The Macintosh 128K, the first Macintosh, was the first commercially successful personal computer to use images, rather than text, to communicate.

The mid-2007 revision of the iMac is Apple's newest iMac.

Macintosh, or for newer models, Mac, is a brand name which covers several lines of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The original Macintosh was released on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI) rather than a command line interface. McIntosh, Macintosh, or Mackintosh can refer to: Clan MacKintosh, a Scottish clan Names of products and companies: Macintosh, a brand of personal computer from Apple Inc. ... // Look up Mac, mac in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (533x625, 526 KB) Description: A w:Macintosh 128K on transparent background. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (533x625, 526 KB) Description: A w:Macintosh 128K on transparent background. ... Back case of an unaltered, still-working original Macintosh (sold from January 1984 to September 1984). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The original Bondi Blue iMac G3 was introduced in 1998. ... This article is about brands in marketing. ... Apple Inc. ... Back case of an unaltered, still-working original Macintosh (sold from January 1984 to September 1984). ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... A contemporary computer mouse, with the most common standard features: two buttons and a scroll wheel. ... GUI redirects here. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

The idea for a personal computer appropriate for the ordinary consumer dates to the late 1970s and an Apple development team was established in 1979. After the success of the original Macintosh in 1984, the company quickly established market share only to see it dissipate in the 1990s as Microsoft came to monopolize personal computing. Apple consolidated multiple, consumer-level desktop models into the 1998 iMac all-in-one, which sold extremely well and saw the brand name revitalized. Current Mac systems are mainly targeted at the home, education, and creative professional markets. They are: the aforementioned (though upgraded) iMac and the entry-level Mac mini desktop models, the workstation-level Mac Pro tower, the MacBook, MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, and the Xserve server. Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... The iMac G3 was the first model of the iMac line of personal computers made by Apple Inc. ... The Mac mini is the smallest desktop computer made by Apple Inc. ... Bold text Desktop computer with several common peripherals (Monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, microphone and a printer) A desktop computer is a gay electronic machine computer which convert raw data into meaningful information, made for use on a desk in an office or home and is distinguished from portable computers such... Sun SPARCstation 1+, 25 MHz RISC processor from early 1990s A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or engineering workstation, is a high-end desktop or deskside microcomputer designed for technical applications. ... The Mac Pro is a workstation computer manufactured by Apple Inc. ... This article is about the Apple computer called MacBook. For the MacBook family as a whole, see MacBook family. ... The MacBook Pro is a line of Macintosh notebook computers by Apple for the professional market. ... For the band, see Laptop (band). ... A small Xserve cluster with an Xserve RAID. Xserve is the name of Apple Computers Macintosh 1U rackmount line of server computers. ... In information technology, a server is an application or device that performs services for connected clients as part of a client-server architecture. ...

Production of the Mac is based on a vertical integration model in that Apple facilitates all aspects of its hardware and creates its own operating system that is pre-installed on all Macs. Apple exclusively produces Mac hardware, choosing internal systems, designs, and prices. Apple does use third party components, however; current Macintosh CPUs use Intel's x86 architecture. Previous models used the AIM alliance's PowerPC and early models used Motorola's 68k. Apple also develops the operating system for Macs, currently Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard". This is in contrast to most IBM compatible PCs, where multiple vendors create hardware intended to run another company's software. The modern Mac, like other personal computers, is capable of running alternative operating systems such as Linux, FreeBSD, and Microsoft Windows, the latter of which is considered to be the Mac's biggest competitor. It has been suggested that Vertical expansion be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Hardware (disambiguation). ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... Bold text Desktop computer with several common peripherals (Monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, microphone and a printer) A desktop computer is a gay electronic machine computer which convert raw data into meaningful information, made for use on a desk in an office or home and is distinguished from portable computers such... Example of industrial design item - hanger chair Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. ... CPU redirects here. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Intel Pentium 4 (Northwood version), one example out of a huge number of x86 implementations from Intel, AMD, and others. ... AIM was an alliance formed in 1991 between Apple Computer, IBM and Motorola to create a new computing standard based on the PowerPC architecture. ... PowerPC is a RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. Originally intended for personal computers, PowerPC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. ... Motorola Inc. ... The Motorola 680x0/0x0/m68k/68k/68K family of CISC microprocessor CPU chips were 32-bit from the start, and were the primary competition for the Intel x86 family of chips in personal computers of the 1980s and early 1990s. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X version 10. ... IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones since they almost exactly duplicated all the significant features of the PC, XT, or AT internal design, facilitated by various manufacturers... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... 1. ...

