| Malayali (മലയാളി) | | | Visakham Thirunal • Mammootty • K. S. Chithra • Raja Ravi Varma • Narayana Guru | | Total population | | 35,757,100[1] Image File history File links Acap. ...
His Highness Raja Ramaraja Sri Padmanabha Dasa Vanchi Pala Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal Kirithapati Manney Sultan Bahadur Shamsher Jang was the Maharajah of the erstwhile Indian kingdom of Travancore from 1880-1885 AD. He succeeded his elder brother Maharajah Ayilyam Thirunal to the Travancore musnud. ...
Muhammad Kutty (born Pannaparambil Muhammad Kutty on September 7, 1953[1]) better known by his screen name Mammootty, is an award winning, popular, Malayalee Indian film actor. ...
K. S. Chithra is a singer who has made her mark in the Indian (film) playback industry. ...
Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906) was an Indian King and painter who achieved recognition for his depiction of scenes from the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. ...
Narayana Guru It has been suggested that the section Sri Narayana Guru from the article Ezhava be merged into this article or section. ...
| | Regions with significant populations | | | | Language(s) | | Malayalam (മലയാളം) | | Religion(s) | | Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism | | Related ethnic groups | | |
 A Malayali woman wearing a Sari  A Malayali man wearing a Mundu The Malayali people (also spelt Malayalee; Malayalam: മലയാളി) are members of the collection of ethnic groups defined by their usage of Malayalam as their native language, or by their nativity to the Indian state of Kerala. While the majority of Malayalis belong to Kerala, significant populations also exist in other parts of India, the Middle East, Europe and North America. According to the Indian census of 1991, there were 28,096,376 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 96.6% of the total population of Kerala. Hence the word Keralite is often used in the same context, though a proper definition is ambiguous. Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ...
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Malayalam ( ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...
Hinduism is a religious tradition[1] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ...
For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Dravidian Race is the name sometimes still given to the peoples of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages, the best known of which are Tamil (தமிழà¯), Telugu (తెలà±à°—à±), Kannada and Malayalam. ...
The Brahui people or Brohi people (Urdu: بروÛÛŒ) are an ethnic group of about 2. ...
Kannadiga (Kannada: ಕನà³à²¨à²¡à²¿à²— |masculine|), or Kannadati (Kannada: ಕನà³à²¨à²¡à²¤à²¿ |feminine|) are an ethnic group primarily located in the state of Karnataka in India and neighbouring areas like Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Goa and Maharashtra. ...
Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ...
Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
The Tuluvas (Tulu: ತà³à²³à³à²µ) are speakers of the Tulu language. ...
Image File history File links Kerala-girl-left. ...
Image File history File links Kerala-girl-left. ...
For the city, see Sari, Iran. ...
The mundu is a garment worn around the waist in Kerala related to the Dhoti as well as the Lungi. ...
Malayalam ( ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...
Malayalam (മലയാളം ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
North American redirects here. ...
The Malayali identity is primarily linguistic, although in recent times the definition has been broadened to include emigrants of Malayali descent who maintain Malayali cultural traditions, even if they no longer regularly speak the language. Malayalis are ethnically, linguistically and culturally related to the other Dravidian peoples of the Indian subcontinent. Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as he is influenced by his belonging to a group or culture. ...
For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ...
Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ...
Malayali non-prehistoric cultural genesis can be traced to their membership (around the 3rd century CE) in a vaguely-defined historical region known as Thamizhagom—a land defined by a common Tamil culture and encompassing the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. Malayali culture was later elaborated upon by centuries of contact with overseas lands—yet all through this time, its cultural heritage remained defined by its antiquity and organic continuity. The ancient Tamil country of the classical era extended from River Krishna to the Cape Comorin(Kanyakumari). ...
Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chera dynasty. ...
The Cholas were the most famous of the three dynasties that ruled ancient Tamil Nadu. ...
The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ...
Geographic distribution and population
According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala making up 96.8% of the total population of the state and 93.2% of the people with Malayalam as mother tongue in India. There were a further 701,673 (2.12% of the people with Malayalam as mother tongue in India) in Karnataka, 557,705 (1.7%) in Tamil Nadu, and 406358 (1.2%) in Maharashtra. In all, Malayalis made up 3.22% of all Indians in 2001. Of the total 33,066,392 Malayalam speakers in India in 2001, a total of 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like Eranadan.[2] As per the 1991 census data, 28.85% of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke another second language. 19.64% of the total knew 3 or more languages. Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mumbai (Bombay), and Chennai (Madras). A large number of Malayalis have emigrated to the Middle East, Europe and North America. There were 179,860 speakers of Malayalam in USA, according to the 2000 census though the Keralite Population is thought to be more than 350,000 according to the FOKANA website. The 2001 Canadian census reported 7,070 people who had Malayalam as their mother tongue. There were 2,968 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2001.[3] The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2,139 speakers.[4] 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in Fiji. There are also considerable Malayali population in Arab regions, especially in Dubai, where there is the biggest Kerala diaspora of the world. There are around 250,000 and they are the majority of the Indians in Dubai. This article is about the Indian region. ...
Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...
, Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराषà¥à¤Ÿà¥à¤° , IPA , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ...
, For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ...
, For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation). ...
, For other uses, see Hyderabad. ...
, Bombay redirects here. ...
Madras redirects here. ...
A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...
For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...
North American redirects here. ...
Location of Dubai in the UAE Coordinates: , Country Emirate Dubai Incorporated (town) June 9, 1833 Incorporated (emirate) December 2, 1971 Founder Maktoum bin Bati bin Suhail (1833) Seat Dubai Subdivisions Towns and villages Jebel Ali Hatta Al Hunaiwah Al Aweer Al Hajarain Al Lusayli Al Marqab Al Shindagha Al Faq...
