NationMaster - Encyclopedia: MMR vaccine

The MMR vaccine is a mixture of three live attenuated viruses, administered via injection for immunization against measles, mumps and rubella. It is generally administered to children around the age of one year, with a booster dose before starting school (i.e. age 4/5). In the United States, the vaccine was licensed in 1963 and the booster began in the mid 1990s. It is widely used around the world; since introduction of its earliest versions in the 1970s, over 500 million doses have been used in over 60 countries. As with all vaccinations, long-term effects and efficacy are subject to continuing study. The vaccine is sold by Merck as M-M-R II, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals as Priorix, Serum Institute of India as Tresivac, and sanofi pasteur as Trimovax. Attenuated redirects here. ... A child being immunized against polio. ... Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... A vial of the vaccine against influenza. ... Efficacy is the ability to produce a desired amount of a desired effect. ... Merck & Co. ... Recherche et Industrie ThÃ©rapeutiques (R.I.T.) was founded in Genval, Belgium, as a penicillin factory in 1945 by Dr Pieter De Somer, the former rector of the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium). ... Sanofi pasteur is the vaccines business of sanofi-aventis Group. ...

Effectiveness

Before the widespread use of a vaccine against measles, its incidence was so high that infection with measles was felt to be "as inevitable as death and taxes."^[1] Today, the incidence of measles has fallen to less than 1% of people under the age of 30 in countries with routine childhood vaccination. Image File history File links Measles_incidence-cdc. ... Image File history File links Measles_incidence-cdc. ... Incidence is a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time. ...

The benefit of vaccination against measles in preventing illness, disability, and death has been well-documented. The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths.^[2] During 1999–2004, a strategy led by the World Health Organization and UNICEF led to improvements in measles vaccination coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million measles deaths worldwide.^[3] Mental retardation is a term for a pattern of persistently slow learning of basic motor and language skills (milestones) during childhood, and a significantly below-normal global intellectual capacity as an adult. ... WHO redirects here. ... UNICEF Logo The United Nations Childrens Fund or UNICEF (Arabic: ; French: ; Spanish: ) was established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946. ...

Measles is endemic worldwide. Although it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, high rates of vaccination and good communication with persons who refuse vaccination is needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles in the U.S.^[4] Of the 66 cases of measles reported in the U.S. in 2005, slightly over half were attributable to one unvaccinated individual who acquired measles during a visit to Romania.^[5] This individual returned to a community with many unvaccinated children. The resulting outbreak infected 34 people, mostly children and virtually all unvaccinated; 9% were hospitalized, and the cost of containing the outbreak was estimated at $167,685. A major epidemic was averted due to high rates of vaccination in the surrounding communities.^[4] In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. ...

Mumps is another viral disease of childhood that was once very common. A known but relatively rare complication of mumps is sterility in males. This article is about biological infectious particles. ... This article is about the medical term. ... Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a man or a woman to contribute to conception. ...

Rubella, otherwise known as German measles, was also very common before the advent of widespread vaccination. The major risk of rubella is if a pregnant woman is infected, her baby may contract congenital rubella from her, which can cause significant congenital defects.^[6] Image File history File links Rubella-us-1966-93-cdc. ... Image File history File links Rubella-us-1966-93-cdc. ... Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. ... This article is about human pregnancy in biological females. ... Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can occur in a developing fetus of a pregnant woman who has contracted rubella during her first trimester. ... A congenital disorder is a medical condition or defect that is present at or before birth (for example, congenital heart disease). ...

The combined MMR vaccine was introduced to induce immunity less painfully than three separate injections at the same time, and sooner and more efficiently than three injections given on different dates.

In 2005, the Cochrane Library published a review of 31 scientific studies. One of its main results: "We could not identify studies assessing the effectiveness of MMR that fulfilled our inclusion criteria even though the impact of mass immunisation on the elimination of the diseases has been largely demonstrated." Its authors concluded, "Existing evidence on the safety and effectiveness of MMR vaccine supports current policies of mass immunisation aimed at global measles eradication in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with mumps and rubella."^[7] The Cochrane Library is a collection of databases in medicine and other healthcare specialties provided by the Cochrane Collaboration. ...