History

It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article entitled History of Macintosh. (Discuss)

See also: History of Apple

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... ipodâ„¢ This article is about the History of Apple, a Silicon Valley company based in Cupertino, California, whose core business is computer technologies. ...

1979 to 1984: Development

Part of the original Macintosh design team, as seen on the cover of Revolution in the Valley.
Left to right: George Crow, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, Andy Hertzfeld, a Macintosh, Bill Atkinson, Jerry Manock.

The Macintosh project started in the late 1970s with Jef Raskin, an Apple employee, who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. In September 1979, Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project, and he began to look for an engineer who could put together a prototype. Bill Atkinson, a member of Apple's Lisa team (which was developing a similar but higher-end computer), introduced him to Burrell Smith, a service technician who had been hired earlier that year. Over the years, Raskin assembled a large development team that designed and built the original Macintosh hardware and software; besides Raskin, Atkinson and Smith, the team included Chris Espinosa, Joanna Hoffman, George Crow, Jerry Manock, Susan Kare, Andy Hertzfeld, and Daniel Kottke. Image File history File links Mac_Design_Team. ... Image File history File links Mac_Design_Team. ... George Crow was a member of the original Apple Macintosh team in 1984 at Apple Computer. ... Joanna Hoffman was an Apple Computer employee in the 1980s when she worked on the Apple Macintosh team in 1984. ... Burrell who worked at apple, and designed the digital board for the original Macintosh. ... Andy Hertzfeld (born April 6, 1953), was a key member of the original Apple Macintosh development team, and some would consider him a pioneer among software engineers. ... Bill Atkinson worked at Apple Computer in the late 1970s and early 1980s. ... Jerrold Manock is an industrial designer well known for creating the enclosures of the Apple II and Macintosh personal computers. ... Jef Raskin outdoors, photographed by his son Aza Raskin. ... Bill Atkinson worked at Apple Computer in the late 1970s and early 1980s. ... The Apple Lisa was a revolutionary personal computer designed at Apple Computer during the early 1980s. ... Burrell who worked at apple, and designed the digital board for the original Macintosh. ... For other uses, see Hardware (disambiguation). ... Software redirects here. ... Chris Espinosa is the senior employee of Apple Computer, beginning at the age of fifteen in 1976 in Steve Jobs garage, writing software manuals and coding after school. ... Joanna Hoffman was an Apple Computer employee in the 1980s when she worked on the Apple Macintosh team in 1984. ... George Crow was a member of the original Apple Macintosh team in 1984 at Apple Computer. ... Jerrold Manock is an industrial designer well known for creating the enclosures of the Apple II and Macintosh personal computers. ... Susan Kare (born 1954) is an artist and graphic designer who created many of the interface elements for the Apple Macintosh in the 1980s. ... Andy Hertzfeld (born April 6, 1953), was a key member of the original Apple Macintosh development team, and some would consider him a pioneer among software engineers. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Smith’s first Macintosh board was built to Raskin’s design specifications: it had 64 kilobytes (KB) of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and was capable of supporting a 256×256 pixel black-and-white bitmap display. Bud Tribble, a Macintosh programmer, was interested in running the Lisa’s graphical programs on the Macintosh, and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa’s Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but bumped its speed from 5 to 8 megahertz (MHz); this board also had the capacity to support a 384×256 pixel display. Smith’s design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had far more programming code in ROM than most other computers; it had 128 KB of RAM, in the form of sixteen, 64 kilobit (Kb) RAM chips soldered to the logicboard. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 KB by means of soldering sixteen chip sockets to accept 256 Kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final product's screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, exceeding the prototypes.^[1] Depending on the context in which it is used, the word kilobyte may mean either 1,000 or 1,024 bytes. ... RAM redirects here. ... Motorola Inc. ... 1 MHz Motorola 6809E processor, manufactured in 1983. ... A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC). ... This article is about the picture element. ... Black-and-white or black and white) can refer to a general term used in photography, film, and other media (see black-and-white). ... Imagine the smiley face in the top left corner as an RGB bitmap image. ... Guy Bud Tribble, MD, PhD, is Vice President of Software Technology at Apple Computer. ... The Motorola 68000 is a 16/32-Bit [1] CISC microprocessor core designed and marketed by Freescale Semiconductor (formerly Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector). ... MegaHertz (MHz) is the name given to one million (106) Hertz, a measure of frequency. ... Read-only memory (usually known by its acronym, ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. ... A kilobit is a unit of information storage, abbreviated kbit or sometimes kb. ... A solder is a fusible metal alloy, with a melting point or melting range of 180-190°C (360-370 °F), which is melted to join metallic surfaces, especially in the fields of electronics and plumbing, in a process called soldering. ... A motherboard is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system, such as a modern computer. ... A photograph of a sign in grayscale The same photograph in black and white Monochrome comes from the two Greek words mono (μωνο, meaning one), and chroma (χρωμα, meaning surface or the color of the skin). A monochromatic object has a single color. ...