Communities The following are the major ethnic communities among Malayalis:
Muslims -
Malayali Muslims are members of a Malayalam-speaking Islamic community spread across Kerala, Lakshadweep, Kodagu and across Malayali Diaspora around the world. In North Kerala they are known as Mappilas or Moplahs. The word mappila is derived from the old (pure) Malayalam words Amma and pilla meaning Child of Mother. The Mappilas are believed to be the earliest known Indian Muslim community, having existed since the 8th century CE, when Arab merchants who had long been trading with the Chera kingdom intermarried local women and settled down converting the latter and their families to Islam, based on the preachings of monotheism by Muhammad in Arabia. They propagated their faith along the Malabar Coast. Most Mappila Muslims follow the Shafi'i school of Muslim Jurisprudence (in contrast to the Hanafi school followed by most South Asian Muslims). The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs in Malayalam :മാപàµà´ªà´¿à´³) are a Syrian Malabar Nasrani and Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring states and territories of India. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Location of the Kodagu district with respect to the other districts of Karnataka. ...
The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs in Malayalam :മാപàµà´ªà´¿à´³) are a Syrian Malabar Nasrani and Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring states and territories of India. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
(7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ...
For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...
The Chera dynasty (Tamil: சேரரà¯) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties that ruled southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE. The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala and...
For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...
For the Celtic Frost album, see Monotheist (album) In theology, monotheism (from Greek one and god) is the belief in the existence of one deity, or in the oneness of God. ...
Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...
The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ...
The Malabarian Coast also known as the Malabar coast, is a long and narrow South-western shore line of mainland Indian subcontinent. ...
The Å Äfiˤī madhab (Arabic: شاÙعي) is one of the four schools of fiqh, or religious law, within Sunni Islam. ...
The Hanafi (Arabic ØÙ†ÙÙŠ) school is the oldest of the four schools of thought (Madhhabs) or jurisprudence (Fiqh) within Sunni Islam. ...
Ezhavas -
The Ezhavas, also known as Thiyyas, are the largest Hindu community in Kerala. Ezhavas are also found amongst the Malayali diaspora around the world. Ezhavas are today a social group sharing a common history from the pre-social reform era. They are classified as OBC[5] by the government. The Ezhavas form a major progressive community, and also one of the largest in Kerala, a south Indian state. ...
This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
The Ezhavas form a major progressive community, and also one of the largest in Kerala, a south Indian state. ...
The Other Backward Classes (or OBCs) in India are a group of castes officially recognized as having been traditionally subject to exclusion. ...
Christians -
Christians, including Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants and Church of South India, form the third largest group in Kerala. Since centuries, they got well blend with the changing socio-cultural environment of the region. They are a unique faction of Christians who are Hindus by culture, Christians by religion, and Judeo-Syro-Oriental in worship. They have sometimes, even in some official documents, been called Nasranis (followers of Jesus of Nazarene) or Saint Thomas Christians. The community consists of people from many ethnic groups of Kerala including Dravidian converts, the pre-Christian era Jewish diaspora, different trading diaspora of Muziris, Syrian Christian settlers and the Knanayas.[6] Nestorianism is the Christian doctrine that Jesus existed as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God, rather than as a unified person. ...
The Roman Catholic Church is the largest religious denomination of Christianity with over one billion members. ...
Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
CSI St. ...
Nestorianism is the Christian doctrine that Jesus existed as two persons, the man Jesus and the divine Son of God, rather than as a unified person. ...
This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ...
This box: The Saint Thomas Christians are a group of Christians from the Malabar coast (now Kerala) in South India, who follow Syriac Christianity. ...
Dravidian may refer to: Dravidian languages, including the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada languages spoken especially in southern India and Sri Lanka. ...
The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tefutzah, scattered, or Galut גלות, exile, Yiddish: tfutses), the Jewish presence outside of the Land of Israel is a result of the expulsion of the Jewish people out of their land, during the destruction of the First Temple, Second Temple and after the Bar Kokhba revolt. ...
Muziris is a lost port city in the southern Indian state of Kerala, locally known as Vanchi, which was a major center of trade, especially pepper and other spices, with the Roman Empire from the 1st or 2nd century BCE to probably as late as 6th century CE. Large hoards...
A Nasrani (also called as a Syrian - Malabar Christian) is a type of Christian from Kerala, South India who follows the earliest form of Christian-Jewish tradition of the early Christians. ...
The Nasrani Menorah also known as the Mar Thoma sliba Knanaya (Heb:×§× ××™×, Ar:قينان), literally meaning Knai people, are an endagamous Jewish people from Kerala, India. ...
Nairs -
Nairs (sometimes spelled Nayar) are a Hindu upper caste. The Nairs were a martial nobility[7][8][9][10] and figure prominently in the history of Kerala. The Nairs form the second largest Hindu community in Kerala. This article is about a Hindu caste. ...
Nair or Nayar (Malayalam: നായ൪) is the name of a Kshatriya caste in the Southern Indian state of Kerala. ...
This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...
Kerala Iyers -
Main article: Palakkad Iyers Kerala Iyers (Also known as Palakkad Iyers) are the Tamil Speaking Brahmins of Kerala who have been living in Kerala for centuries. The Iyers are now like any other community in Kerala with a long history and culture and are prominent in every sphere of Malayali culture whether in Movies, Politcs, Music, or Business. Though they are a declining community like the Nairs due to heavy emigration to other cities in India, they still form a sizeable minority. They are affectionally called as "Pattar" by other malayalees. Palakkad Iyers are Brahmin Tamilians who are believed to have migrated from the State of Tamil Nadu centuries ago. ...
Palakkad Iyers are Brahmin Tamilians who are believed to have migrated from the State of Tamil Nadu centuries ago. ...
Nambudiri -
Nambudiris, or Namboothiris, are the upper class Brahmins of Kerala and form a tiny minority in Kerala. They perform Puja in temples of Kerala based on Tantra Vidhi. The unique thing about Namboothiris is that they follow the poorva mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy, unlike the uttara mimamsa or vedanta school followed by most of the south Indians Brahmins. The name Namboothiri is said to be derived from Nambu meaning sacred (in Prakruta Tenugu) and Thiri, which is a suffix added to the names of certain upper castes in Kerala. Another view is that it is derived from Nam (Veda) and Poorayathi (who imparts). The Namboothiris (Malayalam :നമàµà´ªàµ‚തിരി)are the Brahmins of Kerala, thought to be the most orthodox brahmins in India. ...
