A publicity photo of Tesla sitting in the Colorado Springs experimental station with his "Magnifying Transmitter". The arcs are about 22 feet (7 m) long. (Tesla's notes identify this as a Double exposure.)

The magnifying transmitter is an advanced harmonic oscillator of the electrical Tesla coil, used for the wireless transmission of electrical energy.[1] Nikola Tesla's apparatus is a high-voltage, air-core, self-regenerative resonant transformer that generates very high voltages at high frequency. Nikola Tesla in his laboratory in Colorado Springs circa 1900. ... Nikola Tesla in his laboratory in Colorado Springs circa 1900. ... In film and photography, double exposure is a technique in which a piece of film is exposed twice, to two different images. ... A harmonic oscillator is either a mechanical system in which there exists a returning force F directly proportional to the displacement x, i. ... A Tesla coil is a category of disruptive discharge coils, named after their inventor, Nikola Tesla. ... Wireless energy transfer is wireless transfer of electromagnetic energy via electromagnetic induction. ... Nikola Tesla (baptismal name: Николай) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. ... Regenerative Receiver Schematic The regenerative circuit (or self-regenerative circuit) allows a signal to be amplified many times by the same vacuum tube or other active component such as a field effect transistor. ... The difference between high voltage and low voltage depends on the situation and on the field of science or industry involved. ... High frequency (HF) radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHz. ...

History

The first 'Magnifier' was assembled in New York City in the period between 1895 - 1898.[1] In 1899 a larger magnifyier was constructed in Colorado Springs, and used to conduct fundamental experiments in wireless telecommunications and electrical power transmission. Measuring fifty-one feet in diameter, it developed a working potential in the order of 3.5 - 4 million volts and was capable of producing electrical discharges exceeding one hundred feet in length (30.5 meters).[2]

Tesla's Colorado lab was located
in a high geomagnetic location
(Larger)

Colorado GeoMag Map [png version] File links The following pages link to this file: Nikola Tesla Categories: Images with unknown copyright status ... Earths magnetic field (the surface magnetic field) is approximately a magnetic dipole, with one pole near the geographic north pole and the other near the geographic south pole. ...

Colorado arrival

In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He chose this location primarily because of the frequent thunderstorms, the high altitude (where the air, being at a lower pressure, had a lower dielectric breakdown strength, making it easier to ionize), and the dryness of the air (minimizing leakage of electric charge through insulators). Tesla kept a diary of his experiments in the Colorado Springs lab where he spent nearly nine months. It consists of 500 pages of handwritten notes and nearly 200 drawings, recorded chronologically between June 1, 1899 and January 7, 1900, as the work occurred, containing explanations of his experiments. 1899 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Colorado Springs is a middle-sized city, located just east of the geographic center of the state of Colorado in the United States. ... A diary is a book for writing discrete entries arranged by date. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... January 7 is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. ...

Tuned electrical circuit

Tesla constructed, in Colorado, many smaller resonance transformers and researched the concept of tuned electrical circuits. Telsa further developed some coherers for separating and perceiving electromagnetic waves and designed rotating coherers which he used to detect the unique types of electromagnetic phenomenon he observed. They had a mechanism of geared wheels driven by a coiled spring-drive mechanism which rotated small glass cylinders. These experiments were the final stage of years of work on synchronized tuned electrical circuits. These transceivers were constructed to demonstrate how signals could be "tuned in". Tesla logged in his diary on July 3, 1899 that a separate resonance transformer tuned to the same high frequency as a larger high-voltage resonance transformer would transceive energy from the larger coil, acting as a transmitter of wireless energy, which was used to confirm Tesla's patent for radio during later disputes in the courts. These air core high-frequency resonate coils were the predecessors of systems from radio to medical magnetic resonance imaging devices. An RLC circuit is a kind of electrical circuit composed of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C). ... A coherer (or, sometimes, receiver) is an early form of detector in wireless telegraphy. ... In computer networking, the term transceiver (sometimes abbreviated to TCVR) is a device that performs, within one chassis, both transmitting and receiving functions that is in a common housing, sometimes designed for portable or mobile use, uses common circuit components for both transmitting and receiving which provides half-duplex operation. ... A signal may refer to: an abstract element of information, or, more exactly, usually a flow of information (in either one or several dimensions). ... July 3rd is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... 1899 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... Magnetic Resonance Image Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - also called magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) - is a method of creating images of the inside of opaque organs in living organisms as well as detecting the amount of bound water in geological structures. ...

