Mac OS X v10.5 “Leopard”
(Part of the Mac OS X family)
Screenshot
Screenshot of Mac OS X v10.5.2 "Leopard"
Developer
Apple Inc.
Web site: www.apple.com/macosx/
Release information
Release date:	October 26, 2007 info
Current version:	10.5.2, February 11, 2008 info
Source model:	Closed source (with open source components)
License:	APSL and Apple EULA
Kernel type:	Hybrid kernel
Support status
Supported

Mac OS X version 10.5 “Leopard” is the sixth major release of the Mac OS X operating system for Apple’s Mac line of personal computers, and is the successor to Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger". Leopard was released on October 26, 2007, and is available in two variants: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. Apple offers a reduced-cost upgrade to people that purchased new Apple computers after October 1, 2007 that do not already have Mac OS X v10.5 pre-installed or a Leopard upgrade DVD included.^[1] Steve Jobs stated at MacWorld 2008 that over 20% of Macs use Leopard as their operating system.^[2] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Apple Inc. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... The text below is generated by a template, which has been proposed for deletion. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ... The Apple Public Source License is the open source license under which Apple Computers Darwin Project was released. ... A software license is a type of proprietary or gratiuitious license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software — sometimes called an End User License Agreement (EULA) — that specifies the perimeters of the permission granted by the owner to the user. ... A kernel connects the application software to the hardware of a computer. ... Graphical overview of a hybrid kernel Hybrid kernel is a kernel architecture based on combining aspects of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures used in computer operating systems. ... A software version is a code attached to a particular release of software to distinguish it from other releases of the same software. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... Apple Inc. ... The first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac. The Macintosh or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple Computer. ... Mac OS X version 10. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Bold text Desktop computer with several common peripherals (Monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, microphone and a printer) A desktop computer is a gay electronic machine computer which convert raw data into meaningful information, made for use on a desk in an office or home and is distinguished from portable computers such... In information technology, a server is an application or device that performs services for connected clients as part of a client-server architecture. ... Mac OS X Server is the server-oriented version of Apples operating system, Mac OS X. Mac OS X, in both desktop and server versions, is a Unix operating system based on technology that Apple acquired from NeXT Computer. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...

According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements,^[3] covering core operating system components as well as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Flow visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility called Time Machine, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front Row and Photo Booth, which were previously only included with some Mac models. Comparison of docks in Avant Window Navigator on Ubuntu, Mac OS X Leopard, and Suns Project Looking Glass The Dock in Mac OS X is an application; this is its icon. ... Stacks are a new feature found in Apples latest operating system, Mac OS X Leopard. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... The Finder is the default application program used on the Mac OS and Mac OS X operating systems that is responsible for the overall user-management of files, disks, network volumes and the launching of other applications. ... Cover Flow is a three-dimensional graphical user interface for visually rummaging through ones digital music libraries via cover artwork. ... This article is about the iTunes application. ... In computing, a 64-bit component is one in which data are processed or stored in 64-bit units (words). ... GUI redirects here. ... For other uses, see Time Machine. ... Spotlight is an as-you-type, system-wide desktop search feature found in Mac OS X v10. ... This article is about the Macintosh computer application. ... Photo Booth is a small software application for taking photos with an iSight camera by Apple Inc. ...

Apple missed Mac OS X v10.5’s release time frame as originally announced by Apple's CEO Steve Jobs. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007.^[4] A year later, this was amended to "Spring 2007";^[5] however on April 12, 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone.^[6] Steve Jobs (born Steven Paul Jobs on February 24, 1955) is the CEO, chairman and co-founder of Apple Inc. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone. ...