Upper class is a concept in sociology that refers to the group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. ...
The Sanskrit word denotes the scholar/teacher, priest, caste, class (), or tribe, that has been traditionally enjoined to live a life of learning, teaching and non-possessivenes . ...
A puja as performed in Ujjain during the Monsoon on the banks of the overflowing river Shipra. ...
Cochin Jews -
Main article: Cochin Jews Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews (Malabar Yehudan) are the ancient Jews and their descendants of the erstwhile state of Kingdom of Cochin which includes the present day port city of Kochi.[11] They traditionally spoke Judeo-Malayalam, a form of the Malayalam tongue, native to the state of Kerala. The Jews of Cochin did not adhere to the Talmudic prohibition, followed by other Orthodox Jews, against public singing by women, and therefore have a rich tradition of Jewish prayers and narrative songs performed by women in Judeo-Malayalam. Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews are the ancient prospetutess and their descendants of the South Indian erstwhile state of Kingdom of Cochin which includes the present day port city of Kochi. ...
It has been suggested that Gosree be merged into this article or section. ...
Kochi ( ; Malayalam: []); formerly known as Cochin) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. ...
Judeo-Malayalam is the traditional language spoken by the Cochin Jews (also called Malabar Jews), from Kerala, in southern India, spoken today by about 8,000 people in Israel and by probably fewer than 100 in India. ...
Malayalam (മലയാളം ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...
The Talmud (Hebrew: ) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs, and history. ...
Orthodox Judaism is one of the three major branches of Judaism. ...
Architecture A typical Kerala style house with Thulasi thara (platform for Holy Basil) in front. Since Kerala receives the highest annual rainfall in India, the architecture formed and adopted was suited for this feature. Typical building structures in Kerala are adopted to conserve water received from rain. In the hot season, these structures provide natural air-conditioning as well. Binomial name L. Synonyms Ocimum sanctum L. Ocimum tenuifolium (known as Holy basil in English, and Tulasi in Sanskrit), is a well known aromatic plant in the family Lamiaceae. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 534 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,600 × 1,067 pixels, file size: 371 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Vadakumnathan Temple Gate, Thrissur, Kerala - Photo by Rajesh Kakkanatt I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 534 pixelsFull resolution‎ (1,600 × 1,067 pixels, file size: 371 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Vadakumnathan Temple Gate, Thrissur, Kerala - Photo by Rajesh Kakkanatt I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
Vadakkkunnathan Temple literaly meaning lord of the North; Vadakku = North, Nathan = Lord is one of the largest Shiva temples in Kerala. ...
, For the district with the same name, see Thrissur district. ...
Traditional houses of Kerala are built in accordance with the principles of "Thatchushastra" (Science of carpentry) and "Vastushastra", the ancient Indian science of architecture. Architecture of Kerala is amalgam of influences both from foreign and Indian origin. Influence of Chinese and Japanese architecture is felt strongly.[12] These are clearly evident from the gabled roofs and all wood, coconut frond thatched constructions.
Nalukettu Nalukettu is a quadrangular building constructed after following the Thatchushastra. In past, Nalukettu was the house in which Malayalis lived. It was a typical house which was flanked by out-houses and utility structures. Image File history File links Taravadu. ...
Image File history File links Taravadu. ...
An example of a Nalukettu Nalukettu or Naalukettuis the traditional homestead of old Tharavadu where many generations of a matrilineal family lived. ...
An example of a Nalukettu Nalukettu or Naalukettuis the traditional homestead of old Tharavadu where many generations of a matrilineal family lived. ...
Nalukettu is constructed within a large compound. It was called Nalukettu because it consisted of four wings around a central courtyard called Nadumuttom. The four wings contained rooms to house a large joint family. The Vadakkani or the northern block had two rooms which were the kitchen and the dining room. The Padinjath which was the western block had three rooms of which the middle one was the strong room and the others were bedrooms. The middle portion of the eastern and the southern blocks were for visitors. On all four sides of the inner courtyard were verandahs. The entrance to the house was through a gate house called Padippura. A court or courtyard is an enclosed area, often a space enclosed by a building that is open to the sky. ...
A verandah or veranda is a roofed opened gallery or porch. ...
The house has a quadrangle in the center. The quadrangle is in every way the center of life in the house and very useful for the performance of rituals. quadrangle is a good name for a mathlete team. ...
The mansion is created using wood and tiles, central open courtyard and wondrous architecture. The interiors of the house are tastefully decorated with a wealth of antiques made from teak, sandalwood, mahogany, etc. The traditional Nalukettu, barring the foundation and floor, is made of carved and slotted wood and has a close resemblance to East Asian gabled and thatched structures. In later years, tiles replaced the coconut fronds. Species Tectona grandis Tectona hamiltoniana Tectona philippinensis Teak (Tectona), is a genus of tropical hardwood trees in the family Verbenaceae, native to the south and southeast of Asia, and is commonly found as a component of monsoon forest vegetation. ...
The branches of a young sandalwood tree found in Hawaii Sandalwood is the fragrant wood of trees in the genus Santalum. ...
This article is about the timber. ...
The enclosed courtyard or "ankanam" is usually sunken and therefore called "kuzhi (pit) ankanam". The protruding roofs formed shady verandas and protected the rooms from direct sunlight, keeping them cool even on the hottest of days. The inner verandah around the ankanam is open. The outer verandahs along the four sides of the Nalukettu are enclosed differently. While both the western and eastern verandahs are left open, the northern and southern verandahs are enclosed or semi-enclosed.
The layout of these homes was simple, and catered to the dwelling of a large number of people, usually part of a tharavaadu. Ettukettu (eight halled with two central courtyards) or Pathinarukettu (sixteen halled with four central courtyards) are the more elaborate forms of the same architecture. Every structure faces the sunlight, and in some well designed nalukettu, there is excellent ventilation. Temperatures, even in the heat of summer, are markedly lower within the nalukettu. Tharavadu is a system of joint family practised by people in Kerala, south India, especially castes like Namboothris, Nairs and Ezhavas. ...
