NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Madame de Staël

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Madame de Staël

Anne Louise Germaine de Staël ( April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). There are 253 days remaining. Events 1500 - Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. 1509 - Henry VIII ascends the throne of England after the death of his... April 22, Events January 1 - Great Britain as King Charles III and figurehead for Jacobitism. March 5 - Antonio de Ulloa, the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, arrives in New Orleans. March 18 - American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act which was very unpopular in the British colonies. The persuasion of... 1766 – July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. Events 1223 - In France, Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II of France. 1789 - French Revolution: Citizens of Paris storm the Bastille... July 14, Events March 4 - James Monroe succeeds James Madison as the President of the United States of America April – Earthquake in Palermo, Italy April 3 – Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England May - The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founded General Theological Seminary while meeting in New... 1817) was a The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... French author who determined literary tastes of Europe at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Childhood

Born Anne Louise Germaine Necker in The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a dé... Paris, The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... France, she was the daughter of the prominent The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland is a landlocked federal state in Europe, with neighbours Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has a strong tradition of political and military neutrality, but also of international co-operation, and is home to many international organisations. Confoederatio Helvetica (CH), the Latin version... Swiss statesman Jacques Necker Jacques Necker (September 30, 1732 - April 9, 1804) was a French statesman and finance minister of Louis XVI. Early life Necker was born in Geneva, Switzerland. His father was a native of Küstrin in Pomerania (now Kostrzyn, Poland), and had, after the publication of some works on... Jacques Necker, who was the This page is a list of French finance ministers. Under the ancien régime, finance was in the charge of the Controller-General of Finance, one of the most important positions in the French government. Occasionally, the de facto Minister of Finance served instead as President of the Royal Council... Director of Finance under King Louis XVI Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793), was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French in 1791-1792. Suspended and arrested during the insurrection of the 10th of August, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of... Louis XVI of France, and Suzanne Curchod, almost equally famous as the early love of Edward Gibbon. Edward Gibbon (April 27, 1737 (O.S.) (May 8, 1737 (N.S.)) - January 16, 1794) was arguably the most influential historian since the time of Tacitus. His magnum opus, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, first published in 1776, is a groundbreaking work... Gibbon, as the wife of Necker himself, and as the mistress of one of the most popular The salon is a 17th century French idea, a gathering of stimulating and attractive people of quality under the roof of an inspiring hostess, partly to amuse one another and partly to refine their taste and increase their knowledge through conversation and readings, consciously following Horaces definition of the... salons of Paris. Between mother and daughter there was, however, little sympathy. M-me Necker, despite her talents, her beauty and her fondness for philosophic society, was strictly decorous, somewhat reserved, and disposed to carry out in her daughters case the rigorous discipline of her own childhood. The future Mme de Stal was from her earliest years a romp, a coquette, and passionately desirous of prominence and attention. There seems moreover to have been a sort of rivalry between mother and daughter for the chief place in Necker's affections, and it is not probable that the daughters love for her mother was increased by the consciousness of her own inferiority in personal charms. Mme Necker was of a most refined though somewhat lackadaisical style of beauty, while her daughter was a plain child and a plainer woman, whose sole attractions were large and striking eyes and a buxom figure.

She was, however, a child of unusual intellectual power, and she began very early to write though not to publish. She is said to have injured her health by excessive study and intellectual excitement. But in reading all the accounts of M-me de Stael's life which come from herself or her intimate friends, it must be carefully remembered that she was the most distinguished and characteristic product of the period of sensibility - the singular fashion of ultra-sentimentalism - which required that both men and women, but especially women, should be always palpitating with excitement, steeped in melancholy, or dissolved in tears. Still, there is no doubt that her father's dismissal from the ministry and the consequent removal of the family from the busy life of The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a dé... Paris, were beneficial to her.

During part of the next few years they resided at Coppet, her father's estate on the The Jet dEau fountain in Lake Geneva in Geneva Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman, Le Léman or Lac de Genève, (German: Genfersee) is the second largest freshwater lake in central Europe (after Lake Balaton), divided between France (Haute-Savoie) and Switzerland (cantons of Vaud, Geneva, and... Lake of Geneva, which she herself made famous. But other parts were spent in travelling about, chiefly in the south of France. They returned to Paris, or at least to its neighborhood, in Events January 1st The first issue of the Daily Universal Register, later known as The Times, is published in London. January 7 - Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a hydrogen gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel... 1785, and M-lle Necker resumed literary work of a miscellaneous kind, including a novel, Sophie, printed in 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events May 21 - Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris August 8 - Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat. September 2 – Hurricane in England Choctaw Treaty Chickasaw... 1786, and a tragedy, Jeanne Grey, published in 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January 8 - George Washington gives the first State of the Union Address. January 30 - The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne. February 1 - In New York City the Supreme Court of... 1790.

