Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre, Arawakan, Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper) is a language family of that spans from the Caribbean and Central America to every country in South America excepting Uruguay and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Arawakan stock. Current distribution of Human Language Families Most languages are known to belong to language families. ... ... Commonly, Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Arawakan languages are an indigenous language family of South America and the Caribbean. ...

The name Maipurean/Maipuran was named after the Maipure language of Colombia and Venezuela by Filippo S. Gilij in 1782.

Maipurean vs. Arawakan

In recent years, the term Maipurean refers to a core family of undoubtedly related languages while the term Arawakan refers to a larger and hypothetical phylum at a level above Maipurean. In this sense, Maipurean is a sub-grouping under a (macro-)Arawakan stock along with Guajiboan, Arauan, Candoshi, Harákmbut, and the extinct Puquina. Arauan (also Arahuan, Arawán, Madi) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso) and Peru. ...

Another usage of the term Arawakan is synonymous with Maipurean where they both are used interchangeably to refer to this core family. In this sense, readers may find Arawakan referring to the larger grouping and Arawakan Proper referring the (Maipurean) subgrouping.

Family division

The classification of Maipurean is difficult due to large number of languages which are extinct and poorly documented. The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). In addition to the family tree detailed below, there are a few languages that are "Non-Maipurean Arawakan languages or too scantily known to classify" (Kaufman 1994: 58), which include: In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ...

• Shebaye (†)
• Lapachu (†)
• Morique (a.k.a. Morike) (†)

Another language is also mentioned as "Arawakan":

• Salumã (a.k.a. Salumán, Enawené-Nawé)

Including these unclassified languages mentioned above, the Maipurean family has about 64 languages. Out of these, 29 languages are now extinct: Wainumáf, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasé, Cawishana, Garú, Marawá, Guinao, Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaí, Waraikú, Yabaána, Wiriná, Aruán, Taíno, Kalhíphona, Marawán-Karipurá, Saraveca, Custenau, Paunaca, Inapari, Kanamaré, Shebaye, Lapachu, and Morique. An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. ...

Gordon (2005) lists Aikaná (a.k.a. Tubarão) and Irantxe (a.k.a. Irántxe) under Maipurean, but Campbell (1997) & Kaufman (1994) list these languages as a language isolates/unclassified languages. Gordon also lists the following extinct "unclassified Arawkan" languages which do not appear in Campbell or Kaufman: A language isolate is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or genetic) relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. ... Unclassified languages are languages whose genetic affiliation has not been established, mostly due to lack of reliable data. ...

• Chané
• Cumeral
• Omejes
• Ponares
• Tomedes (a.k.a. Tamudes)

Ponares may be related to Piapoco or Achagua. Chané may be a dialect of Terena although Gordon says that it is distinct from Terena (note also that Gordon considers Guana a separate language while Campbell and Kaufman consider this a dialect of Terena). A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ...

Northern Maipurean

I. Northern Maipurean

A. Upper Amazon branch

i. Western Nawiki

a. Wainumá group (†)

1. Wainumá (†)

2. Mariaté (†)

3. Anauyá (†)

b. Piapoko group

4. Achagua (a.k.a. Achawa)

5. Piapoco (a.k.a. Piapoko)

6. Amarizana (†)

7. Caviyari (a.k.a. Kaviyarí, Cabiyarí)

c. Warekena group

8. Guarequena (a.k.a. Warekena)

9. Mandahuaca (a.k.a. Mandawaka)

d. Río Negro group

10. Jumana (†)

11. Pasé (†)

12. Cawishana (a.k.a. Kawishana) (†)

e. Yucuna group (a.k.a. Jukuna language area)

13. Yucuna (a.k.a. Jukuna)

14. Garú (†)

ii. Eastern Nawiki

15. Tariana (a.k.a. Tariano)

a. Karu group

16. Ipeka-Kurripako (a.k.a. Curripako, Ipeka-Tapuia-Curripako)

17. Karútiana-Baniwa (a.k.a. Baniva, Carútana-Baniwa)

18. Katpolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (dialect?)

iii. Resígaro

19. Resígaro

iv. Central Upper Amazon

a. Baré group

20. Marawá (†)

21. Baré

22. Guinao (a.k.a. Ginao) (†)

b. Yavitero group

23. Yavitero (†)

24. Baniva

25. Maipure (†)

v. Manao (†)