Power transmission

On July 3, 1899, Tesla discovered terrestrial stationary waves within the earth. He demonstrated that the Earth behaves as a smooth polished conductor and possesses electrical vibrations. Tesla demonstrated that the Earth could respond at predescribed frequencies of electrical vibrations. Tesla conducted experiments contributing to the understanding of electromagnetic propagation and the Earth's resonance. He transmitted signals several kilometres and lit neon tubes conducting through the ground. July 3rd is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ... A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains in a constant position. ...

Tesla researched ways to transmit energy wirelessly over long distances (via transverse waves, to a lesser extent, and, more readily, longitudinal waves). He transmitted extremely low frequencies through the ground as well as between the earth's surface and the Kennelly-Heaviside layer. He recieved patents on wireless transcievers that developed standing waves by this method. In his experiments, he made mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hz (Hertz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed resonant frequency was in this range. A light wave is an example of a transverse wave. ... Longitudinal waves, also referred to as compressional waves or pressure waves, are waves that have vibrations along or parallel to their direction of travel and can be a wave in which the motion of the medium is in the same direction to the motion of the wave. ... The Kennelly-Heaviside Layer is also known as the E region or just as Heaviside Layer (after Oliver Heaviside). ... A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains in a constant position. ... The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ... Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the... This article is about resonance in physics. ...

The Magnifying Transmitter was the basis for Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower project. Although the usual Tesla coils are designed to generate disruptive discharges, this system was designed for wireless communication and power transmission via longitudinal waves and telluric currents. In 1925, John B. Flowers advanced a proposal to test Tesla's system and to implement the system. H. L. Curtis, the chief of the Bureau of Standards Radio Laboratory in Washington D.C., and J. H. Dillinger, a physicist, reviewed the proposal but declined to implement the proposed plan. Flower's mechanical analogy test was successful, though. [7] Wardenclyffe Tower located in Shoreham, Long Island, New York. ... Wireless was an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver, referring to its use as a wireless telegraph. ... Since the development of technology, power transmission and storage systems have been of immense interest to technologists and technology users. ... Longitudinal waves, also referred to as compressional waves or pressure waves, are waves that have vibrations along or parallel to their direction of travel and can be a wave in which the motion of the medium is in the same direction to the motion of the wave. ... A telluric current (sometimes referred to as Magnetotelluric) is a extremely low frequency electrical current that occurs naturally over large underground areas at or near the surface of the Earth. ... 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ...

Telegeodynamics

Tesla conceived of a system, during this time experimetning tith the Magnifier, of geophysical exploration - seismology - which he called telegeodynamics. This was based on his reciprocating mechanical oscillator patented in 1894 and he explained that a long sequence of small explosions could be used to find ore and create earthquakes large enough to destroy the Earth. He did not experiment with this as he felt there would not be "a desirable outcome". Tesla also constructed many smaller resonance transformers and discovered the concept of tuned electrical circuits. Seismology (from the Greek seismos = earthquake and logos = word) is the scientific study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth. ... Telegeodynamics is a mechanical earth-resonance concept for underground seismic exploration proposed by Nikola Tesla. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... An ore is a mineral deposit containing a metal or other valuable resource in economically viable concentrations. ... Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998 An earthquake is a trembling or a shaking movement of the Earths surface. ... Earth, also known as the Earth or Terra, is the third planet outward from the Sun. ... An RLC circuit is a kind of electrical circuit composed of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C). ...