Development, formulation and administration

The component viral strains of MMR vaccine were developed by propagation in animal and human cells. The live viruses require animal or human cells as a host for production of more virus.

For example, in the case of mumps and measles viruses, the virus strains were grown in embryonated hens' eggs and chick embryo cell cultures. This produced strains of virus which were adapted for the hens egg and less well-suited for human cells. These strains are therefore called attenuated strains. They are sometimes referred to as neuroattenuated because these strains are less virulent to human neurons than the wild strains. A vial of the vaccine against influenza. ... Virulence refers to the degree of pathogenicity of a microbe, or in other words the relative ability of a microbe to cause disease. ...

The Rubella component, Meruvax, is propagated using a human cell line (WI-38, named for the Wistar Institute) derived in 1961 from embryonic lung tissue.^[8] The use of human cell lines has led to some religious controversy.^[9] The Wistar Institute is a scientific institute located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States specializing in the fields of immunology and cell biology. ... See vaccination, antivaccinationist With the exception of the Christian Scientists and the Dutch Orthodox Reformed church (about 2% of the population of the Netherlands) all religions normally encountered support vaccination and other immunisations in 2006. ...

MMR II is supplied freeze-dried (lyophilized) and contains live viruses. Before injection it is reconstituted with the solvent provided. An Agar Plate -- an example of a bacterial growth medium. ... MumpsvaxÂ® is a Mumps vaccine made of weakened Mumps virus. ... Jeryl Lynn are strains of mumps virus used in the Mumpsvax mumps vaccine made by Merck. ... Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a disease caused by the rubella virus. ... Freeze drying (also known as Lyophilization) is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material, or to make the material more convenient for transport. ...

The MMR vaccine is administered by a subcutaneous injection. High vaccination coverage before 2 years of age is important, and a second ("booster") injection is needed to achieve satisfactory levels of immunity and hence interrupt virus transmission. The booster may be given as early as one month after the first dose.^[13] An injection is a method of putting liquid into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body. ...

Safety

Adverse reactions, rarely serious, may occur from each component of the MMR vaccine. 10% of children develop fever, malaise and a rash 5–21 days after the first vaccination; 5% develop temporary joint pain.^[14] Older women appear to be more at risk to joint pain, acute arthritis, and even (rarely) chronic arthritis.^[15] Anaphylaxis is an extremely rare but serious allergic reaction to the vaccine.^[16] The vaccine product brief lists many other adverse reactions.^[17] An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) is a term to describe the unwanted, negative consequences sometimes associated with the use of medications. ... Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out of sorts feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. ... Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic (multi-system) and severe Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction in humans and other mammals. ...

The number of reports on neurologic disorders is very small, other than evidence for an association between a form of the MMR vaccine containing the Urabe mumps strain and rare adverse events of aseptic meningitis, a transient mild form of viral meningitis.^[15]^[18] The UK National Health Service stopped using the Urabe mumps strain in the early 1990s due to cases of transient mild viral meningitis, and switched to a form using the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain instead.^[19] The Urabe strain remains in use in a number of countries; MMR with the Urabe strain is much cheaper to manufacture than with the Jeryl Lynn strain,^[20] and a strain with higher efficacy along with a somewhat higher rate of mild side effects may still have the advantage of reduced incidence of overall adverse events.^[19] Aseptic meningitis is a condition in which the layers lining of the brain, or meninges, become inflamed and a pyogenic bacterial source is not to blame. ... NHS redirects here. ... Jeryl Lynn are strains of mumps virus used in the Mumpsvax mumps vaccine made by Merck. ... Jeryl Lynn are strains of mumps virus used in the Mumpsvax mumps vaccine made by Merck. ... Efficacy is the ability to produce a desired amount of a desired effect. ...