Marriage

It became, however, a question of marrying her. Her want of beauty was compensated by her fortune. But her parents are said to have objected to her marrying a Roman Catholic, which, in France, considerably limited her choice. There is a legend that William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759–23 January 1806) was a British politician during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He served as Prime Minister from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death. He is known as William Pitt the Younger to distinguish him... William Pitt the Younger thought of her; the somewhat notorious lover of M-lle de Lespinasse, Guibert, a cold-hearted coxcomb of some talent, certainly paid her addresses. But she finally married Eric Magnus, Baron of Stael-Holstein, who was first an attach of the The Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish: Konungariket Sverige listen?) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia, in Northern Europe. It is bordered by Norway on the west, Finland on the northeast, the Skagerrak Strait and the Kattegat Strait on the southwest, and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia on... Swedish legation, and then minister. For a great heiress and a very ambitious girl the marriage scarcely seemed brilliant, for Stael had no fortune and no very great personal distinction. A singular series of negotiations, however, secured from the king of Sweden a promise of the ambassadorship for twelve years and a pension in case of its withdrawal, and the marriage took place on January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 351 days remaining (352 in leap years). Celebrated as New Years Day by those still following the Julian calendar. Events 1301 - Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Arpad dynasty in Hungary. 1501 - Martin... January 14, 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events May 21 - Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris August 8 - Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat. September 2 – Hurricane in England Choctaw Treaty Chickasaw... 1786.

The husband was thirty-seven, the wife twenty. Mme de Stael was accused of extravagance, and latterly an amicable separation of goods had to be effected between the pair. But this was a mere legal formality, and on the whole the marriage seems to have met the views of both parties, neither of whom had any affection for the other. They had three children; there was no scandal between them; the baron obtained money and the lady obtained, as a guaranteed ambassadress of a foreign power of consideration, a much higher position at court and in society than she could have secured by marrying almost any Frenchman, without the inconveniences which might have been expected had she married a Frenchman superior to herself in rank. Mme de Stal was not a persona grata at court, but she seems to have played the part of ambassadress, as she played most parts, in a rather noisy and exaggerated manner, but not ill.

Revolutionary activities

Then in 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 1 - First edition of The Times, previously The Daily Universal Register, was published. January 2 - Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 4th U.S. state. January 9 - Connecticut ratifies the United States Constitution... 1788 she appeared as an author under her own name (Sophie had been already published, but anonymously) with some Lettres sur J. J. Rousseau, a fervid panegyric showing a good deal of talent but no power of criticism. She was at this time, and indeed generally, enthusiastic for a mixture of Rousseau is a French surname. Many influential cultural workers have gone by this name, although the person most likely to be referred to simply as Rousseau is Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) an author and influential philosopher. Eugène Rousseau (1827-1891) an artist of glass and... Rousseauism and constitutionalism in politics. She exulted in the meeting of the The word States-General, or Estates-General, refers in English to : the Etats-G raux of France before the French Revolution the Staten-Generaal of the Netherlands. The name in both cases signifies, whatever the ultimate divergence in character of the two bodies, the assembly of the representatives of... states general, and most of all when her father, after being driven to Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels ( Dutch: Brussel, French: Bruxelles, German: Brüssel) is the capital of Belgium and is considered by many to be the de facto capital of the European Union, as two of its three main institutions have their... Brussels by a state intrigue, was once more recalled and triumphantly escorted into Paris. Every one knows what followed.