The original 1984 Mac OS desktop featured a radically new graphical user interface. Users communicated with the computer not through abstract lines of code but rather using a metaphorical desktop that included items that the user was already familiar with.

The design caught the attention of Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple. Realizing that the Macintosh was more marketable than the Lisa, he began to focus his attention on the project. Raskin finally left the Macintosh project in 1981 over a personality conflict with Jobs, and the final Macintosh design is said to be closer to Jobs’ ideas than Raskin’s.^[2] After hearing of the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC, Jobs had negotiated a visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. The Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces were partially influenced by technology seen at Xerox PARC and were combined with the Macintosh group's own ideas.^[3] Jobs also commissioned industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger to work on the Macintosh line, resulting in the "Snow White" design language; although it came too late for the earliest Macs, it was implemented in most other mid- to late-1980s Apple computers.^[4] However, Jobs’ leadership at the Macintosh project was short-lived; after an internal power struggle with new CEO John Sculley, Jobs angrily resigned from Apple in 1985, went on to found NeXT, another computer company, and did not return until 1997. Supersedes Image:Apple_Macintosh_Desktop. ... Supersedes Image:Apple_Macintosh_Desktop. ... Apple marketed its operating system software as Mac OS, beginning in 1997. ... GUI redirects here. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Desktop_environment. ... Steve Jobs (born Steven Paul Jobs February 24, 1955) is the CEO, chairman and co-founder of Apple Inc. ... Bold text // Headline text Link title This article is about the computer research center. ... The Xerox Alto monitor has a portrait orientation. ... For other uses, see Small talk. ... Hartmut Esslinger (born 1944) is a German industrial designer. ... The Snow White design language was an industrial design language developed by Frog design. ... John Sculley (born April 6, 1939) was a vice-president (1970-1977) and president of PepsiCo (1977-1983), until he became CEO of Apple on April 8, 1983, a position he held until leaving in 1993. ... For other meanings, see Next. ...

1984: Introduction

This television commercial, which aired during the Super Bowl, launched the original Macintosh. The unnamed heroine, representing the product, hurls a sledgehammer at the gigantic screen where Big Brother (IBM) is pictured.

The Macintosh 128k was announced to the press in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December.^[5] However, the Macintosh was most famously heralded by the 1984 Super Bowl commercial directed by Ridley Scott which aired January 22, 1984. This commercial showed a woman, played by Anya Major, who defiantly throws a sledgehammer at a Big Brother-like video screen (which represented IBM). This symbolized Apple's challenging of the text-based computers that dominated the market at the time. For a special post-election edition of Newsweek in November 1984, Apple spent more than US$2.5 million to buy all 39 of the advertising pages in the issue.^[6] Apple also ran a “Test Drive a Macintosh” promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad shape that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$1,995 to US$2,495 (adjusting for inflation, about $5,000 in 2007).^[7][8] Apples 1984 ad, which aired during the Superbowl This work is copyrighted. ... Apples 1984 ad, which aired during the Superbowl This work is copyrighted. ... A screenshot from the commercial. ... Date January 22, 1984 Stadium Tampa Stadium City Tampa, Florida MVP Marcus Allen, Running back Favorite Redskins by 2 1/2 National anthem Barry Manilow Coin toss Bronko Nagurski Referee Gene Barth Halftime show Salute to Superstars of the Silver Screen with the University of Florida and Florida State University... For other uses, see Sledgehammer (disambiguation). ... Back case of an unaltered, still-working original Macintosh (sold from January 1984 to September 1984). ... A screenshot from the commercial. ... Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30, 1937 in South Shields, South Tyneside) is a British film director and producer. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Anya Major in the 1984 commercial. ... This article is about the Orwell novel. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ... USD redirects here. ...