The Cochrane Library review found several problems in the quality of MMR vaccine safety studies. Its authors concluded by recommending the adoption of standardized definitions of adverse events. The review's abstract concludes, "The design and reporting of safety outcomes in MMR vaccine studies, both pre- and post-marketing, are largely inadequate. The evidence of adverse events following immunisation with MMR cannot be separated from its role in preventing the target diseases."^[7]

Claims about autism

In the UK, the MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy after publication of a 1998 paper by Andrew Wakefield et al. reporting a study of twelve children who had autism spectrum disorders and bowel symptoms, in many cases with onset observed soon after administration of MMR vaccine.^[21] During a 1998 press conference, Wakefield suggested that giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer than a single jab. This suggestion was not supported by the paper, and several subsequent peer-reviewed studies have failed to show any association between the vaccine and autism.^[22] Administering the vaccines in three separate doses does not reduce the chance of adverse effects, and it increases the opportunity for infection by the two diseases not immunized against first.^[22]^[23] Wakefield has been heavily criticized on scientific grounds and for triggering a decline in vaccination rates,^[24] as well as on ethical grounds for the way the research was conducted.^[25] The MMR vaccine controversy is over the safety of the MMR vaccine. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Andrew Wakefield (born 1956 in the United Kingdom) is a Canadian trained surgeon, best known as the lead author of a controversial 1998 research study, published in The Lancet, which reported bowel symptoms in a selected sample of twelve children with autistic spectrum disorders and other disabilities, and alleged a... A boy with autism and his mother Autism refers to a spectrum of disorders, and lies somewhere under the umbrella of a greater encompassing spectrum, that of pervasive developmental disorders that involve the functioning of the brain. ...

In 2004, after an investigation by The Sunday Times,^[26] the interpretation section of the study, which identified a general association in time between the vaccine and autism, was formally retracted by ten of Wakefield's twelve coauthors.^[27] The Centers for Disease Control,^[28] the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences,^[29] the UK National Health Service^[30] and the Cochrane Library review^[7] have all concluded that there is no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see The Sunday Times (disambiguation). ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ... The Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, is an American organization whose purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health (National Academy of Sciences, n. ... President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ... NHS redirects here. ...

MMRV vaccine

The MMRV vaccine, a combined MMR and varicella vaccine, has been proposed as a replacement for the MMR vaccine to simplify administration of the vaccines.^[13] The MMRV vaccine combines the attenuated virus MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine with the addition of chickenpox vaccine. ... The MMRV vaccine combines the attenuated virus MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine with the addition of chickenpox vaccine. ...

See also

Eradication is the reduction of an infectious diseases prevalence in the a human population to zero. ...