New and changed features

End-user features

Apple advertises that Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard has 300+ new features^[7], including:

• A new improved Automator, with easy starting points to easily start a workflow. It also can quickly create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. Now it can use a new action called 'Watch Me Do' that lets you record a user action (like pressing a button or controlling an application without built-in Automator support) and replay as an action in a workflow. It can create more useful Automator workflows with actions for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more.
• Back to My Mac, a feature for .Mac users that allows users to access files on their home computer while away from home via the internet.
• Boot Camp, a software assistant allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows Vista, on a separate partition (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs.
• Dashboard enhancements, including Web Clip, a feature that allows users to turn a part of any web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to help developers code widgets.^[8]
• New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new grouping feature called Stacks, which displays files in either a "fan" style, "grid" style, or (since 10.5.2) a "list" style.

The Dock, showing a Stack viewed as a "Fan" (left) and a "Grid" (right).

• Dictionary can now search Wikipedia, and a dictionary of Apple terminology as well. Also included is the Japanese-language dictionary Daijisen, Progressive E-J and Progressive J-E dictionaries, and the 25000-word thesaurus "Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten" (使い方の分かる類語例解辞典, "Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten"^?), all of which are provided by the Japanese publisher Shogakukan.^[9][10]
• A redesigned Finder, with features similar to those seen in iTunes 7, including Cover Flow and a Source list-like sidebar.
• Front Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple TV.
• iCal calendar sharing and group scheduling as well as syncing event invitations from Mail.^[11] The icon also reflects the current date even when the application is not running. In previous versions of Mac OS X, the icon would remain at July 17th until the application was run.
• iChat enhancements, including multiple logins, invisibility, animated icons, and tabbed chats, similar to features present in Pidgin, Adium and the iChat plugin Chax; iChat Theater, allowing users to incorporate images from iPhoto, presentations from Keynote, videos from QuickTime, and other Quick Look features into video chats; and Backdrops, which are similar to chroma keys, but use a real-time difference matte technique which does not require a green or blue screen. iChat also implements screen sharing, a feature previously available with Apple Remote Desktop.^[12][5][13]
• Mail enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Stationery, Notes, and to-dos. To-dos use a system-wide service that is available to all applications.^[14]
• Network file sharing improvements include more granular control over permissions, consolidation of AFP, FTP and SMB sharing into one control panel, and the ability to share individual folders, a feature that had not been available since Mac OS 9.^[15]
• Parental controls now include the ability to place restrictions on use of the Internet and to set parental controls from anywhere using remote setup.^[16]
• Photo Booth enhancements, including video recording with real-time filters and blue-screen technology.
• Podcast Capture, an application allowing users to record and distribute podcasts. It requires access to a computer running Mac OS X Server with Podcast Producer.
• Preview adds support for annotation, graphics, extraction, search, markup, and size adjustment tools.^[17]
• Quick Look, a framework allowing documents to be viewed without opening them in an external application and can preview it in full screen.^[18]

The Finder, showing files in Cover Flow View and viewing a file using Quick Look.

• Safari 3, which includes Web Clip.
• Spaces, an implementation of virtual desktops (individually called "Spaces"), allows multiple desktops per user, with certain applications and windows in each desktop.^[19] Users can organize certain Spaces for certain applications (e.g., one for work-related tasks and one for entertainment) and switch between them. Exposé works inside Spaces, allowing the user to see at a glance all desktops on one screen.^[20]) Users can create and control up to 16 spaces, and applications can be switched between each one, creating a very large workspace.
• Spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities such as Boolean operators, as well as the ability to search other computers (with permissions).^[21]
• Time Machine, an automated backup utility which allows the user to restore files that have been deleted or replaced by another version of a file. However, the back-up drive must be larger than than the Macintosh's drive, as you can't use small USB portable media.^[22]
• Universal Access enhancements: significant improvements to applications including VoiceOver, along with increased support for Braille, closed captioning and a new high‐quality Speech synthesis voice.^[23]
• Russian language support, bringing the total to 23 languages, but still lacking support for other languages, like Arabic.