Two days after the 1984 ad aired, the Macintosh went on sale. It came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. Although the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, it was too radical for some, who labeled it a mere "toy." Because the machine was entirely designed around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten; this was a challenging undertaking that many software developers shied away from, and resulted in an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984 Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS, followed by Microsoft Word in January 1985.^[9] In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop.^[10] Apple introduced Macintosh Office the same year with the lemmings ad, infamous for insulting potential customers. It was not successful.^[7] MacWrite was a word processor application released along with the first Apple Macintosh systems in 1984. ... MacPaint is a bitmap-based image editing computer program that was produced by Apple Computer for bundling with their Macintosh personal computer. ... A teddy bear A toy is an object used in play. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Software developer (disambiguation). ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Categories: Computer stubs | Spreadsheets | Domain-specific programming languages | Numerical programming languages ... Microsofts disk operating system, MS-DOS, was Microsofts implementation of DOS, which was the first popular operating system for the IBM PC, and until recently, was widely used on the PC compatible platform. ... Microsoft Word is Microsofts flagship word processing software. ... Lotus Software (called Lotus Development Corporation before its acquisition by IBM) is an American software company with its headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Lotus Jazz was a an office productivity suite for the Apple Macintosh, but failed to take off. ... Lotus 1-2-3 is a spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (now part of IBM). ... IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ... Lemmings is the title of the television commercial that launched the Macintosh Office by Apple Computer in the United States, in January 1985, a year after the introduction of the Apple Macintosh in 1984. ...

1985 to 1989: Desktop publishing era

In 1985, the combination of the Mac, Apple’s LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software’s MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics—an activity to become known as desktop publishing. Initially, desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh, but eventually became available for IBM PC users as well. Later, applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator strengthened the Mac’s position as a graphics computer and helped to expand the emerging desktop publishing market. The Apple LaserWriter was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market. ... PageMaker was the first desktop publishing program, introduced in 1985 by Aldus Corporation, initially for the Apple Macintosh but soon after also for the PC. It relies on Adobe Systems PostScript page description language. ... Adobe InDesign CS2, one of many popular desktop publishing applications. ... IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones since they almost exactly duplicated all the significant features of the PC, XT, or AT internal design, facilitated by various manufacturers... QuarkXPress is a page layout application for Mac OS X and Windows, produced by Quark, Inc. ... Photoshop redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The limitations of the first Mac soon became clear: it had very little memory, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily; and it lacked a hard disk drive or the means to attach one easily. In October 1985, Apple increased the Mac’s memory to 512 KB, but it was inconvenient and difficult to expand the memory of a 128 KB Mac. In an attempt to improve connectivity, Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986 for US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, expandable to four, and a then-revolutionary SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals—such as hard drives and scanners—to be attached to the machine. Its floppy drive was increased to an 800 KB capacity. The Plus was an immediate success and remained in production until October 15, 1990; on sale for just over four years and ten months, it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history.^[11] A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk or fixed disk drive,[1] is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. ... The Macintosh Plus computer was the third model in the Macintosh line, introduced two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh 512K. It originally had a beige case, but in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived platinum color. ... is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about a unit of data. ... Scuzzy redirects here. ... A floppy disk is a data storage device that comprises a circular piece of thin, flexible (hence floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic wallet. ... A kilobyte (derived from the SI prefix kilo-, meaning 1,000) is a unit of information or computer storage equal to either 1,000 bytes or 1,024 bytes (210), depending on context. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

The Macintosh II, one of the first expandable Macintosh models.