An example of a Nalukettu structure is Mattancherry Palace. Category: Possible copyright violations ...
Tharavadu -
Tharavadu is a system of joint family practised by Malayalis, especially castes like Namboothris, Nairs and Ezhavas. Each Tharavadu has a unique name. As joint families grew and established independent settlements, the Sakhas (branches) modified the names in a such way that the main Tharavadu names are identifiable, yet Sakha (or "Thavazhi", i.e. Thay Vazhi which means "Through Mother") had a distinct name. For communities like Nairs, the "Tharavad name" is identified through their mother's house ("Thavazhi"), but some other communities like Namboothiris the name is identified by the father's Tharavadu. For Ezhavas, depending upon the social status of the family, the names are identified by the father's or mother's Tharavadu. Some Tharavadus were the protectors and rulers of the Desam (place) that they were in and a reporting relationship emerged over a period to a "Naadu Vaazhi" (Ruler of the land). Naadu is a group of Desams. Since the Tharavadu had a brand name of its own, it had vested upon the members a sense of responsibility to conduct themselves in manner befitting the traditions. The Tharavadu was administered by the Karnavar, the senior most male member of the family. He will be the eldest maternal uncle of the family as well. The members of the Tharavadu consisted of mother, daughters, sons, sisters and brothers. The fathers and husbands had only very minimal role to play in the affairs of the Tharavadu. It was a true matrilineal affair. The Karanavar took all major decisions. He was usually autocratic. However, the consent of the eldest female member of the family was taken before implementing the decisions. This eldest female member would be his maternal grandmother, own mother, mother's sister, his own sister or a sister through his maternal lineage. Since the lineage was through the female members, the birth of a daughter was always welcomed. Each Tharavadu also has a Bhara Devatha (clan deity) revered by those in the particular Tharavadu. Temples were built to honour these deities. A Kalarideivam/devatha or deity presiding over the practice of Kalaripayattu (martial art form in Kerala) was also honoured. Tharavadu is a system of joint family practised by people in Kerala, south India, especially castes like Namboothris, Nairs and Ezhavas. ...
The Namboothiris (Malayalam :നമàµà´ªàµ‚തിരി) are the Brahmins of Kerala, thought to be the most orthodox brahmins in India. ...
Kerala's society is less patriarchical than the rest of the Majority World.[13][14] Certain Hindu communities such as the Nairs, some Ezhava families in Travancore and Cochin, Ezhavas in north Kerala and Muslims around Kannur used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam which has in the recent years (post Indian independence) ceased to exist. Christians, Muslims, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and some Ezhavas follow makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[15] Kerala's gender relations are among the most equitable in India and the Majority World.[16][17] However, this too is coming under threat, from such forces as patriarchy-enforced oppression of women. The Majority World, representing 83 per cent of World_Population, is another term to describe developing or third world nations. ...
The Ezhavas form a major progressive community, and also one of the largest in Kerala, a south Indian state. ...
Flag for former princely state of Travancore Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: തിരàµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], തിരàµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´‚കൂരàµâ€ [], തിരàµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‹à´Ÿàµ []) was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). ...
Cochin may refer to: Cochin China Kingdom of Kochi, a former princely state of India, merged with Travancore to form the State of Kerala Cochin city, the former name of the city of Kochi, in Kerala Hôpital Cochin, a famous hospital in Paris, France Cochin font, from the Adobe...
The Ezhavas form a major progressive community, and also one of the largest in Kerala, a south Indian state. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
For the district with the name Kannur, see Kannur District. ...
Marumakkathayam is a matrilinear system of inheritance follwed by castes of Kerala like some Brahmin families , Ambalavasis, Royal families, Nair, Ezhavas, upper class Mappilas in Kerala state, south India. ...
Music Malayalis have derived their own form of Indian classical music. It is given the name Sopanam. Sopanam is a form of Indian classical music developed in the temples of Kerala in the wake of the increasing popularity of the Jayadeva's 'Gita Govinda' or 'Ashtapathi'. Sopanasangitham is sung by the side of the steps (Sopanam) of Temple, with the accompaniment of the drum called Idakka. The sopanasangitam in its traditional form is seen at its best among the Marars and Poduvals, who were hereditary Ambalavasis engaged to do the same. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
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Panchari melam is a classic performance (melam) of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala state in south India. ...
Sri Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma(April 16, 1813 - December 25, 1846) was a South Indian king of the state of Travancore, in India. ...
Carnatic music, also known as is one of the two styles of Indian classical music, the other being Hindustani music. ...
Sopanam is a form of Indian classical music developed in the temples of Kerala in the wake of the increasing popularity of the Jayadevas Gita Govinda or Ashtapathi. Sopanasangitham is sung by the side of the steps (Sopanam) of Temple, with the accompaniment of the drum called Idakka. The...
The Gita Govinda or the Song of the Shri Krishna is a work composed in the 12th century by Jayadeva Goswami. ...
Idakka is an hour-glass drum from Kerala. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Pothuval (Poduval) is a caste of Pushpaka Brahmins (Ambalavasis) in Kerala. ...
Ambalavasi is the name of a Kerala community (not to be confused with caste) composed of a number of Hindu castes such as Pushpakas (Unni, Nambeesan, etc. ...
Kerala has shared the general musical culture of peninsular India from the earliest times. South Indian music is generally known as Carnatic music because of its common features. Each region of the south has its own culture. Kerala's music is known as Sopanam. Sangeetam (Music) appears to have acquired its name from the Sopanam which means Sanctum Sanctorum of the temple. Its essential features were born out of a happy blending of the Vedic, the folk and tribal music of the region. Some famous singers are Neralattu Rama Poduval, Janardhanan Nedungadi and Damodara Marar. Vedic may refer to: Ancient India the Vedic civilization the Vedas, the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan texts Vedic Sanskrit, their language (see also Vedic meter, Vedic accent, Vedic chant and Shrauta) the historical Vedic religion traditional Hindu culture: Vedic astrology the Ayurveda (Vedic medicine) Ancient Vedic weights and measures modern...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Panchavadyam is a classic performance of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala state of India, where five instruments are involved in a breathtaking-fastmoving act of percussion (Pancha in Sanskrit means five). ...