The word Automator can be used to refer to: Dan The Automator Nakamura, a hip-hop and rap producer Automator, a feature of an upcoming release of Mac OS X This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... .Mac (pronounced Dot Mac) refers to a group of online services offered by Apple Inc. ... For other uses, see boot camp. ... Windows Vista (pronounced ) is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, Tablet PCs, and media centers. ... Dashboard is an application for Apples Mac OS X v10. ... Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. ... Dashcode is a software application created by Apple Inc that will be included with Mac OS X Leopard and will facilitate the development of widgets for Dashboard. ... A web widget is a portable chunk of code that can be installed and executed within any separate HTML-based web page by an end user without requiring additional compilation. ... Comparison of docks in Avant Window Navigator on Ubuntu, Mac OS X Leopard, and Suns Project Looking Glass The Dock in Mac OS X is an application; this is its icon. ... Stacks are a new feature found in Apples latest operating system, Mac OS X Leopard. ... Stacks are a new feature found in Apples latest operating system, Mac OS X Leopard. ... The Dictionary application, developed by Apple for its Macintosh computers, was introduced with Mac OS X v10. ... Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ... The Daijisen Great fountain/source of words) is a general-purpose Japanese dictionary published by Shogakukan in 1995 and 1998. ... Headquarters of Shogakukan in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Shogakukan ) is a Japanese publisher of dictionaries, literature, manga, nonfiction, childrens DVDs, and other media in Japan. ... The Finder is the default application program used on the Mac OS and Mac OS X operating systems that is responsible for the overall user-management of files, disks, network volumes and the launching of other applications. ... This article is about the iTunes application. ... Cover Flow is a three-dimensional graphical user interface for visually rummaging through ones digital music libraries via cover artwork. ... This article is about the Macintosh computer application. ... Apple TV is a digital media receiver designed, marketed and sold by Apple. ... For the Tcl calendar package, see Ical (Unix). ... This article is about the Mac software. ... Pidgin (formerly named Gaim) is a multi-platform instant messaging client. ... Adium is a popular free software instant messaging client for Mac OS X that supports multiple protocols through the libezv (for Bonjour) and the libpurple (all other protocols) libraries. ... Chax may refer to: A Great Marquis of Hell (also spelled Shax) A line of Japanese products designed by Mori Chack Chax add-on for iChat A web site dedicated to the Whole New Ball Game Chax. ... This article is about the Mac software. ... iPhoto is a software application made by Apple Inc. ... Keynote is a presentation software application made by Apple for its Mac OS X operating system. ... QuickTime is a multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ... Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) is a Macintosh application produced by Apple Computer, first released on March 14, 2002, that replaced a similar product called Apple Network Assistant. ... Mail (aka Mail. ... For other meanings of RSS, see RSS (disambiguation). ... Time management is straightforwardly defined as the management of time in order to make the most out of it. ... The Apple Filing Protocol (AFP) is a layer 6 (presentation layer) network protocol that offers file services for Mac OS X and Classic Mac OS. In Mac OS X, AFP is one of several file services supported including Server Message Block (SMB), Network File System (NFS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP... This article is about the File Transfer Protocol standardised by the IETF. For other file transfer protocols, see File transfer protocol (disambiguation). ... In computer networking, Server Message Block (SMB) operates as an application-level network protocol mainly applied to shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network. ... Sherlock 2 for Mac OS 9 with the new metallic appearance Mac OS 9 is the final major release of Apples Classic Mac OS. Introduced on October 23, 1999, Apple positioned it as The Best Internet Operating System Ever, highlighting Sherlock 2s Internet search capabilities, integration with Apple... Parental Control panel in Microsoft Windows Vista operating system. ... Photo Booth is a small software application for taking photos with an iSight camera by Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X Server is the server-oriented version of Apples operating system, Mac OS X. Mac OS X, in both desktop and server versions, is a Unix operating system based on technology that Apple acquired from NeXT Computer. ... Podcast Producer is an upcoming component of Mac OS X Server v10. ... Preview is Mac OS Xs application for displaying images and Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. ... Quick Look is a new preview feature in Mac OS X v10. ... Cover Flow is a three-dimensional graphical user interface for visually rummaging through ones digital music libraries via cover artwork. ... Quick Look is a new preview feature in Mac OS X v10. ... Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. ... Spaces is a virtual desktop feature developed by Apple to be included in Mac OS X v10. ... For software that creates a virtualized environment between the computer platform and its operating system, see Virtual machine. ... Mac OS X 10. ... Spotlight is an as-you-type, system-wide desktop search feature found in Mac OS X v10. ... In mathematics and computer science, Boolean algebras, or Boolean lattices, are algebraic structures which capture the essence of the logical operations AND, OR and NOT as well as the corresponding set theoretic operations intersection, union and complement. ... Most modern file systems have methods of administering permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users. ... For other uses, see Time Machine. ... Universal access to education is the ability of all people to have equal opportunity in education, regardless of their background or physical disabilities. ... VoiceOver is a feature built into Apple Computers Mac OS X v10. ... Listen to this article ( info/dl) This audio file was created from a revision dated 2006-09-06, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... A commonly-used symbol indicating that a program or movie is closed-captioned. ... Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. ...