Her first child, a boy, was born the week before Necker finally left France in unpopularity and disgrace; and the increasing disturbances of the The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years... Revolution made her privileges as ambassadress very important safeguards. She visited Coppet once or twice, but for the most part in the early days of the revolutionary period she was in Paris taking an interest and, as she thought, a part in the councils and efforts of the Moderate in the sense meant here is an intermediate position between those generally classified as being left-wing and those seen as being right-wing. Moderate can be used both as an adjective describing such a position, and as a noun describing persons holding such a view. In politics, moderates... Moderates. At last, the day before the September massacres, she fled, befriended by Manuel and Jean Lambert Tallien (1767 - November 16, 1820), was a French Revolutionary and politician. He was the son of the maître dhôtel of the marquis de Bercy, and was born in Paris. The marquis, noticing his ability, had him educated, and got him a place as a lawyer... Tallien. Her own account of her escape is, as usual, so florid that it provokes the question whether she was really in any danger. Directly it does not seem that she was; but she had generously strained the privileges of the embassy to protect some threatened friends, and this was a serious matter.

Salons at Coppet and Paris

She betook herself to Coppet, and there gathered round her a considerable number of friends and fellow-refugees, the beginning of the quasi-court which at intervals during the next five-and-twenty years made the place so famous. In 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 2 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland January 9 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a balloon in the United States. January 21 - After being found guilty of treason by the French Convention, Citizen... 1793, however, she made a visit of some length to Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Official language None; English is de facto Capital London Capitals coordinates 51° 30 N, 0° 10 W Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 1st UK... England, and established herself at There are a number of settlements named Mickleham: Mickleham, Victoria, Australia. Mickleham, Surrey, England. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it... Mickleham in This is about Surrey, England. There are also articles about other uses of the name Surrey. Surrey is a county in southern England, one of the Home Counties. It is divided into a number of districts - Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath... Surrey as the centre of the Moderate Liberal emigrants: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (February 2, 1754 - May 17, 1838) was a French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime of Louis XVI, through the revolution and then under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII and Louis-Philippe. Talleyrand was born into an aristocratic family in Paris but a foot... Talleyrand, Narbonne (Narbona in Occitan) is a city and commune of southwestern France, in the Aude département, of which it is a sous-préfecture. It is located next to the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and by the Aude River. Population 50,000. History Modern-day Narbonne was the... Narbonne, Arnail François, Marquis de Jaucourt ( 14 November 1757 - 5 February 1852) was a French politician. He was born at Tournon ( Seine-et-Marne) of a Protestant family, protected by the prince de Conde, whose regiment he entered. He adopted revolutionary ideas and became colonel of his regiment. In... Jaucourt and others. There was not a little scandal about her relations with Narbonne; and this Mickleham sojourn (the details of which are known from, among other sources, the letters of Fanny Burney later Madame DArblay (June 13, 1752-January 6, 1840) was an English novelist and diarist. She published her first novel Evelina anonymously in 1778. The revelation of its authorship brought her nearly immediate fame. She published Cecilia in 1782 and Camilla in 1796. Her three major novels... Fanny Burney) has never been altogether satisfactorily accounted for.

In the summer she returned to Coppet and wrote a pamphlet on the queen's execution. The next year her mother died, and the fall of Robespierre opened the way back to Paris. Her husband(whose mission had been in abeyance and himself in This article is about the region in the Netherlands. For other uses, see Holland (disambiguation). Holland is the name of a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. Holland is a former county of the Holy Roman Empire and later the leading member of the Republic of the... Holland for three years) was accredited to the French republic by the regent of Sweden; his wife reopened her salon and for a time was conspicuous in the motley and eccentric society of the This article is about the computing term. The Directory was also a government in revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799. In computing, a directory, catalog, or folder, is an entity in a file system which contains a group of files and other directories. A typical file system contains thousands of... Directory. She also published several small works, the chief being an essay Sur l'influence des passions (1796), and another Sur la litérature considéré dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales (1800).