26. Manao (†)

27. Kariaí (†)

? unclassified Upper Amazon languages

28. Waraikú (†)

29. Yabaána (a.k.a. Yabaâna) (†)

30. Wiriná (†)

31. Shiriana (a.k.a. Xiriâna)

B. Maritime branch

i. Aruán

32. Aruán (†)

ii. Wapishana

33. Wapixana (a.k.a. Wapishana) (dialects: Atorada (aka Atoraí), Mapidian (aka Maopidyán), Wapishana)

iii. Ta-Maipurean

34. Taíno (a.k.a. Taino) (†)

a. Guajiro group (a.k.a. Wahiro)

35. Guajiro (a.k.a. Wahiro, Wayuu)

36. Paraujano (a.k.a. Parauhano)

37. Arawak (a.k.a. Arawák)

b. Iñeri group (a.k.a. Inyeri language area)

38. Kalhíphona (a.k.a. Island Carib) (†)

39. Garífuna (a.k.a. Black Carib)

C. Eastern branch

i. Palikur

40. Palikur (a.k.a. Palikúr)

41. Marawán-Karipurá (†)

Baniwas are south american indians belonging to the Arawak linguistic family. ... The Taíno Native American Indians (Amerindians) are relatives of the Arawak peoples of South America. ... The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for cassava flour), was used to designate the friendly Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in the Caribbean. ... This article is about the Island Carib people, who lived on the islands of the Caribbean. ... The Garifuna or Garífuna are an ethnic group in the Caribbean area, decended from a mix of Amerindian and African people. ...

Southern Maipurean

II. Southern Maipurean

A. Western branch

42. Amuesha (a.k.a. Amoesha, Yanesha’)

43. Chamicuro (a.k.a. Chamikuro)

B. Central branch

i. Paresí group

44. Peresí (a.k.a. Perecís)

45. Saraveca (a.k.a. Sarave) (†)

ii. Waurá group

46. Waurá-Meinaku (a.k.a. Waurá-Mehináku)

47. Yawalpití (a.k.a. Yawalapití)

48. Custenau (a.k.a. Kustenau) (†)

C. Southern Outlier branch

i. Terena

49. Terena (a.k.a. Terêna) (dialects: Kinikinao, Terena, Guaná (aka Guana), Chané)

ii. Mojo group (a.k.a. Moho)

a. Mojo language area

50. Ignaciano

51. Trinitario

52. Baure

53. Paunaca (a.k.a. Pauna-Paikone) (†)

iii. Piro group

54. Piro (a.k.a. Mashco Piro) (dialects: Chontaquiro (aka Yine), Maniteneri (aka Machinere), Mashineri (aka Maxinéri))

55. Inapari (ak.a. Iñapari) (†)

56. Kanamaré (†)

57. Apuriná (a.k.a. Apurinã)

D. Campa branch (a.k.a. Kampa)

58. Ashéninga (a.k.a. Ashéninka) (dialects: Ucayali (aka Ucayali-Yurúa), Upper Perené, Pichis, Apurucayali (aka Ajyíninka Apurucayali))

59. Asháninga (a.k.a. Asháninka)

60. Machiguenga (a.k.a. Matsigenga) (dialects: Caquinte, Machiguenga)

The Machiguenga are an indigenous people of the jungle regions of Eastern Peru. ...

See also

• Arawakan languages
• Arawak

The Arawakan languages (also Arahuacan, Arawakanas, Arahuacano, Maipurean, Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúrean) are a hypothetical indigenous language family of South America and the Caribbean. ... The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for cassava flour), was used to designate the friendly Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in the Caribbean. ...

Links

• Ethnologue: Arawakan, Maipuran
• Proel: Sub-tronco Maipureano

Bibliography

• Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5215-7021-2; ISBN 0-5215-7893-0.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1992). Arawakan languages. In W. Bright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics (Vol. 1, pp. 102-105). New Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13-67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-2927-0414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.
• Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América (pp. 223). Historia general de América (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia.
• Payne, David. (1991). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullum (Eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages (Vol. 3, pp. 355-499). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.