Developer technologies

• Native support by many libraries and frameworks for 64-bit applications, allowing 64-bit Cocoa applications. Existing 32-bit applications using those libraries and frameworks should continue to run without the need for emulation or translation.^[24]
• Leopard offers the Objective-C 2.0 runtime, which includes new features such as garbage collection. Xcode 3.0 supports the updated language and was itself rewritten with it.^[25]
• A new framework, Core Animation, allows a developer to create complex animations while specifying only a "start" and a "goal" space. The main goal of Core Animation is to enable the creation of complex animations with small amounts of program code.
• Apple integrates DTrace from the OpenSolaris project and adds a graphical interface called Instruments (previously Xray). DTrace provides tools that users, administrators and developers can use to tune the performance of the operating system and the applications that run on it.^[26]
• The new Scripting Bridge allows programmers to use Python and Ruby to interface with the Cocoa frameworks.^[27]
• Ruby on Rails is included in the default install.
• Leopard’s OpenGL stack has been updated to version 2.1, and uses LLVM to increase its vertex processing speed.^[28] Apple has been working to get LLVM integrated into GCC;^[29] LLVM's use within other operating system facilities has not been announced.
• The Graphics and Media State of the Union address confirmed many other features are possible because of Core Animation, such as live desktops, improvements to Quartz Composer with custom patches, a new PDF Kit for developers, and improvements to QuickTime APIs.
• Leopard includes a read-only implementation of the ZFS file system.

In mid-December 2006 a pre-release version of Leopard appeared to include support for Sun’s ZFS.^[30] Jonathan Schwartz, CEO and President of Sun Microsystems, stated on June 6, 2007 that ZFS has become "the file system" for Leopard.^[31] However, the senior project marketing director for Mac OS X stated on June 11, 2007 that the existing HFS+, not ZFS, will be used in Leopard. Apple later clarified that a read-only version of ZFS would be included.^[32]

• Leopard includes drivers for UDF 2.5, necessary for reading HD DVD and Blu-ray discs using third-party drives, but the included DVD Player software can only play HD DVD disks authored by DVD Studio Pro.^[33]
• Leopard includes a framework implementing latent semantic mapping for classifying (e.g. textual) data.
• Leopard is certified as fully UNIX compliant. Certification means that software following the Single UNIX Specification can be compiled and run on Leopard without the need for any code modification.^[27] The certification only applies to Leopard when run on Intel processors.
• Leopard removes support for Classic applications.^[34] Classic will not run on Intel-based Macs in any case.