Magnifying Transmitter

The layout of the Wardenclyffe magnifying transmitter is fairly well known, based upon Tesla's patents [4,5] and various photographs [3,6] in which the concept was implemented. The magnifying transmitter is not identical to the classic Tesla coil. It has the short thick primary and longer secondary inductors characteristic of the Tesla coil, although their coupling is tighter. Because of this, more aggressive measures have to be taken in terms of primary spark quenching. In addition to the two large-diameter coils comprising the master oscillator, Tesla added a third inductor called the "extra coil." Tesla worked with the magnifying transmitter in a continuous wave mode and in a damped-wave resonant mode. Successful analyses focus on the distributed "transmission line" description of the "extra coil" (rather than the usual lumped-constant analysis). In lay terms, an invention is a novel device, material, or technique. ... Transformers - Typical electrical configurations. ... A coil is a series of loops. ... A cavity resonator uses resonance to amplify a wave. ... Low Frequency or LF (sometimes called longwave) refers to Radio Frequencies (RF) in the range of 30-300 kHz. ... This article is about a foot as a unit of length. ... An inductor is a passive electrical device that stores energy in a magnetic field, typically by combining the effects of many loops of electric current. ...

The extra coil or helical resonator is physically separated from the two close-coupled coils which comprise the master oscillator section. The power from the master oscillator is fed to the lower end of the extra coil resonator through a heavy electrical conductor. The magnifying transmitter's base-driven extra coil behaves as a slow-wave helical resonator, the axial disturbance propagating at a velocity of less than 1% up to around 10% the speed of light in free space. The Magnifying Transmitter's axial velocity electromagnetic field is established by the coil pitch and electrical charge propagation speed through the circuit. This article is about the shape. ... Oscillation is the periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure as seen, for example, in a swinging pendulum. ... Electrical conduction is the current (movement of charged particles) through a material in response to an electric field. ... In the physics of electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field is a field composed of two related vectorial fields —the electric field and the magnetic field When referred to as the electromagnetic field, encompassing all of space, whereas typically such a field is limited to a local area, based around an object...

Operation

Using low frequency harmonic Maxwellian oscillations, he attempted to set up standing waves of extremely low frequency in the Earth's electro-magnetic circuit. Based upon observations made with the device, Tesla reported that a type of Earth resonance can be excited (An example of an earth resonance is the Schumann resonance). Tesla states that he discovered with the device that Earth's resonance can be excited. Tesla set up standing electomagnetic waves with the Magnifying Transmitter in the telluric potential energy. Low Frequency or LF (sometimes called longwave) refers to Radio Frequencies (RF) in the range of 30-300 kHz. ... In acoustics and telecommunication, the harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. ... Longitudinal waves, also referred to as compressional waves or pressure waves, are waves that have vibrations along or parallel to their direction of travel and can be a wave in which the motion of the medium is in the same direction to the motion of the wave. ... Extremely low frequency (ELF) is the band of radio frequencies from 3 to 300 Hz. ... Earths magnetic field (the surface magnetic field) is approximately a magnetic dipole, with one pole near the geographic north pole and the other near the geographic south pole. ... The Schumann Resonance is a set of spectrum peaks in the ELF portion of the Earths electromagnetic field spectrum. ...

It has been proposed by some that Tesla was ultilizing Earth's magnetic fields' extremely low frequencies in a global resonator of power and information. Some posit that this variation of the Tesla coil was mainly intended for wireless transmissions of information. In normal operation the device is relatively silent, generating a high power electric field, but if the output voltage exceeds the design of the elevated terminal, high-voltage sparks may strike out from the electrode into the air. Tesla became the first man to create electrical effects on the scale of lightning. Cripple Creek residents could hear thunder coming from his lab produced by the Colorado Springs machine. Earths magnetic field (the surface magnetic field) is approximately a magnetic dipole, with one pole near the geographic north pole and the other near the geographic south pole. ... Most musical instruments include parts that vibrate with and amplify the sound of the instrument. ... Mechanical power In physics, power (symbol: P) is the amount of work W done per unit of time t. ... Information is a term with many meanings depending on context, but is as a rule closely related to such concepts as meaning, knowledge, instruction, communication, representation, and mental stimulus. ... In communications, transmission is the act of transmitting electrical messages (and the associated phenonomena of radiant energy that pass through media). ... In physics, an electric field or E-field is an effect produced by an electric charge that exerts a force on charged objects in its vicinity. ... Cripple Creek, is a city in Teller County, Colorado; it is the county seat. ...