It was during these years that Mme de Stael was of chief political importance. Narbonne's place had been supplied by Benjamin Constant ( October 25, 1767 – December 8, 1830) was a Swiss thinker, writer and politician. Constant was born in Lausanne, Switzerland, to descendants of Huguenots. He was educated by private tutors and at the universities at Erlangen and Edinburgh. In the course of his life, he spent many years... Benjamin Constant, whom she first met at Coppet in Events February 11 - 1st session of the United States Senate is open to the public. March 14 - Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin. March 27 - The United States Government established a permanent United States Navy and authorized the building of six vessels (in 1797 the first... 1794, and who had a very great influence over her, as in return she had over him. Both personal and political reasons threw her into opposition to This article is about the family of Napoleon Bonaparte. There is also an article on the Argentinian paleontologist, José Bonaparte. Of Corsican origin, the Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) family is the family of Napoleon I, who was elected as first consul of France on November 10, 1799 with the help of... Bonaparte. Her own preference for a moderate republic or a constitutional monarchy was quite sincere, and, even if it had not been so, her own character and Napoleon's were too much alike in some points to admit of their getting on together. For some years, however, she was able to alternate between Coppet and Paris without difficulty, though not without knowing that the First Consul disliked her. In 1797 she, as above mentioned, separated formally from her husband. In 1799 he was recalled by the king of Sweden, and in Events March 16 - West Point is established. March 25/27 - Treaty of Amiens between France and United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. March 28 - H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas. May 19 - Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French légion dhonneur (Legion of Honour). July 4... 1802 he died, duly attended by her. Besides the eldest son Auguste Louis, they bad two other children - a son Albert, and a daughter Albertine, who afterwards became the duchesse de Arms of the ducs de Broglie (or, a saltire anchory azure) The title of Duc de Broglie was a French peerage belonging to a family of Piedmontese origin, which emigrated to France in the year 1643. The family counts among its members three marshals of France, a Nobel Prize laureate... Broglie.

Conflict with Napoleon

The exact date of the beginning of what Mme de Stael's admirers call her duel with Napoleon is not easy to determine. Judging from the title of her book Dix annees d'exil, it should be put at 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Events January January 1 - End of French rule in Haiti February February 14 - First Serbian Uprising began. February 15 - New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery February 16 - First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the... 1804; judging from the time at which it became pretty clear that the first man in France and she who wished to be the first woman in France were not likely to get on together, it might be put several years earlier.

The whole question of this duel, however, requires consideration from the point of view of common sense. It displeased Napoleon no doubt that Mme de Stael should show herself recalcitrant to his influence. But it probably pleased Mme de Stael to quite an equal degree that Napoleon should apparently put forth his power to crush her and fail. Both personages had a curious touch of charlatanerie. If Mme de Stael had really desired to take up her parable against Napoleon seriously, she need only have established herself in England at the The Treaty of Amiens was signed on March 25, 1802 (Germinal 4, year X in the French Revolutionary Calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquis Cornwallis as a Definitive Treaty of Peace between France and Britain. Together with the Treaty of Lunéville (1801) the treaty of Amiens marked the... peace of Amiens. But she lingered on at Coppet, constantly hankering after Paris, and acknowledging the hankering quite honestly.

In Events March 16 - West Point is established. March 25/27 - Treaty of Amiens between France and United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. March 28 - H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas. May 19 - Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French légion dhonneur (Legion of Honour). July 4... 1802 she published the first of her really noteworthy books, the novel of Delphine, in which the femme incomprise was in a manner introduced to French literature, and in which she herself and not a few of her intimates appeared in transparent disguise. In the autumn of 1803 she returned to Paris. Whether, if she had not displayed such extraordinary anxiety not to be exiled, Napoleon would have exiled her remains a question; but, as she began at once appealing to all sorts of persons to protect her, he seems to have thought it better that she should not be protected. She was directed not to reside within forty leagues of Paris, and after considerable delay she determined to go to The Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. Due to its central location, Germany has more neighbours than any other European country: these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the... Germany.

German travels

She journeyed, in company with Constant, by Location within France Rhine watershed Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine région and of the département of Moselle (57). It is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille. History In ancient times Metz, then known... Metz and Frankfurt am Main [ˈfraŋkfʊrt] is the largest city in the German state of Hessen and the fifth largest city of Germany. Situated on the Main river, it has a population of approximately 650,000 (but about 5 million in its metropolitan area). Among English speakers... Frankfurt to For the locality in Texas called Weimar see Weimar, Texas, there is also Weimar bei Kassel and Weimar in Marburg-Biedenkopf. Weimar is a city in Germany. It is located at 50° 58 min 6 s north / 11° 18 min 6 s east, in the Bundesland of Thuringia (German: Th... Weimar, and arrived there in December. There she stayed during the winter and then went to Berlin ( pronounced: , German ) is the capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,387,404 inhabitants (as of September 2004); down from 4.5 million before World War II. It is also the second-largest city in the European Union after London. From 1949 to 1990 it was divided... Berlin, where she made the acquaintance of August Wilhelm von Schlegel (September 8, 1767 - May 12, 1845), German poet, translator and critic, was born at Hanover, where his father, Johann Adolf Schlegel (1721_1793), was a Lutheran pastor. He was educated at the Hanover gymnasium and at the university of Göttingen. With his brother Friedrich, the principal... August Wilhelm Schlegel, who afterwards became one of her intimates at Coppet. Thence she travelled to This article is about the city and federal state in Austria. For other places or things called Vienna, see Vienna (disambiguation). Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]) is the capital of Austria, and also one of Austrias nine federal states (Bundesland Wien). Situated on both sides of the river... Vienna, where, in April, the news of her father's dangerous illness and shortly of his death ( April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). There are 267 days remaining in the year. Events 217 Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated (and succeeded) by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus 1730 - Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New... April 8) reached her.