In computing, a 64-bit component is one in which data are processed or stored in 64-bit units (words). ... A Cocoa application being developed using Xcode. ... 32-bit is a term applied to processors, and computer architectures which manipulate the address and data in 32-bit chunks. ... This article is about emulation in computer science. ... Objective-C, often referred to as ObjC or more seldomly as Objective C or Obj-C, is an object oriented programming language implemented as an extension to C. It is used primarily on Mac OS X and GNUstep, two environments based on the OpenStep standard, and is the primary language... In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. ... Xcode is Apple Computers IDE for developing applications and other software for Mac OS X. It is shipped free with Mac OS X. First introduced on October 24, 2003 along with the release of Mac OS X v10. ... Core Animation is a data visualization API used by Mac OS X 10. ... DTrace is a comprehensive dynamic tracing framework created by Sun Microsystems. ... OpenSolaris is an open source project created by Sun Microsystems to build a developer community around Solaris Operating System technology. ... Instruments is an application performance analyzer and visualizer, integrated in Xcode 3. ... Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. ... Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ... Ruby on Rails is a free web application framework designed to make web development faster, simpler and more efficient. ... OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a standard specification defining a cross-language cross-platform API for writing applications that produce 2D and 3D computer graphics. ... Low Level Virtual Machine, generally known as LLVM, is a compiler infrastructure designed for compile-time, link-time, run-time, and idle-time optimization of programs written in arbitrary programming languages. ... The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ... Quartz Composer is a node based visual programming language provided as part of the Xcode development environment in Mac OS X v10. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... QuickTime is a multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc. ... API may refer to: In computing, application programming interface In petroleum industry, American Petroleum Institute In education, Academic Performance Index This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see ZFS (disambiguation). ... Jonathan Schwartz speaking at the 2005 Web 2. ... Sun Microsystems, Inc. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... HFS Plus or HFS+ is a file system developed by Apple Computer to replace their Hierarchical File System (HFS) as the primary file system used on Macintosh computers. ... The Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a format specification of a file system for storing files on optical media. ... HD-DVD disc HD DVD (for High Density Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical media format which is being developed as one standard for high-definition DVD. HD DVD is similar to the competing Blu-ray Disc, which also uses the same CD sized (120 mm diameter) optical data... Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical disc storage media format. ... Apples DVD Studio Pro allow users to create DVD Masters to send out to production houses. ... Latent semantic mapping (LSM) is a data-driven framework to model globally meaningful relationships implicit in large volumes of (often textual) data. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®, sometimes also written as or ® with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) is the collective name of a family of standards for computer operating systems to qualify for the name Unix. The SUS is developed and maintained by the Austin Group, based on earlier work by the IEEE and The Open Group. ... Classic, or Classic Environment, is a hardware and software abstraction layer in Mac OS X that allows applications compatible with Mac OS 9 to run on the OS X operating system. ...

Security enhancements

New security features intend to provide better internal resiliency to successful attacks, in addition to preventing attacks from being successful in the first place.

Library Randomization

Leopard implements library randomization^[35], which randomizes the locations of some libraries in memory. Vulnerabilities that corrupt program memory often rely on known addresses for these library routines, which allow injected code to launch processes or change files. Library randomization is presumably a stepping-stone to a more complete implementation of address space layout randomization at a later date.

Application Layer Firewall

Leopard ships with two firewall engines: the original BSD IPFW, which was present in earlier releases of Mac OS X, and the new Leopard Application Layer Firewall. Unlike IPFW, which intercepts and filters IP datagrams before the kernel performs significant processing, the Application Layer Firewall operates at the socket layer, bound to individual processes. The Application Layer Firewall can therefore make filtering decisions on a per-application basis. Of the two-firewall engines, only the Application Layer Firewall is fully exposed in the Leopard user interface. The new firewall offers less control over individual packet decisions (users can decide to allow or deny connections system wide or to individual applications, but must use IPFW to set fine-grained TCP/IP header level policies). It also makes several policy exceptions for system processes: neither mDNSResponder nor programs running with superuser privileges are filtered.^[36]

Sandboxes

Leopard includes kernel-level support for role-based access control (RBAC). RBAC is intended to prevent an application like Mail from editing the password database.