Panchari melam The percussion ensemble panchari melam (or panchari), as part of the chenda melam (or melam) family, is the best-known and most popular kshetram vadyam genre to be performed at virtually every temple festival in central Kerala. Malayalis, especially in the central districts, regard panchari as the most ancient percussion genre in Kerala. Other melams are pandi, chempata, anchatanta, dhruvam, atanta, and chempha. Though there are musical and ritualistic differences between the panchari and other melams, the description of the former is proto-typical for the latter. Panchari melam is a classic performance (melam) of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala state in south India. ...
Panchari melam is either performed in an elaborated form (bigger ensemble, longer performance time) to accompany the annual temple festivals, or in an abbreviated form for the daily or weekly rituals. Both forms are performed within the walls of the temple. The ensemble starts at the main entrance to the inner part of the temple, slowly circumambulating the shrine clockwise while playing. On either of the eight wind directions or the compass points they stop and perform. Usually a phase or at least a talavattam (tala cycle, see below) is concluded before proceeding; thus paying reference to each divinity located in different parts of the temple. The procession is led by the divine idol of the temple kept on an elephant or carried by a Namboothiri priest. The deity faces the musical ensemble and devotees, the latter surrounding the musicians in a semi-circle eagerly following the musical progress of the melam.
Panchavadyam Panchavadyam is regarded as one of the most sophisticated art forms in Kerala, and thus the performers are highly respected and usually a huge crowd gathers to watch and listen to the performance. In contrast to the smaller ritualistic panchavadyam, this orchestral form is also called sevanga panchavadyam. Similar to chenda melam, panchavadyam is also characterised by a pyramid rhythmic structure, the ever increasing tempo, and the proportionally decreasing number of beats in a cycles. In contrast to melam it uses different instruments, is not related so closely to the kshetram ritual, contains improvised parts, and its present form was only composed in the 1930s by the maddalam artist Venkichan Swami Bhagavatar and Madhava Warrier. An intelligent mixture of composed and improvised parts creates an amazing sound atmosphere. Similar to panchari, the artists are grouped in two semicircles facing each other. According to the panchavadyam band leader and timila artist Kuttapan Marar (2001), this genre is not performed for any ritual, though it is performed in a small ensemble parallel to the diparadhana evening ritual. Panchavadyam is a classic performance of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala state of India, where five instruments are involved in a breathtaking-fastmoving act of percussion (Pancha in Sanskrit means five). ...
For other uses, see Tempo (disambiguation). ...
Kshetram is a malayalam transalation for Temple. ...
Madhalam is a drum made out of the wood of the jackfruit tree. ...
The hallmark of Kerala music lies in the dominance of percussion instruments, its roots in the traditional kavu ritual music and the natural environment. Modern Kerala gives us hints of the sources from which these early musicians had created such a mighty and powerful music: the hammering sound of the woodpecker; the various sounds of falling rain on leaves or thatched roofs in the long rainy season; the croaking of the frogs after heavy rainfall; storm and wind moving the leaves of trees, bushes and grass. Or the man-made sounds: the regular noise of wood cutting and chopping; the washer women beating the dirty clothes onto the stones at the river or temple pond. The Malayalis only distinguish two forms of music: kutuka (to drum) and pattu (to sing). It is interesting that the term pattu is also used for solo instrumental genres kuzhal (oboe) and kombu pattu (horn). Percussion domination means that the musical framework of the pieces is not determined by a melody or raga, but consists of a very sophisticated rhythmical structure and content. The "melody" of a piece is formed through a prominent rhythmic sound. Depending on the ritual this rhythm melody is more or less elaborated, and more or fewer compositional or improvisational elements are employed. A melody or raga, where it is used, is usually subordinated to the rhythm (an exception of this rule is kuzhal pattu). The term percussion-dominated indicates that the main instruments are drums and cymbals and the rhythmic structure is the main feature of the music. The wind instruments have in this sense a subordinated role to play. Percussion redirects here. ...
Genera Melanerpes Sphyrapicus Xiphidiopicus Dendropicos Dendrocopos Picoides Veniliornis Campethera Geocolaptes Dinopium Meiglyptes Hemicircus Micropternus Picus Mulleripicus Dryocopus Celeus Piculus Colaptes Campephilus Chrysocolaptes Reinwardtipicus Blythipicus Gecinulus Sapheopipo For other uses, see Woodpecker (disambiguation). ...
Distribution of frogs (in black) Suborders Archaeobatrachia Mesobatrachia Neobatrachia - List of Anuran families The frogness babe is an amphibian in the order Anura (meaning tail-less from Greek an-, without + oura, tail), formerly referred to as Salientia (Latin saltare, to jump). ...
Look up melody in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Raga (rÄg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rÄgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rÄgam /ராகம௠(Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ...
Improvisation is the practice of acting and reacting, of making and creating, in the moment and in response to the stimulus of ones immediate environment. ...
For the Japanese rock band, see Cymbals (band). ...
Actually, the function and entry of kuzhal and kombu in the big orchestras is very much the same as a rhythm instrument. The wind instruments have to embellish and to prolong the beat of the drums, to give signs for taking up the kalasom (a kind of cadential phrase) and have to play some pattern on the given talam. Common to all percussion items is that each single music genre represents a unique musical piece. Therefore one of the bigger orchestral pieces, like the chenda melam (or melam), is always played with the same rhythmic structure. The beauty of every performance is the result of an intelligent and experienced combination of time and tempo. This combination is mainly responsible for whether the concert develops into a superior or merely an average performance. The main responsibility for this very difficult artistic task lies with the skill of the band leader, who is always a drum player and belongs to the Marar or Pooduval community. He is responsible for guiding the other musicians through the given time frame, to perform a chenda melam in one, two, three or even four hours. The position of the bandleader in melam is to be the most important solo musician, responsible for the pace and progress of the piece, rather than being a conductor guiding the orchestra from the front. The informal and relaxed atmosphere is enhanced by the band playing in front of the elephants, the audience pushing from all sides and punching the air with their fists. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
A point of confusion, especially in relationship to Karnatik music, are the terms and descriptions of the many talam (rhythm) cycles used in Kerala music. Though there are a certain distinctive number of talam cycles en vogue (i.e. with distinct numbers of beats and subdivisions) the terms vary by region, genre, and musician groups. We mention the talam cycles and subdivisions as we deal with each genre, using the name most commonly mentioned by the musicians of that genre.