She returned to Coppet, and found herself its wealthy and independent mistress, but her sorrow for her father was deep and certainly sincere. She spent the summer at the A château ( French for castle; plural châteaux) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of gentry, usually French, with or without fortifications. The urban counterpart of château is palais (palace). The concept If a ch... chateau with a brilliant company; in the autumn she journeyed to The Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San... Italy accompanied by Schlegel and Jean Charles Leonard de Sismondi (May 19, 1773 - June 25, 1842), whose real name was Simonde, was a writer born at Geneva. His father and all his ancestors seem to have borne the name Simonde, at least from the time when they migrated from Dauphiné to Switzerland at the revocation... Sismondi, and there gathered the materials of her most famous work, Corinne.

She returned in the summer of Events January 11 - Michigan Territory is created. February 15 - Harmony Society officially formed March 1 - Justice Samuel Chase acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate April 27 - United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The Shores of Tripoli). May 26 - In Milans cathedral... 1805, and spent nearly a year in writing Corinne; in Events January 8 - Cape Colony becomes a British colony January 10 - Dutch in Cape Town surrender to the British January 19 - The United Kingdom occupies the Cape of Good Hope February 6 - Royal Navy victory off Santo Domingo - see:Action of 6 February 1806 March 23 - After traveling through the... 1806 she broke the decree of exile and lived for a time undisturbed near Paris. In 1807 Corinne, the first aesthetic romance not written in German, appeared. It is in fact, what it was described as being at the time of its appearance, a picturesque tour couched in the form of a novel.

The publication was taken as a reminder of her existence, and the police of the empire sent her back to Coppet. She stayed there as usual for the summer, and then set out once more for Germany, visiting Mains, Frankfort, Berlin and Vienna. She was again at Coppet in the summer of 1808 (in which year Constant broke with her, subsequently marrying a German lady) and set to work at her book, De l'Allemagne. It took her nearly the whole of the next two years, during which she did not travel much or far from her own house.

She had bought property in The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... America and thought of moving thither, but chance or fatality made her determine to publish De l'Allemagne in Paris. The submission to censorship which this entailed was sufficiently inconsistent and she wrote to the emperor one of the unfortunate letters, at once undignified and provoking, of which she had the secret. A man less tyrannical or less mean-spirited than Napoleon would of course have let her alone, but Napoleon was Napoleon, and she perfectly well knew him. The reply to her letter was the condemnation of the whole edition of her book (ten thousand copies) as not French, and her own exile, not as before to a certain distance from Paris, but from France altogether.

The act was unquestionably one of odious A tyrant (from Greek τυραννος) is a usurper of rightful power, possessing absolute power and ruling by tyranny. In the original Greek meaning tyrant carried no ethical censure, a tyrant was anyone who overturned the established government of a city-state, usually through... tyranny, but it is impossible not to ask why she had put herself within reach of it when her fortune enabled her to reside anywhere and to publish what she pleased. She retired once more to Coppet, where she was not at first interfered with, and she found consolation in a young officer of Swiss origin named Rocca, twenty three years her junior, whom she married privately in Events February 5 - George, Prince of Wales becomes Regent because of the perceived insanity of his father, King George III of the United Kingdom.He is known as the Prince Regent. This is the beginning of the period known as the English Regency. March 1 - Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali kills... 1811. The intimacy of their relations could escape no one at Coppet, but the fact of the marriage (which seems to have been happy enough) was not certainly known till after her death.