Application Signing

Leopard provides a framework to use public key signatures for code signing to verify, in some circumstances that code has not been tampered with. Signatures can also be used to ensure that one program replacing another is truly an "update", and carry any special security privileges across to the new version. This reduces the number of user security prompts, and the likelihood of the user being trained to simply clicking "OK" to everything.

Secure Guest Account

Guests can be given access to a Leopard system with an account that the system erases and resets at logout. ^[37]

Address space layout randomization (ASLR) is a computer security technique which involves arranging the positions of key data areas, usually including the base of the executable and position of libraries, heap, and stack, randomly in a process address space. ... In computer science, Address space layout randomization (ASLR) is a process which entails arranging the positions of major data areas randomly in virtual address space. ... Not to be confused with IPFW, Indiana University—Purdue University Fort Wayne. ... On many computer operating systems, superuser, or root, is the term used for the special user account that is controlled by the system administrator. ... In computer systems security Role-Based Access Control is an approach to restricting system access to authorized users. ... A big random number is used to make a public-key/private-key pair. ... Digitally signing executables proves the identity of the software vendor and guarantees that the code has not been altered or corrupted since it was created and signed External Links Code signing systems ...

System requirements

Apple states the following basic Leopard system requirements, although, for some specific applications and actions (such as iChat backdrops) an Intel processor is required:^[38]

• Processor must be any Intel, PowerPC G5 or G4 (at least 867 MHz or faster)
• DVD drive (for installation of the operating system)
• At least 512 MB of RAM (additional RAM (1 GB) is recommended for development purposes)
• At least 9 GB of disk space available

Leopard's retail version was not released in separate versions for each type of processor, but instead consisted of one universal release that could run on both PowerPC and Intel processors.^[24] Leopard drops support for slower G4 and all G3 processors.^[38] Because all new Macs use Intel processors, the versions of Leopard shipped with them are Intel only. PowerPC 970FX Processor In computing, the PowerPC 970, PowerPC 970FX, PowerPC 970GX, and PowerPC 970MP, are 64-bit processors in the PowerPC family from IBM. The PowerPC 970 was introduced in 2002. ... PowerPC G4 is a designation used by Apple Computer to describe a fourth generation of PowerPC microprocessors. ... In computing, sound reproduction, and video, an optical disc is flat, circular, usually polycarbonate disc whereon data is stored. ... RAM redirects here. ... A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk or fixed disk drive,[1] is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. ... Universal Binary Logo A Universal binary is — in Apple Computers parlance — an application bundle that runs natively on both PowerPC- and x86 (Intel)-based Macintosh computers. ...

Usage on unsupported hardware

Some ways of running Leopard on certain unsupported hardware, primarily slower PowerPC G4 computers, have been discovered. A common way is use of the program LeopardAssist, which acts as a bootloader on the unsupported hardware, similar to XPostFacto.^[39] Currently, LeopardAssist only runs on slower G4s and many people have installed Leopard successfully on these older machines. XPostFacto is an open-source utility that enables the installation of versions of Mac OS X on some Apple Macintosh systems that are not officially supported for them by Apple. ...

Users who have access to supported hardware have installed Leopard on the supported machine then simply moved the hard drive to the unsupported machine. These are mostly G4-based computers. Owners of G3 computers have tried to run Leopard with the same method as above. However, most of the time, the computer would crash, but there have been successful attempts at running Leopard on late G3's (mostly later 800-1000 MHz iBooks), although the system was not very stable. "Pismo" PowerBook G3s may be successfully upgraded to Leopard provided they have a G4 upgrade installed, as they are the only PowerBook G3s with built-in FireWire and AGP graphics. The PowerBook G3 was a professional line of laptop Macintosh computers made by Apple between 1997 to 2000. ...

Some users also developed patches and quirks to enable Leopard to run on IBM-compatible PCs. This is a violation of Apple's EULA that explicitly prohibits installing Mac OS X on non Apple-labeled computers and prevents the use of Software Updates.