Other issues remained, particularly the low processor speed and limited graphics ability, which had hobbled the Mac’s ability to make inroads into the business computing market. Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II, which used a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. This marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now, for the first time, it had an open architecture, with several expansion slots, support for color graphics, and a modular break-out design similar to that of the IBM PC and inspired by Apple’s other line, the expandable Apple II series. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud.^[12] One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty.^[13] Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives. Image File history File links MacII.jpg Apple Macintosh II, from en-wiki (uploaded there by photographer on 200-04-18): Description: Apple Macintosh II Computer Source: picture taken by myself, 15. ... Image File history File links MacII.jpg Apple Macintosh II, from en-wiki (uploaded there by photographer on 200-04-18): Description: Apple Macintosh II Computer Source: picture taken by myself, 15. ... Macintosh II was the first personal computer model of the Macintosh II series in the Apple Macintosh line. ... Macintosh II was the first personal computer model of the Macintosh II series in the Apple Macintosh line. ... Motorola 68020 The Motorola 68020 is a microprocessor from Motorola. ...

In September of 1986 Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop, or MPW that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh, rather than cross-developing from a Lisa. In August 1987 Apple unveiled HyperCard, and introduced MultiFinder, which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh. In the Fall Apple bundled both with every Macintosh. Macintosh Programmers Workshop or MPW, is a software development environment for the Classic Mac OS, written by Apple Computer. ... HyperCard was an application program from Apple Computer that was among the first successful hypermedia systems before the World Wide Web. ... MultiFinder was the name of a piece of extension software for the Apple Macintosh introduced in System 5 and featured in System 6. ...

Alongside the Macintosh II, the Macintosh SE was released, the first compact Mac with a 40 MB internal hard drive^[14] and one expansion slot. The SE also updated Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama's original design and shared the Macintosh II's Snow White design language, as well as the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) mouse and keyboard that had first appeared on the Apple IIGS some months earlier. The Macintosh SE was a personal computer manufactured by Apple. ... The Macintosh 128K introduced the Compact Macintosh fcase style Compact Macintosh or Classic Macintosh are terms that refer to the direct descendants of the original Macintosh personal computer case design by Apple Computer. ... Jerrold Manock is an industrial designer well known for creating the enclosures of the Apple II and Macintosh personal computers. ... The Snow White design language was an industrial design language developed by Frog design. ... Early ADB device Apple Desktop Bus (or ADB) is an obsolete bit-serial bus for connecting low-speed devices to computers. ... The Apple Mouse began as one of the first commercial mice available to consumers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Apple IIGS, the fifth model inception of the Apple II, was the most powerful member of the Apple II series of personal computers made by Apple Computer. ...

In 1987, Apple spun off its software business as Claris. It was given the code and rights to several applications that had been written within Apple, notably MacWrite, MacPaint, and MacProject. In the late 1980s, Claris released a number of revamped software titles; the result was the “Pro” series, including MacPaint Pro, MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro, and FileMaker Pro. To provide a complete office suite, Claris purchased the rights to the Informix Wingz spreadsheet on the Mac, renaming it Claris Resolve, and added the new presentation software Claris Impact. By the early 1990s, Claris applications were shipping with the majority of consumer-level Macintoshes and were extremely popular. In 1991, Claris released ClarisWorks, which soon became their second best-selling application. When Claris was reincorporated back into Apple in 1998, ClarisWorks was renamed AppleWorks beginning with version 5.0.^[15] Claris was a computer software company formed as a spin-off from Apple Computer in 1987. ... MacProject was released by Apple Computers in 1984. ... Wingz was a spreadsheet program from Informix in the late 1980s and early 1990s. ... Screenshot of a spreadsheet under OpenOffice A spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial information. ... Claris Resolve Claris Resolve was a spreadsheet software program for the Apple Macintosh developed by Claris. ... Claris Impact is a presentation and chart software program made for the Apple Macintosh computer developed by Claris. ... AppleWorks is an office suite of software applications sold by Apple Computer. ...

The Macintosh Portable was Apple's first portable Macintosh. It was available from 1989 to 1991 and could run System 6 and System 7.

In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple’s copyrighted GUI, citing (among other things) the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows. After four years, the case was decided against Apple, as were later appeals. Apple’s actions were criticized by some in the software community, including the Free Software Foundation (FSF), who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general, and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years.^[16][17] Image details I am the photographer, and hereby dedicate this image to the public domain. ... Image details I am the photographer, and hereby dedicate this image to the public domain. ... The Macintosh Portable was Apple Computers first attempt at making a portable Macintosh personal computer that held the power of a desktop Macintosh and included the capabilities of a professional business Macintosh such as the Macintosh IIci. ... This article is about the Macintosh operating system version. ... For other uses, see System 7 (disambiguation). ... Apple Computer, Inc. ... The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... The United States courts of appeals (or circuit courts) are the mid-level appellate courts of the United States federal court system. ... The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...

