readings in MIMO - WCSP Group - University of South Florida (USF)

Books

Oestges, Claude, Clerckx, Bruno, "MIMO Wireless Communications : From Real-world Propagation Ot Space-time Code Design," Academic, 2007.07.16, 448p, ISBN : 0123725356

Categories: Wireless communications | IEEE 802 | Information theory | Radio resource management

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