Culture and dance forms Malayalis have a rich artistic and cultural tradition. These traditions give rise to art forms and festivals that are vibrant and colorful. Dance forms are intricate, gentle, and artistic. Festivals often involve elaborate processions of elephants accompanied by the sounds of drums, cymbals, and firecrackers.
Kathakali Kathakali originated from Ramanattom (“Rama”= the Hindu god, Sri Rama; “nattom”= enactment) and Krishnanattom ("Krishna"= the Hindu god, Krishna; “nattom”= enactment). History has it that Raja (ruler) of Kottarakkara (a province in Kerala) sculpted Ramanattom when the Zamorin (then ruler of Kozhikode, another province in Kerala) refused to allow a performance of Krishnanattom in the former’s palace. Subsequently, Kottayam Thampuran (ruler of Kottayam, another province in Kerala) composed several plays on Mahabharata thereby making these distinct from stories based on Ramanattom. Thus, Kathakali was born. Kathakali shares a lot of similarities to both Ramanattom and Krishnanattom. But it also incorporated several outside elements, which is thought to have contributed to its popularity. In particular, the increasing use of Malayalam, which is the local language (albeit as a mix of Sanskrit and Malayalam, called Manipravaalam) made it more popular among the masses. During its evolution, Kathakali also imbibed elements from folk and martial arts which existed at the time in Kerala. Characters with vividly painted faces and elaborate costumes re-enact stories from the Hindu epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana. Kathakali is featured in the award-winning Indo-French-German produced film Vaanaprastham. Kathakali is traditionally performed in the Hindu temple, but nowadays may also be seen in theatre performances. Image File history File links Kathakali_performance_in_Kochi,_India. ...
Image File history File links Kathakali_performance_in_Kochi,_India. ...
Kathakali (IPA: [kat̪ʰakaÉi], Malayalam:�·ഥ�·ളി , Sanskrit:�·थ�·ळि) is a form of Indian dance-drama. ...
Kathakali (IPA: [kat̪ʰakaÉi], Malayalam:�·ഥ�·ളി , Sanskrit:�·थ�·ळि) is a form of Indian dance-drama. ...
Kottarakara is a town located in the district of Kollam, formerly known as Quilon, in the Kerala state of India. ...
, This article is about the town of Kottayam, See Kottayam district also. ...
For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ...
For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ...
For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...
Traditionally there are 101 classical Kathakali stories. Most of them were initially composed to last a whole night. Nowadays there is increasing popularity for concise versions of every story (lasting 2-4 hours instead of a whole night), which has been made by selecting the most dramatic or popular portions of individual stories. In spite of being a classical art form, Kathakali can be appreciated by novices as well as connoisseurs. This is because of the frequent use of “Lokadharmi” (or the elaboration of folk elements) which allows novices to gain a foothold when they start watching Kathakali. In contrast “Natyadharmi” (which is based on the Natyasastra-the science of Natya and is the more classical component of the art form) delights the experience of novices and connoisseurs alike. It is good to have an idea of the story being enacted. This will help the spectators to appreciate the “personalization” of characters by individual actors. In fact one of the major attractions for traditional Kathakali connoisseurs is their ability to distinguish and debate on the "personalizations" that each actor brings about in his depiction of the story. Often this is a challenging task as most the characters and stories are derived from Hindu epics, which are memorized for people from that region. Success/ failure of amateur Kathakali artistes is often decided by their sensibility to successfully personalize characters. The most popular stories enacted are Nala Charitam (a story from the Mahabharata, Duryodhana Vadham (a story from the Mahabharata), Kalyanasowgandhikam (the story of Bhima going to get flowers for Panchali, from the Mahabharata), Keechaka Vadham (another story of Bhima and Panchali, from the Mahabharata), Kiratham (Arjuna and Lord Shiva's fight, from the Mahabharata), Karna Shapadham (another story from Mahabharata).
Recently, as part of an attempt at popularizing the art, stories from other cultures, such as the story of Mary Magdalene from the Bible, and Shakespeare's King Lear have also been adapted into Kathakali scripts. This article is about the disciple of Jesus. ...
King Lear and the Fool in the Storm by William Dyce (1806-1864) King Lear is a play by William Shakespeare, considered one of his greatest tragedies, based on the legend of King Lear of Britain. ...
The language of the songs used for Kathakali is a mix of Malayalam and Sanskrit called Manipravaalam. Even though the songs are set for “ragas” based on South Indian Classical Music (Carnatic music), there is a distinct style of rendition, which is known as the “sopanam” style. The Sopanam style incorporates the moods of temple songs which used to be sung (continues even now at some temples) at the time when Kathakali was born. Carnatic music, also known as is one of the two styles of Indian classical music, the other being Hindustani music. ...
It is an interesting fact that though Kathakali is very popular outside Kerala, it is one of the least accepted art forms among Keralites. This art form has a high learning curve and lasts for hours. One of the theories is that in olden times the art form was not open to common man but only for aristocratic 'Raja' families and for Namboodiri casts. It was not open to even all "Nair" families though they belonged to "Savarna" caste. "Ottamthullal" on the other hand is known as "common man's Kathakali".