With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by a more compact version with fewer slots (the Macintosh IIcx) and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030 (the Macintosh SE/30, breaking the existing naming convention to avoid the name "SEx"). Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be “32-bit clean,” allowing it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had “32-bit dirty” ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing.^[18] Apple also introduced the Macintosh Portable, a 16 MHz 68000 machine with an active matrix flat panel display that was backlit on some models.^[19] The following year the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II-era CPUs dedicated to I/O processing.^[20] Motorola 68030 Processor from a Macintosh IIsi The Motorola 68030 is a 32-bit microprocessor in Motorolas 68000 family. ... The Macintosh IIx was introduced by Apple in 1988 as an incremental update of the original Macintosh II model. ... This 68451 MMU could be used with the Motorola 68010 MMU, short for memory management unit or sometimes called paged memory management unit as PMMU, is a class of computer hardware components responsible for handling memory accesses requested by the CPU. Among the functions of such devices are the translation... Half a year following the release of the Macintosh IIx passed before Apple introduced the Macintosh IIcx in 1989. ... The Macintosh SE/30 is a personal computer that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1989 until 1991. ... The Apple Macintosh IIci was an improvement on the Macintosh IIcx. ... About This Computer Mac OS 9. ... In computer programming, flag refers to one or more bits that are used to store a binary value or code that has an assigned meaning. ... System 7 (codenamed Big Bang) was a version of Mac OS, the operating system of the Apple Macintosh computer. ... The Macintosh Portable was Apple Computers first attempt at making a portable Macintosh personal computer that held the power of a desktop Macintosh and included the capabilities of a professional business Macintosh such as the Macintosh IIci. ... An active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) is a type of flat panel display, currently the overwhelming choice of notebook computer manufacturers, due to light weight, very good image quality, wide color gamut, and response time. ... Backlights are lights that are attached to LCD displays so that they can be seen at night. ... The Macintosh IIfx was a model of Apple Macintosh computer, introduced in 1990 as the fastest Mac, and discontinued in 1992. ... Motorola 68030 Processor from a Macintosh IIsi The Motorola 68030 is a 32-bit microprocessor in Motorolas 68000 family. ... The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology in 1975. ... Energy Input: The energy placed into a reaction. ...

1990 to 1998: Growth and decline

The Macintosh Classic, Apple's early 1990s budget model.

Microsoft Windows 3.0, which began to approach the Macintosh operating system in both performance and feature set, was released in May 1990 and was a usable, less expensive alternative to the Macintosh platform. Apple's response was to introduce a range of relatively inexpensive Macs in October 1990. The Macintosh Classic, essentially a less expensive version of the Macintosh Plus, sold for US$999,^[21] making it the least expensive Mac until early 2001. The 68020-powered Macintosh LC, in its distinctive “pizza box” case, was available for US$1800; it offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new, low-cost 512 × 384 pixel monitor.^[22] The Macintosh IIsi, essentially a 20 MHz IIci with only one expansion slot, cost US$2500.^[23] All three machines sold well,^[24] although Apple’s profit margin was considerably lower than on earlier machines.^[21] Image File history File links Macintosh_classic. ... Image File history File links Macintosh_classic. ... Macintosh Classic Demand for another all-in-one Mac, such as the popular Macintosh Plus and the SE, spurred the introduction of the Macintosh Classic. ... Windows 3. ... Macintosh Classic Demand for another all-in-one Mac, such as the popular Macintosh Plus and the SE, spurred the introduction of the Macintosh Classic. ... Macintosh LC pizza box computer, circa 1990. ... In computing, a pizza box is a style of case for computers. ... Macintosh IIsi rear showing ports, including 10base2, 10baseT and AUI ethernet card. ...

System 7 was the first major upgrade of the Macintosh operating system.