The Mac OS X v10.5 retail box (far right).

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 185 pixelsFull resolution (849 × 196 pixel, file size: 128 KB, MIME type: image/png)Mac OS X, from oldest to newest. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 185 pixelsFull resolution (849 × 196 pixel, file size: 128 KB, MIME type: image/png)Mac OS X, from oldest to newest. ...

Packaging

The retail packaging for Leopard is significantly smaller than that of previous versions of Mac OS X. It also sports a lenticular cover, making the "X" appear to float above a purple galaxy, somewhat resembling the default Leopard desktop picture.^[40] Lenticular printing is a technology in which a lenticular lens is used to produce images with an illusion of depth, or the ability to change or move as the image is viewed from different angles. ...

Version history

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Criticisms

• After Leopard's release, there were widely-reported incidents of new Leopard installs hanging at boot with a blue screen.^[41] Most of these problems could be attributed to an unsupported add-on extension called Application Enhancer (APE), from Unsanity which is incompatible with Leopard; unbeknownst to many users, APE had been installed silently on many Macs by Logitech as part of their mouse drivers.^[42] Apple published a knowledge base article on how to solve this problem.^[43]

• Security features in Leopard were criticized as weak or ineffective, with the revamped Mac OS X firewall receiving the most criticism, after claims from research group Heise Security that the Leopard installer downgraded firewall protection and exposed services to attack even when the firewall was re-enabled. Several researchers noted that the Library Randomization feature added to Leopard was ineffective compared to mature implementations on other platforms, and that the new "secure Guest account" could be abused by Guests to retain access to the system even after the Leopard log out process erased their home directory.^{[44][45][46][47]}

• Though generally lauded in the press as a step forward for data recovery, Time Machine was criticized in multiple publications for lacking the capabilities of third-party backup software. Analyzing the feature for TidBITS, Joe Kissell pointed out that Time Machine does not create bootable copies of backed-up volumes, does not back up to AirPort Disk hard drives and will not back up FileVault encrypted home directories until the user logs out, concluding that the feature is "pretty good at what it does" but he will only use it as part of a "broader backup strategy".^[48][49][50]

• R.L. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized a number of changes to Leopard's user interface, including the transparent menu bar, the shelf-like Dock and the new folder icons.^[51] Decreased tranparency of the menu bar, along with the ability to disable the menu bar transparency were added with the 10.5.2 release on February 11, 2008.^[52]

• Anil Dash accused Apple of being smug because when browsing other computers, Leopard uses an icon of an aged PC computer monitor displaying a Blue Screen of Death to represent computers that aren't running Mac OS X. He also criticized this icon because even computers that are not running Windows will be represented with this icon.^[53]

• The auto-switching feature in Spaces was found to be extremely confusing and annoying for a large number of its users. Apple did allow a new preference in 10.5.2 which disabled this feature, but there were still bugs found while switching windows.^[54]

Application Enhancer (APE) is a software program released by Unsanity for Apples Mac OS X operating system. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... TidBITS is an award-winning electronic newsletter and web site dealing primarily with Apple Computer and Macintosh-related topics. ... Anil Dash, born September 1975, was an early and influential blogger who began his weblog in 1999. ... A blue screen of death as seen in Windows XP and Vista. ... Gaps is a solitaire card game where the arrangement of cards from Deuce (a Two card) to King is the object. ...

References

is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Apple Inc. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Engadget is a popular technology weblog and podcast (on hold as of 31/08/2007) about consumer electronics. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... For information on Wikipedia press releases, see Wikipedia:Press releases. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 330th day of the year (331st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 240th day of the year (241st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the day of the year. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Computerworld is an IT magazine that provides information to technology managers. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Apple Inc. ... is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Mac OS X 10.5 web page
• Mac OS X Server 10.5 web page
• 2006 WWDC keynote presentation
• 2007 WWDC keynote presentation
• Mac OS X 10.5 (arstechnica.com) — Review by John Siracusa.