Theyyam The Theyyam or Theyyattam is a popular ritual dance of north Kerala, particularly presented in the Kolathunadu (of the present Kannur and Kasargode districts). As a living cult with centuries old traditions, ritual and custom, it embraces almost all castes and classes of Hindu religion in this region. The term Theyyam is a corrupt form of daivam or God. It is a rare combination of dance and music and reflects important features of a tribal culture.The dance or invocation is generally performed in front of the village shrines. It is also performed in the houses as ancestor worship with elaborate rite and rituals. There is no stage or curtain and other arrangements for the performance. The devotees would be standing or some of them would be sitting on a sacred tree in front of the shrine. In brief it is an open theatre. A performance of a particular deity according to its significance and hierarchy in the shrine continues for 12 to 24 hours with intervals. The chief dancer who propitiates the central deity of the shrine has to reside in the rituals. This may be an impact of Jainism and Buddhism. Further after sun set this particular dancer would not eat anything as legacy of Jainism. His make-up is done by specialists and other dancers. First part of the performance is usually known as vellattam or thottam. It is performed without proper make-up or decorative costume. Only a small red headdress is worn on this occasion. The dancer along with drummers recites the particular ritual song, which describes the myths and legends of the particular ritual song, which describes the myths, and legends of the particular deity of the shrine or the folk deity to be propitiated. This is accompanied by the playing of folk musical instruments. After finishing this primary ritualistic part of the invocation the dancer returns to the green room. Again after a short interval he appears with proper make-up and costumes. There are different patterns of face-painting. Some of these patterns are called vairadelam, kattaram, kozhipuspam, kotumpurikam, and prakkezhuthu. Mostly primary and secondary colours are applied with contrast for face painting. It had effected certain stylization also. Then the dancer comes in front of the shrine and gradually “metamorphosises” as the particular deity of the shrine. He, after observation of certain rituals places the head-dress on his head and dances. In the background folk musical instruments like chenda, tuti, kuzhal and veekni are played with rhythm. All dancers take a shield and kadthala (sword) in their hands as continuation of the cult of weapon. Then the dancer circumambulates the shrine, runs in the courtyard dances. The Theyyam dance has different steps known as kalaasams. Each kalaasam is repeated systematically from first to eight step of footwork. A performance is a combination of playing of musical instruments, vocal recitation, dance and strange makeup and costumes. The stage-practices of Theyyam and its ritualistic observations make it one of the fascinating theatrical arts of India. Pavithra Mothiram Payyanur is situated in the Kannur district of Kerala in India. ...
For the district with the name Kannur, see Kannur District. ...
Image of Karkitaka theyyam : Theyyam after monsoon season The Theyyam or Theyyattam is a popular ritual dance of north Kerala, south India, particularly presented in the Kolathunadu(of the present Kannur and Kasargode districts). ...
For the district with the name Kannur, see Kannur District. ...
Bekal Fort Beach Kasargod (also spelled Kasaragod or Kasargode) is the northern-most district in the state of Kerala, India formed on 24 May 1984. ...
Mohiniyattam Mohiniyattam (also spelled as mohiniaattam, mohiniattom or mohiniyattam) is a traditional dance form of Malayalis from Kerala. A very graceful dance meant to be performed as a solo recital by women. The term Mohiniattam comes from the words "Mohini" meaning a woman who enchants onlookers and "aattam" meaning graceful and sensuous body movements. The word "Mohiniattam" literally means "dance of the enchantress".There are two stories of the Lord Vishnu disguised as a Mohini. In one, he appears as Mohini to lure the asuras (demons) away from the amrita (nectar of immortality) obtained during the churning of the palazhi or Ocean of Milk. In the second story Vishnu appears as Mohini to save Lord Shiva from the demon Bhasmasura. The name Mohiniaattam may have been coined after Lord Vishnu, and the main theme of the dance is love and devotion to God, with usually Vishnu or Krishna being the hero. Devadasis used to perform this in temples. But it also has elements of Koothu and Kottiyattom in it. it is a drama in dance and verse. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (480x640, 46 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Culture of India Mohiniaattam Classical Indian dance User:Deeptrivia/Album Culture of Kerala Kerala Classical Indian musical theatre...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (480x640, 46 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Culture of India Mohiniaattam Classical Indian dance User:Deeptrivia/Album Culture of Kerala Kerala Classical Indian musical theatre...
Mohiniaattam performers Mohiniaattam performers Mohiniaattam (മൊഹിനിയാടàµà´Ÿà´‚) (also spelled as mohiniattam or mohiniyattam) is a traditional South Indian dance form from Kerala, India. ...
Mohiniaattam (മൊഹിനിയാട്ടം) (also spelled as mohiniattam or mohiniyattam) is a traditional South Indian dance form from Kerala, India. ...
For other meanings, see Vishnu (disambiguation). ...
In Hindu mythology, the Asura are a group of power-seeking deities, sometimes misleadingly referred to as demons. ...
Look up Amrita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The Ocean of Milk in Hindu mythology is the place where 13 precious treasures were lost. ...
For other uses, see Shiva (disambiguation). ...
In Hindu mythology Bhasmasura was an Asura or demon who, after praying to Lord Siva received a boon. ...
This article is about the Hindu deity. ...
The dance which has influences and elements from two South Indian dance forms, the Bharatanatyam and Kathakali, was formulated in the court of king Swati Tirunal by Vadivelu, one of the Thanjavur Quartet. The dance involves the swaying of broad hips and the gentle movements of erect torso from side to side. This is reminiscent of the swinging of the palm leaves and the gently flowing rivers which abound Kerala, the land of Mohiniattam. There are approximately 40 different basic movements, known as 'atavukal', in Mohiniyattam. Bharatanatyam[1] is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu[2][3][4][5][6], a state in Southern India. ...
Kathakali (IPA: [kat̪ʰakaÉi], Malayalam:�·ഥ�·ളി , Sanskrit:�·थ�·ळि) is a form of Indian dance-drama. ...
Sri Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma (April 16, 1813 - December 25, 1846) was the Maharaja of the state of Travancore, in India. ...
Thanjavur Quartet were four brothers who lived during the early 19th century and contrubited to the development of the Indian classical dance Bharatanatyam and Carnatic music. ...
Bones of the Hip In anatomy, the hip is the bony projection of the femur, known as the greater trochanter, and the overlying muscle and fat. ...