The year 1991 saw the much-anticipated release of System 7, a 32-bit rewrite of the Macintosh operating system that improved its handling of color graphics, memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking, and introduced virtual memory. Later that year, Apple introduced the Macintosh Quadra 700^[25] and 900,^[26] the first Macs to employ the faster Motorola 68040 processor. They were joined by improved versions of the previous year’s top sellers, the Macintosh Classic II^[27] and Macintosh LC II, which used a 16 MHz 68030 CPU.^[28] Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the "Snow White" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign, in favor of bringing the work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group to establish a new fresh look to go with the new operating system.^[29] Image File history File links Macintosh_System_7. ... Image File history File links Macintosh_System_7. ... System 7 (codenamed Big Bang) was a version of Mac OS, the operating system of the Apple Macintosh computer. ... System 7 (codenamed Big Bang) was a version of Mac OS, the operating system of the Apple Macintosh computer. ... 32-bit is a term applied to processors, and computer architectures which manipulate the address and data in 32-bit chunks. ... This article relates to both the original Classic Mac OS as well as Mac OS X, Apples more recent operating system. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking. ... The program thinks it has a large range of contiguous addresses; but in reality the parts it is currently using are scattered around RAM, and the inactive parts are saved in a disk file. ... Macintosh Quadra 800 The Macintosh Quadra series was Apple Computers product family of professional high-end Apple Macintosh personal computers built using the Motorola 68040 CPU from 1991 until the Power Mac was introduced in 1994. ... The Motorola 68040 is a microprocessor from Motorola. ... The Apple Macintosh Classic II (also known as the Performa 200) replaced the Macintosh SE/30 in the compact Macintosh line in 1991. ... The Macintosh LC is a model of Macintosh computer manufactured by Apple Computer. ... frog design is a strategic-creative consultancy founded in 1969 by industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger and partners Andreas Haug and Georg Spreng in Mutlangen, Germany as Esslinger Design. Soon after it moved to Altensteig, Germany, and then to Palo Alto, California, its current headquarters. ...

The PowerBook 100 (shown here), 140 and 170 introduced a line of professional laptop Macs. They pioneered notebook ergonomics by placing the keyboard behind a palm rest.

In October 1991, the Macintosh Portable was replaced by the first three models in Apple’s enduring PowerBook range—the PowerBook 100, a miniaturized Portable; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170.^[30] They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest, and with a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard.^[31] Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). ... The PowerBook was a line of Macintosh laptop computers that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. ... The PowerBook is a line of Apple Macintosh laptop computers that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1991 to 2006. ... The PowerBook 140 was released in the first line of PowerBooks. ... The PowerBook 170 was released by Apple Inc. ... Logitech TrackMan A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball housed in a socket containing sensors to detect rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding ball. ...

In 1992, Apple started to sell a low-end Mac, the Performa, through nontraditional dealers. At Apple dealers, a mid-range version of the Quadra series called the Macintosh Centris was offered, only to be quickly renamed Quadra when buyers became confused by the range of Classics, LCs, IIs, Quadras, Performas, and Centrises.^[32] Apple also unveiled the miniaturized PowerBook Duo range. It was intended to be docked to a base station for desktop-like functionality in the workplace, and was sold until early 1997. In May 1994, Apple released the second-generation PowerBook models, the PowerBook 500 series, which introduced the novel trackpad. A Macintosh Performa 5200, an all-in-one desktop similar to the iMac. ... The Macintosh Centris 660AV, the last computer to use the Centris name Macintosh Centris was a set of three 1993 Macintosh models that were built around the Motorola 68LC040 and 68040 CPUs. ... Apple PowerBook Duo 2300c with standard CD jewel case, for size comparison. ... The PowerBook 500 (codenamed Blackbird) series was a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 520 model on 16th May, 1994. ... Laptop with a touchpad and a pointing stick A touchpad is an input device commonly used in laptop computers. ...

Also in 1994, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola.^[33] The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months.^[34] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... AIM was an alliance formed in 1991 between Apple Computer, IBM and Motorola to create a new computing standard based on the PowerPC architecture. ... The Power Mac G5, the last model of the series. ...