Colorado Springs residents near the lab would observe sparks emitting from the ground to their feet and through their shoes. Electrical sparks could be observed from the local water main that was used, at times, as a ground connection. The area around the laboratory would glow with a blue plasma corona (similar to the phenomena of St. Elmo's Fire). One of Tesla's experiments damaged a Colorado Springs Electric Company generator by backfeeding high frequency radio frequency into the city's power distribution system. St. ...

Related Tesla Patents

• "System of Electric Lighting," U.S. Patent 454622, 23 June 1891
• "Means for Generating Electric Currents," U.S. Patent 514168, 6 February 1894
• "Electrical Transformer," U.S. Patent 593138, 2 November 1897
• "Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles ", U.S. Patent 613809, 8 November 1898
• "System of Transmission of Electrical Energy," U.S. Patent 645576, Mar. 20, 1900
• "Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy," U.S. Patent 649621, 15 May 1900
• "System of Transmission of Electrical Energy," U.S. Patent 645576, 20 March 1900
• "Apparatus for Utilizing Effects Transmitted from a Distance to a Receiving Device through Natural Media," U.S. Patent 685953, Nov. 5, 1901
• "Method of Utilizing Effects Transmitted through Natural Media," U.S. Patent 685954, Nov. 5, 1901
• "Apparatus for Utilizing Effects Transmitted From A Distance To A Receiving Device Through Natural Media," U.S. Patent 685955, Nov. 5, 1901
• "Apparatus for Utilizing Effects Transmitted through Natural Media," U.S. Patent 685956, Nov. 5, 1901
• "Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy," U.S. Patent 685958, 5 November 1901
• "Method of Signaling," U.S. Patent 723188, Mar. 17, 1903
• "System of Signaling," U.S. Patent 725605, Apr. 14, 1903
• "Art of Transmitting Electrical Energy through the Natural Mediums," U.S. Patent 787412, Apr. 18, 1905
• "Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy," Jan. 18, 1902, U.S. Patent 1119732, Dec. 1, 1914

See also: List of Tesla patents June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1894 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. ... March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in Leap years). ... 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... 1901 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Below is a list of Tesla patents. ...

Further readings

Tesla's publications

• Tesla, Nikola, "On the Transmission of Electricity Without Wires". Electrical World and Engineer, 5 March 1904.

Electrical World March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (65th in leap years). ... 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

• "The Development of High Frequency Currents for Practical Application"., The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 8.
• "Boundless Space: A Bus Bar". The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 19.
• "Mr. Tesla's Application of the Hertz-Wave Transmission". The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 8.

Other publications

• Bass, Robert W., "Self-Sustained Non-Hertzian Longitudinal Wave Oscillations as a Rigorous Solution of Maxwell's Equations for Electromagnetic Radiation". Inventek Enterprises, Inc., Las Vegas, Nevada.
• Bieniosek, F. M., "Triple Resonance Pulse Transformer Circuit". Review of Scientific Instruments, 61 (6).
• Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "Disclosure Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator". CPG Communications, Inc., Newbury, Ohio.
• Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data". CPG Communications, Inc., Newbury, Ohio.
• Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "Tesla's Colorado Spring Receivers (A Short Introduction)". 2003.
• Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "RF Coils, Helical Resonators and Voltage Magnification by Coherent Spatial Modes". IEEE, 2001.
• de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M., "Synthesis of Multiple Resonance Networks". Universidade Federal do Rio de Janerio, Brazil. EE/COPE.
• de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M., "Designing a Tesla Magnifier". Universidade Federal do Rio de Janerio, Brazil. EE/COPE.
• Grotz, Toby, "Wireless Transmission of Power: An Attempt to Verify Nikola Tesla's 1899 Colorado Springs Experiment, Results of Research and Experimentation". TESLA, Inc., Craig Colorado.
• Hartley, R. V. L., "Oscillations with Non-linear Reactances". Bell Systems Technical Journal, Sun Publishing. 1992.
• Wait, James, R., "Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media". Pergammon Press, 1972. (2nd edition)