References

^ Babbott FL Jr, Gordon JE (1954). "Modern measles". Am J Med Sci 228 (3): 334–61. PMID 13197385.
^ Bloch AB, Orenstein WA, Stetler HC et al. (1985). "Health impact of measles vaccination in the United States". Pediatrics 76 (4): 524–32. PMID 3931045.
^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2006). "Progress in reducing global measles deaths, 1999–2004". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 (9): 247–9. PMID 16528234.
^ ^a ^b Parker AA, Staggs W, Dayan GH et al. (2006). "Implications of a 2005 measles outbreak in Indiana for sustained elimination of measles in the United States". N Engl J Med 355 (5): 447–55. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa060775. PMID 16885548.
^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2006). "Measles—United States, 2005". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 (50): 1348–51. PMID 17183226.
^ Rubella vaccine information. National Network for Immunization Information (2006-09-25). Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Price D (2005). "Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19 (4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub2. PMID 16235361. Lay summary – Abstract and plain language summary (2005-10-19).
^ ViroMed Laboratories (2004). Selected profiles of cell cultures: WI-38. Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
^ Pontifical Academy for Life (2005). Moral reflections on vaccines prepared from cells derived from aborted human foetuses. Center for Bioethics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart. Retrieved on 2007-08-17.
^ Attenuvax Product Sheet (PDF) 1. Merck & Co (September 2002). Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
^ Merck Co. (1990, 1999). MUMPSVAX (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live) Jeryl Lynn™ Strain. Merck Co..
^ Young ML, Dickstein B, Weibel RE, Stokes J, Buynak EB, Hilleman MR (1967). "Experiences with Jeryl Lynn strain live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in a pediatric outpatient clinic". Pediatrics 40 (5): 798-803. PMID 6075651.
^ ^a ^b Vesikari T, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Rentier B, Gershon A (2007). "Increasing coverage and efficiency of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and introducing universal varicella vaccination in Europe: a role for the combined vaccine". Pediatr Infect Dis J 26 (7): 632–8. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3180616c8f. PMID 17596807.
^ Harnden A, Shakespeare J (2001). "10-minute consultation: MMR immunisation". BMJ 323 (7303): 32. PMID 11440943.
^ ^a ^b Schattner A (2005). "Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines". Vaccine 23 (30): 3876–86. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.005. PMID 15917108.
^ Carapetis JR, Curtis N, Royle J (2001). "MMR immunisation. True anaphylaxis to MMR vaccine is extremely rare". BMJ 323 (7317): 869. PMID 11683165.
^ "M-M-R II (measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live)" (PDF). Merck (2007). Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
^ Institute of Medicine (1994). "Measles and mumps vaccines", Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality. National Academy Press. ISBN 0309074967.
^ ^a ^b Colville A, Pugh S, Miller E, Schmitt HJ, Just M, Neiss A (1994). "Withdrawal of a mumps vaccine". Eur J Pediatr 153 (6): 467–8. PMID 8088305.
^ Fullerton KE, Reef SE (2002). "Commentary: Ongoing debate over the safety of the different mumps vaccine strains impacts mumps disease control". Int J Epidemiol 31 (5): 983–4. PMID 12435772.
^ Wakefield A, Murch S, Anthony A et al. (1998). "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". Lancet 351 (9103): 637–41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0. PMID 9500320. Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
^ ^a ^b National Health Service (2004). MMR: myths and truths. Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
^ MMR vs three separate vaccines:
- Halsey NA, Hyman SL, Conference Writing Panel (2001). "Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations Conference convened in Oak Brook, Illinois, June 12–13, 2000". Pediatrics 107 (5): e84. PMID 11331734.
- Leitch R, Halsey N, Hyman SL (2002). "MMR—Separate administration-has it been done?". Pediatrics 109 (1): 172. PMID 11773568.
- Miller E (2002). "MMR vaccine: review of benefits and risks". J Infect 44 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1053/jinf.2001.0930. PMID 11972410.
- MMR - scientific research. Retrieved on 29 March, 2007.
^ BBC News, Doctors issue plea over MMR jab. Retrieved on 26 June, 2006.
^ [1]BBC news article
^ The MMR-autism scare - our story so far. Retrieved on 2007-04-03.
^ Murch SH, Anthony A, Casson DH et al. (2004). "Retraction of an interpretation". Lancet 363 (9411): 750. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15715-2. PMID 15016483.
^ Autism and Vaccines Theory, from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Accessed June 13, 2007.
^ Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. From the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. Report dated May 17, 2004; accessed June 13, 2007.
^ MMR Fact Sheet, from the United Kingdom National Health Service. Accessed June 13, 2007.