Despite these technical and commercial successes, Microsoft and Intel began to rapidly lower Apple's market share with the Windows 95 operating system and Pentium processors respectively. These significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought Windows still closer to the Mac GUI. In response, Apple started the Macintosh clone program, by which third-parties manufactured hardware to run Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially. As a result, when Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8. Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third-parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola and Power Computing Corporation, which had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware.^[35] Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Market share, in strategic management and marketing, is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment that is being serviced by a company. ... Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented graphical user interface-based operating system. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones since they almost exactly duplicated all the significant features of the PC, XT, or AT internal design, facilitated by various manufacturers... GUI can refer to the following: GUI is short for graphical user interface, a term used to describe a type of interface in computing. ... The StarMax 3000/160MT, a Macintosh clone manufactured by Motorola. ... Mac OS 8 is a series of versions of the Mac OS that supported a transition through major changes in the Macintosh hardware platform. ...

1998 to 2005: New beginnings

The original "Bondi Blue" iMac G3, introduced in 1998. One of the first products produced under CEO Steve Jobs since he left the company in the mid eighties, it brought Apple back into profitability.

In 1998, a year after Steve Jobs had returned to the company, Apple introduced an all-in-one Macintosh called the iMac. Its translucent plastic case, originally Bondi blue and later many other colors, is considered an industrial design hallmark of the late 1990s. The iMac did away with most Apple standard (and usually proprietary) connections, such as SCSI and ADB, in favor of two USB ports. It proved to be phenomenally successful, with 800,000 units sold in 139 days,^[36] making the company an annual profit of US$309 million—Apple's first profitable year since Michael Spindler took over as CEO in 1995.^[37] The "blue and white" aesthetic was applied to the Power Macintosh, and then to a new product: the iBook. Introduced in July 1999, the iBook was Apple's first consumer-level laptop computer. More than 140,000 pre-orders were placed before it started shipping in September,^[38] and by October it was as much a sales hit as the iMac.^[39] Apple continued to add new products to their lineup, such as the eMac for the education market and PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals. The original iMac used a G3 processor, but the upgrades to G4 and then to G5 chips were accompanied by a new design, dropping the array of colors in favor of white plastic. Current iMacs use aluminum enclosures. On January 11, 2005, Apple announced the release of the Mac mini priced at US$499,^[40] the least expensive Mac to date. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (872x948, 147 KB) An original tray loading Bondi Blue iMac. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (872x948, 147 KB) An original tray loading Bondi Blue iMac. ... The iMac G3 was the first model of the iMac line of personal computers made by Apple Inc. ... The original Bondi Blue iMac G3 was introduced in 1998. ... The original iMac model Bondi blue is a name of a color coined by Apple Computer, Inc. ... Example of industrial design item - hanger chair Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. ... Scuzzy redirects here. ... Early ADB device Apple Desktop Bus (or ADB) is an obsolete bit-serial bus for connecting low-speed devices to computers. ... USB redirects here. ... Michael Spindler (born 1942), nicknamed the Diesel for his reputed around the clock work habits, was president and CEO of Apple Computer from 1993 to 1996. ... An open Power Macintosh G3 case, showing the logic board placement on the hinged door. ... The original Blueberry iBook Clamshell The iBook is a now discontinued line of laptop computers that was developed and sold by Apple Inc. ... Not to be confused with the Emacs text editor. ... The PowerBook G4 is a series of notebook computers that was manufactured, marketed, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. ... The iMac G3 was the first model of the iMac line of personal computers made by Apple Inc. ... 300 MHz Motorola PowerPC 750 processor with off-die L2 cache on the CPU module of a PowerMac G3. ... The iMac G4, the first iMac with a flat panel screen The iMac G4 was a computer that was produced by Apple from the beginning of 2002 to mid 2004. ... The original iMac model The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Mac mini is the smallest desktop computer made by Apple Inc. ...

Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" is the latest in the long line of Macintosh operating systems, including numerous functionality and appearance changes.

Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, but its dated architecture—though retrofitted a few times (for example, as part of the PowerPC port, a nanokernel was added and Mac OS 8.6 was modified to support Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6)^[41]—made a replacement necessary. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9, using Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and based on NEXTSTEP. Mac OS X was not released to the public until September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, with an Aqua interface. At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple’s new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release.^[42] The initial release of Mac OS X, 10.0 (nicknamed Cheetah), was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called Classic, but Apple has since removed Classic from Mac OS X in version 10.5, "Leopard". Subsequent releases of Mac OS X were