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Encyclopedia > Mahmud Dramali Pasha
19th century portrait of Mahmud Pasha

Mahmud Pasha, called Dramalı (Greek: Μαχμούτ πασάς Δράμαλης, Drama ca. 1780 - Corinth, 26 October 1822) was an Ottoman General during the Greek War of Independence, who led a disastrous campaign against the Greek rebels in July 1822. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Drama (Greek: Δράμα) is a town in northeastern Greece. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Corinth, or Korinth (Greek: Κόρινθος, Kórinthos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a Greek city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans  - 1281–1326... Combatants Greek revolutionaries United Kingdom Kingdom of France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Egyptian Khedivate Commanders Theodoros Kolokotronis Alexander Ypsilanti Georgios Karaiskakis Omer Vryonis Mahmud Dramali Pasha ReÅŸid Mehmed Pasha Ibrahim Pasha. ...


Early life and career

He was born in Drama, from where he got his nickname. Raised in Constantinople, he participated in various campaigns throughout the Empire, acquiring significant military skills, until being finally posted in his home province of Drama as pasha. In 1820 he was pasha of Larisa, and participated in the army, under Hursid Pasha, operating against the rebel Ali Pasha Tepelenli of Yannina. Drama (Greek: Δράμα) is a town in northeastern Greece. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Pasha, pascha or bashaw (Turkish: paşa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... Alternative meanings: Larissa in mythology was a daughter of Pelasgus; Larrissa is a moon of Neptune; 1162 Larissa is an asteroid; Larissa is also a first name. ... Hursid Pasha was a Turkish General during the Greek War of Independence. ... Engraving of Ali Pasha Ali Pashë Tepelena, commonly known as Ali Pasha, (1741 – January 24, 1822) was the military ruler (pasha) of a large area of the Ottoman Empires European territories. ...


In early 1821, he crushed the first rebellions by Greeks in the Agrafa region, and after the disgrace and suicide of Hursid, took over as Mora Valisi, with the task of destroying the Greek revolt in its heart, the Morea. He assembled a well-equipped army of 24,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry, a huge force by Balkan standards, and set off from Larissa in late June 1822. Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Breathtakingly colossal Mountains of the Agrafa District. ... The Morea and surrounding states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The name Morea (Μωρέας) for Peloponnesos first appears in the 10th century in Byzantine chronicles. ... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...


The Morea Campaign

Main article: Battle of Dervenakia

He marched unopposed through Boeotia, where he razed Thebes, and Attica, where he did not attempt to retake the Acropolis, which had just surrendered to the Greeks. He passed through the defiles of the the Megaris unmolseted, and entered the Peloponnese. He arrived at Corinth in mid-July, and found the strong fort of Acrocorinth abandoned without a fight by its Greek garrison. He wed the widow of the fort's murdered former commander, Kiamil Bey, and was joined by Yussuf Pasha of Patras, who advised him to remain in Corinth, using it as a base, and to build up strong naval forces in the gulf and isolate the Morea, before advancing on Tripoli. But Dramali, by now utterly self-confident by the Greeks' apparent reluctance to oppose him, decided to march at once to the south, towards the Argolis. Combatants Greek revolutionaries Ottoman Empire Commanders Th. ... Boeotia or Beotia (//, (Greek Βοιωτια; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was the central area of ancient Greece. ... Thebes (Demotic Greek: Θήβα — Thíva; Katharevousa: — Thêbai or Thívai) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain. ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Acropolis of Athens from the south-west with the Propylaea and the Temple of Nike (left centre) and the theatre of Herodes Atticus (below left) Acropolis (Gr. ... Megaris, a small but populous state of ancient Greece, south of Attica, whose inhabitants were adventurous seafarers, credited with deceitful propensities. ... Map of the remains of Acrocorinth Acrocorinth (Gr. ... Tripoli (Greek, Modern: Τρίπολη, Katharevousa: -s; older form and Latin: Tripolis,rarely Tripolitsa, Tripolitza and Tripolizza) is a city in the central part of the Peloponnesos, Greece, and the capital of the prefecture of Arcadia. ... Argolis (Greek, Modern: Αργολίδα Argolida, Ancient/Katharevousa: Αργολίς -- still the official, formal name) is one of the fifty-one prefectures of Greece. ...


His advance caused a panic among the Greeks, with the provisional government fleeing Argos. But on arriving at Argos, Dramali made two critical mistakes: he did not secure his main supply and retreat route through the Dervenaki Pass, and ignored the fact that the absence of the Ottoman Navy meant that he could not be supplied by sea. Instead, he focused on taking the town's fort, stubbornly defended by a 700-strong Greek garrison under Demetrios Ypsilantis, which held out for twelve vital days, before breaking through the siege and escaping. During that time, the Greeks, under Theodoros Kolokotronis, rallied their forces, and occupied the surrounding hills and defiles, including the Dervenaki. The Greeks systematically looted the villages of the Argolic plain, even setting fire to the crops and damaging the springs, so as to starve the Turkish army. Coordinates 37°37′ N 22°43′ E Country Greece Periphery Peloponnese Prefecture Argolis Province Argos Population 29,505 Area 5. ... Dervenakia (the correct form is in the plural) is a small hamlet in the prefecture of Corinth, in the NE Peloponnesus (southern Greece); the name is derived from the Turkish word derven, meaning a mountain pass. ... Demetrius Ypsilanti, sometimes spelled Ypsilantis, (1793 - January 3, 1832), second son of Prince Constantine, distinguished himself as a Russian officer in the campaign of 1814, and in the spring of 1821 went to the Morea, where the war of Greek independence had just broken out. ... Monument of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Athens. ...


Trapped in the sweltering heat of Argos, without water and food, Dramali was forced to withdraw back to Corinth. On 26 July he sent out his cavalry, as an advance guard, towards the Derveneki pass. But the Greeks were expecting the move, and had taken up positions there. The resulting battle was a complete Greek victory, with few Ottomans managing to escape. Finally, two days later, Dramali set out with his main army. Although he and his bodyguard managed to pass, the majority of his army, as well as the treasury and most baggage and equipment, were left behind. The result of Dramali's campaign, which had started so well, was a complete disaster: out of more than 30,000 soldiers, only 6,000 returned to Corinth, where Dramali died on October 26.

 

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