Eastern Europe

The operations of the imperial police in regard to Mme de Stal are rather obscure. She was at first left undisturbed, but by degrees the chateau itself became taboo, and her visitors found themselves punished heavily. Mathieu Jean Felicité, duc de Mont-Morency-Laval (July 10, 1766 - March 24, 1826), French politician, was born in Paris. He served with his father, the vicomte de Laval, in America, and returned to France imbued with democratic opinions. Mathieu de Montmorency was governor of Compiègne when he was... Mathieu de Montmorency and Jeanne Françoise Julie Adélaïde Récamier Jeanne Françoise Julie Adélaïde Récamier (December 4, 1777 - May 11, 1849), a famous Frenchwoman in the literary and political circles of the early 19th century, was born at Lyons. Her maiden name was Bernard. She was married... Mme Recamier were exiled for the crime of seeing her; and she at last began to think of doing what she ought to have done years before and withdrawing herself entirely from Napoleon's sphere. In the complete subjection of the Continent which preceded the Napoleons invasion of Russia in 1812 was a critical turning point in the Napoleonic wars, proving disastrous for France and its allies. Napoleon called it the Second Polish War, while it has been known in Russia as the Patriotic War ( Russian: Отечеств... Russian War this was not so easy as it would have been earlier, and she remained at home during the winter of 1811, writing and planning. On May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). There are 222 days remaining. Events 1430 - Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne 1498 - Girolamo Savonarola is executed on the orders of... May 23 she left Coppet almost secretly, and journeyed by For other uses, see Bern (disambiguation). The city of Bern, English traditionally Berne [bɝːn] (German Bern [ˈbɛrn], French Berne [bɛʀn], Italian Berna [ˈbɛrna], Romansh Berna [ˈbɛrnə]), is the Bundesstadt (capital) of Switzerland. Inhabitants: 127... Bern, Innsbruck City Center Innsbruck and Nordkette from south Innsbruck (population 120,000) is a city in western Austria, and the capital of the Tyrol province. Located in the Inn valley, between tall mountains, it is a famous winter sports centre. The Olympic Winter Games were held in Innsbruck twice, first... Innsbruck and This page is for the city of Salzburg. For the surrounding state of Salzburg, see: Salzburg (state) Fountain in the Residenzplatz Flag of Salzburg Salzburg (population 145,000 in 2003) is a city in western Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg (population 520,000 in 2003... Salzburg to Vienna. There she obtained an Austrian passport to the frontier, and after some fears and trouble, receiving a The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russian passport in There are two well-known places called Galicia: Galicia in Western Europe, an Atlantic Ocean region in Spain. Galicia in Central Europe, a historical region which is currently divided between Poland and Ukraine. See also Gaul in France, Belgium and northern Italy Galatia in Turkey Galati (county) in Romania This... Galicia, she at last escaped from the dungeon of Napoleonic Europe.

She journeyed slowly through The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia and The Republic of Finland ( Finnish: Suomen tasavalta, Swedish: Republiken Finland) is a Nordic country in northeastern Europe, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the southeast and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west. Finland has land frontiers with Sweden, Norway and Russia and... Finland to Swede (turnip /neep in Scotland) is also the British name for what the Americans call rutabaga. The Swedes are a people of Germanic origin, having their primarily geographical location on the eastern side of the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Identification, or the identity, as Swedes are today resting on... Sweden, making some stay at Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... St Petersburg, spent the winter in Stockholm [, ] is the capital and the largest City of Sweden. The City of Stockholm is administratively a municipality within Stockholm County, the population of the city proper is 761,721 (2004), with the suburbs included, the population is 1,695,946 (2004) (Stockholm County except Norrtälje, Nykvarn, Nynäshamn... Stockholm, and then set out for England. Here she received a brilliant reception and was much lionized during the season of 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events March 17 - Through a newspaper, the Prussian king Frederick William III of Prussia calls for resistance against the Napoleonic occupation April 27 - War of 1812: Battle of York - United States troops raid, destroy, but do... 1813. She published De l'Allemagne in the autumn, was saddened by the death of her second son Albert, who had entered the Swedish army and fell in a duel brought on by gambling, undertook her Considerations sur la revolution francaise, and when Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. Early Life Louis-Stanislas-Xavier was born on November 17, 1755 in the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France... Louis XVIII had been restored returned to Paris.