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A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Andrew Wakefield (born 1956 in the United Kingdom) is a Canadian trained surgeon, best known as the lead author of a controversial 1998 research study, published in The Lancet, which reported bowel symptoms in a selected sample of twelve children with autistic spectrum disorders and other disabilities, and alleged a... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... NHS redirects here. ... is the 164th day of the year (165th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ... A vial of the vaccine against influenza. ... A child being immunized against polio. ... Inoculation, originally Variolation, is a method of purposefully infecting a person with smallpox (Variola) in a controlled manner so as to minimise the severity of the infection and also to induce immunity against further infection. ... In immunology an adjuvant is an agent which, while not having any specific antigenic effect in itself, may stimulate the immune system, increasing the response to a vaccine. ... The term cancer vaccine is often used to describe a process whereby a persons immune system is coaxed into recognizing and destroying malignant cells without harming normal cells. ... DNA vaccination is a proposed experimental technique for protecting an organism against disease by injecting it with naked DNA to produce an immunological response. ... An HIV vaccine is a hypothetical vaccine against HIV, the etiological agent of AIDS. As there is no known cure for AIDS, the search for a vaccine has become part of the struggle against the disease. ... A live vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a chemically weakened virus to transport pieces of the HIV virus in order to stimulate an immune response. ... It is possible to model mathematically the progress of most infectious diseases to discover the likely outcome of an epidemic or to help manage them by vaccination. ... Timeline of vaccines This is a timeline of the development of prophylactic vaccines. ... I am an elf. ... The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) consists of fifteen advisors to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), selected by the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, to provide advice and guidance on the most effective means to prevent diseases through nation-wide vaccination campaigns. ... The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization is an alliance between various UN organizations, national governments, private foundations, NGOs and the pharmaceutical industry. ... The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System is a United States program for vaccine safety, co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ... Vaccine court is the popular term which refers to the Autism Omnibus Proceedings of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. ... Vaccine injury is a term used in both medicine and law to designate alleged injuries sustained by individuals subsequent to having been vaccinated. ... Vaccination policy refers to the policy a government practices in relation to vaccination. ... A vaccination schedule is a recommended series of vaccinations including the suggested timing of all doses. ... The Vaccine Safety Datalink Project (VSD) was established, in 1990, by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for the study of adverse side effects of vaccines. ... An apparatus (4-5 cm length, with nine short needles) used for BCG vaccination in Japan. ... Model of Influenza Virus from NIH The flu vaccine is a vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. ... The MMRV vaccine combines the attenuated virus MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine with the addition of chickenpox vaccine. ... Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat polio. ... Smallpox vaccine being administered. ... The varicella vaccine protects against the disease commonly known as chickenpox. ... Model of Influenza Virus from NIH The flu vaccine is a vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. ... Hepatitis A Vaccine, Avaxim, is a vaccine against the Hepatitis A virus. ... Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat polio. ... DPT, (sometimes DTP) is a mixture of three vaccines, to immunize against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. ... A conjugate vaccine is created by covalently attaching a poor antigen to a carrier protein, thereby conferring the immunological attributes of the carrier on the attached antigen. ... Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine (Hib vaccine) is a conjugate vaccine developed for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria. ... Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV), also known as Pneumovax, is a vaccine used to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infections such as pneumonia and septicaemia. ... DPT, (sometimes DTP) is a mixture of three vaccines, to immunize against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. ... Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is a vaccine that targets certain sexually transmitted strains of human papillomavirus that are associated with the development of cervical cancer and genital warts. ... Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. ... Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV), also known as Pneumovax, is a vaccine used to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infections such as pneumonia and septicaemia. ... A vaccine controversy is a dispute over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, or safety of vaccination. ... Advocates for Childrens Health Affected by Mercury Poisoning (A-CHAMP), is a United States political activism group, founded by parents, which advocates on behalf of children who were injured by mercury in thimerosal-containing vaccines, and other toxins. ... The MMR vaccine controversy is over the safety of the MMR vaccine. ... The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) of 1986 (42 U.S.C. Â§Â§ 300aa-1 to 300aa-34) was enacted in the United States to reduce the potential financial liability of vaccine makers due to vaccine injury claims. ... A pox party is a normal party for children organised by parents whose kids have the chicken pox. ... The Coalition for Safe Minds (Sensible Action For Ending Mercury-Induced Neurological Disorders) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to investigating the risks of exposure to mercury from medical products. ... Following US government action to evaluate levels of environmental toxins, including mercury, it has been claimed, particularly in the context of lawsuits, that thimerosal in childhood vaccines could contribute to, or cause, a range of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, most notably autism and related Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs), or other... Vaccine topics 2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference AIDS vaccine Andrew Wakefield Edward Jenner Edward Yazbak Generation Rescue Genetics Immunization Immunology Inoculation MMR vaccine Safe Minds Timeline of vaccines Vaccination Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Vaccine controversy Vaccines and Fetal Tissue ... Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ...

Contents

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