Patents

• Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1113149, "Wireless receiving system". 1914.
• Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1342885, "Method of receiving high frequency oscillation". 1922.
• Armstrong, E. H., U.S. Patent 1424065, "Signalling system". 1922.
• Fessenden, R. A., U.S. Patent 1108895, "Signalling by sound and other longitudal elastic impulses". 1914.
• Leydorf, G. F., U.S. Patent 3278937, "Antenna near field coupling system". 1966.
• Tanner, R. L., U.S. Patent 3215937, "Extremely low-frequency antenna". 1965.
• Eastlund, Bernard J., U.S. Patent 5038664, "Method for producing a shell of relativistic particles at an altitude above the earths surface". 1991.
• Hansell, Clarence W., U.S. Patent 2389432, "Communication system by pulses through the Earth".

See also

• Longitudinal waves
• Cavity resonators
• Telluric currents
• Knob Hill
• List of articles related to Nikola Tesla

Longitudinal waves, also referred to as compressional waves or pressure waves, are waves that have vibrations along or parallel to their direction of travel and can be a wave in which the motion of the medium is in the same direction to the motion of the wave. ... A cavity resonator uses resonance to amplify a wave. ... A telluric current (sometimes referred to as Magnetotelluric) is a extremely low frequency electrical current that occurs naturally over large underground areas at or near the surface of the Earth. ... Knob Hill is most famous for its connection with Nikolai Tesla, and is the name of the place one mile (1. ... Below are articles related to Tesla: Main Nikola Teslas Category — Dynamic theory of gravity — Egg of Columbus — History of physics — History of radar — History of radio — Magnifying Transmitter — Picture thinking — Tesla, SI unit — Tesla patents — Tesla coil — Teleforce — Tesla turbine — Timeline of lighting technology — War of Currents — Wardenclyffe Tower...

External Links and resources

• Tesla Technology Research - Tesla Coils and the Failure of Lumped-Element Circuit Theory
• Jean-Louis Naudin's Magnifying Transmitter
• Practical Magnifier Construction Principles : Making it work
• The Real Science of "Non-Hertzian" Waves (This essay does not concentrate on longitudinal waves nor telluric currents, it's does focus on transverse waves)
• Cooper, John. F., "Magnifying Transmitter circuit diagram; alternate circuit diagram". Tesla-Coil.com.

A light wave is an example of a transverse wave. ...

References

[1] - My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, Hart Brothers, 1982, Ch. 5, ISBN 0910077002

[2] - Nikola Tesla : Guided Weapons & Computer Technology, Leland I. Anderson, Twenty First Century Books, 1998, pp. 12-13, ISBN 0963601296.

[3] - Anderson, Leland I., "Nikola Tesla on his work with alternating currents and thier appliaction to wireless telegraphy, telephony, and transmission of power". Twenty First Century Books, 2002, pp. 74, 89-90, 107, 111, ISBN 1893817016.

[4] - Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy, U.S. Patent No. 649,621, 15 May 1900

[5] - Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy, Jan. 18, 1902, U.S. Patent 1,119,732, Dec. 1, 1914

[6] - Tesla, Nikola, "Colorado Springs Notes", 1899-1900, Nikola Tesla Museum, Beograd, 1978.

[7] - Valone, Thomas, "Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature". ISBN 1-931882-04-5