Restoration

She was in Paris when the news of Napoleon's landing arrived and at once fled to Coppet, but a singular story, much discussed, is current of her having approved Napoleons return. There is no direct evidence of it, but the conduct of her close ally Constant may be quoted in its support, and it is certain that she had no affection for the This article or section should include material from France: Wars of Religion _ Bourbon Dynasty The House of Bourbon dates from at least the beginning of the 13th century, when the estate of Bourbon was ruled by a Lord, vassal of France. With the course of time, the House of... Bourbons. In October, after Waterloo is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. On January 1st, 2004 Waterloo had a total population of 29,003 (13,834 males and 15,169 females). The total area is 21.03 km² which gives a population density of 1,379.25 inhabitants per km... Waterloo, she set out for The Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San... Italy, not only for the advantage of her own health but for that of her second husband, Rocca, who was dying of consumption.

Her daughter married Duke Victor, duc de Broglie, French statesman Achille-Léonce-Victor-Charles, 3rd duc de Broglie (November 28, 1785–January 26, 1870), was a French statesman and diplomat. He was born at Paris, the son of Charles-Louis-Victor, prince de Broglie and grandson of Victor-François, 2nd duc... Victor de Broglie on the 20th of February 1816, at Pisas coat of arms. This article is about Pisa in Italy. For other places of the same name, see Pisa (disambiguation). Pisa (population 90,000) is a city in Tuscany, Italy at the mouth of the river Arno on the Mediterranean. Landmarks Leaning Tower of Pisa By far the... Pisa, and became the wife and mother of French statesmen of distinction. The whole family returned to Coppet in June, and Lord Byron, English poet Lord Byron (1803), as painted by Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, (January 22, 1788 – April 19, 1824) was the most widely read English language poet of his day. His best-known works are the narrative poems Childe Harolds Pilgrimage and... Lord Byron now frequently visited Mme de Stael there. Despite her increasing ill-health she returned to Paris for the winter of 1816-1817, and her salon was much frequented. But she had already become confined to her room if not to her bed. She died on the July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. Events 1223 - In France, Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II of France. 1789 - French Revolution: Citizens of Paris storm the Bastille... July 14, and Rocca survived her little more than six months.

Assessment

Mme de Stael occupies a singular position in French literature is literature written in the French language; and especially, literature written in French by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written in other languages of France. See Francophone literature for literature written in French by citizens of other nations. Introduction Although the French people are... French literature. The men of her own time exalted her to the skies and the most extravagant estimates of her (as the greatest woman in literary history, as the foundress of the Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and overturning of previous social conventions, particularly the position of the aristocracy. There was a strong element of historical... romantic movement, as representing ideas, while her contemporary Fran ois-Ren , vicomte de Chateaubriand (September 4, 1768 - July 4, 1848) was a French writer and diplomat considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature. He was born in Saint-Malo and grew up in his familys castle in Combourg, Brittany. In 1791, he visited North America, which... Chateaubriand only represented words, colors, and images and so forth) are to be found in minor histories of literature. On the other hand, it is acknowledged that she was soon very little read. No other writer of such eminence is so rarely quoted; none is so entirely destitute of the tribute of new and splendid editions.

Nor, when the life and works are examined is the neglect without excuse. Her books are seen to be in large part merely clever reflections of other peoples' views or views current at the time. The The Sentiment for 18th century readers and writers is an equivalent for a strong romantic, usually exageratedly powerful feeling. Sentiment is represented in Samuel Richardsons novel Pamela. The term and the literary style originates in medieval French,and later Emglish, romanses, where the plot is based on some romantic... sentimentality of her sentiment and the florid magnilooquence of her style equally disgust the reader. But to state this alone would be in the highest degree unfair. Mme de Stael's faults are great; her style is of an age, not for all time; her ideas are mostly second-hand and frequently superficial.

But nothing save a very great talent could have shown itself so receptive. Take away her assiduous frequentation of society, from the later philosophe coteries to the age of Byron, take away the influence of Constant and Schlegel and her other literary friends - and probably little of her will remain. But to have caught from all sides in this manner the floating notions of society and of individuals, to reflect them with such vigour and clearness, is not anybody's task. Her two best books, Corinne and De l'Allemagne, are in all probability almost wholly unoriginal, a little sentiment in the first and a little constitutionalism in the second being all that she can claim. But Corinne is still a very remarkable exposition of a certain kind of aestheticism, while De l'Allemagne is still perhaps the most remarkable account of one country, by a native and inhabitant of another, which exists in literature.

This article incorporates text from the The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. (Proprietary interest is typically represented by a copyright or patent.) Such works and inventions are considered part of... public domain The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. The edition is still often regarded as the greatest edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, with many articles being up to 10 times the length of... 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.