While not moving, a human can be in one of the following main positions. ...
Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (also known as Palmae or Palmaceae), the palm family, is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the monocot order Arecales. ...
For other uses, see River (disambiguation). ...
The costume includes white sari embroidered with bright golden brocade (known as kasavu) at the edges. The dance follows the classical text of Hastha Lakshanadeepika, which has elaborate description of Mudras (gestural expressions by the hand palm and fingers). For the city, see Sari, Iran. ...
A mudrÄ (Sanskrit, मà¥à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤¾, literally seal) is a symbolic gesture usually made with the hand or fingers. ...
The vocal music of Mohiniattam involves variations in rhythmic structure known as chollu. The lyrics are in Manipravala, a mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam. The mohiniattam dance is performed to this accompaniment by the subtle gestures and footwork of the danseuse. The performer uses the eyes in a very coy yet sensual manner, the purpose being to enchant the mind without enticing the senses. For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ...
Look up lyrics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...
Malayalam (മലയാളം ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...
Other dance forms Ottamthullal is a type of performing art from Kerala, India. Also known as the "poor man's Kathakali", Ottamthullal was created by the Malayali poet Kunchan Nambiar, as an alternative to the Chakyar koothu, as a protest against the prevalent socio-political structure and prejudices of the region. In Ottamthullal, a single actor wears colorful costumes, while reciting thullal (dance songs), all the while acting and dancing. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Velakali Velakali is a ritual art (dance) of Kerala a small state in south India, mainly performed at temples in the festival time. ...
Kunjan Nambiar (1705-1770) was a Malayalam poet. ...
Mani Madhava Chakyar performing Chakyar koothu Koothu, also called Chakyar Koothu is a type of performing arts from Kerala, south India. ...
Chakyar Koothu is a performing art form from Kerala. It is a kind of mono act and a traditional equivalent of a stand-up comic act. However, unlike the stand-up comic, the performer has a wider leeway in that he can heckle the audience. "Koothu" means dance - which is a misnomer, since there is minimal choreography involved in this art form; facial expressions are important, though. Traditionally, it was performed inside a Hindu temple and the performer begins with a prayer to the deity of the temple. He then goes on to narrate a verse in Sanskrit before explaining it in the vernacular Malayalam. The narration that follows touches upon various current events and societal factors with great wit and humor. Koothu was traditionally performed by the Chakyar community. Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...
Koodiyattam is a traditional performing artform from Kerala. Recognised by UNESCO as a Human Heritage Art, this form of Sanskrit drama is considered to be at least 2000 years old. Kulasekhara Varma Cheraman Perumal, an ancient King of Kerala, is known as the creator of Koodiyattam in the present form, and his Aattaprakaram is considered as the most authoritative publication on the art form. Mani Madhava Chakyar and his troop performing Thoranayudham koodiyattam ( 1962- Chennai). ...
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ...
Velakali is a ritual art (dance) of Kerala, mainly performed at temples in the festival time. The performers, clad in the traditional clothes and colourful headgear of the medieval Nair soldiers, engage in vigorous movements and dexterous sword play, to the accompaniment of an orchestra comprising the maddalam, ilathalam, kombu and kuzhal. Velakali originated in Ambalappuzha where Mathoor Panicker, chief of the Chempakasserri army, promoted it to boost the martial spirit of the people. The dance form is a regular feature of the annual festivities at the Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna temple in Alappuzha district. Extreme dedication and continuous practice are essential for this form of art. For the town with the same name, see Alappuzha. ...
Kolkali is a folk art performed in Kerala. The dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps. The circle expands and contracts as the dance progress. The accompanying music gradually rises in pitch and the dance reaches its climax. Kolkali is a folk art performed in Kerala a small state in south India. ...
Many ancient family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called Kavu. Sarpam Thullal is usually performed in the courtyard of houses having snake shrines. This is a votive offering for family wealth and happiness. The dance is performed by members of a community called Pulluvar. In the first stage the pulluvan draws a kalam (the field) in with two or more twining snakes in the courtyard. An oil lit traditional lamp and one full measure (nirapara) each of paddy and rice are then placed in front of the kalam. In the second stage, the idol of the snake is brought out from the Kavu in a procession called thalapoli to the uproarious tumult of percussion instrument (panchavadyam). Many ancient family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called Kavu. ...
Muslim and Christian art forms Duff Muttu (also: Dubh Muttu) is an art form prevalent among Muslims in Kerala. Basically Duff or Dubh is a music instrument made of wood and ox skin. It is also called Thappitta. Participants play this and dance. In certain areas, instead of Duff or Dubh, Arabana is used. This was performed in Madina in Saudi Arabia.
Oppana is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community of Kerala, prevalent all over, especially in the northern districts of Kasaragod,Kannur, Calicut and Malappuram. Oppana is generally presented by females, numbering about fifteen including musicians, on a wedding day. The bride dressed in all finery, covered with gold ornaments is the chief spectator who sits on a peetam, around which the singing and dancing take place. While they sing, they clap their hands rhythmically and move around the bride using simple steps. Two or three girls begin the songs and the rest join in chorus. Sometime Oppana is also presented by males to entertain the bridegroom. It usually takes place just before the bridegroom leaves for the bride's residence where the Nikah (marriage) takes place or at the time he enters the Maniyara. Harmonium, Tabla, Ganjira and Elathaalam are the musical instruments employed for this performance. Only the Mappilapaattu will be sung on the occasion. This is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community of Kerala prevalent all over, especially in the northern districts of Canaonore, Calicut and Malappuram. ...
, For the district with the same name, see Kasaragod district. ...
For the district with the name Kannur, see Kannur District. ...
Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is the third largest city (pop. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Kuthu Ratheeb is a religious ritual performed by some sections of the Muslim population in Kerala. Weapons are used in this ritual. Sometimes it spills over and actual injury is inflicted. Common acts in Kuthu Ratheeb include piercing the tongue, the ear and stomach with iron rods. Byths are hymns that are sung during Kuthu Ratheeb. There are more than twenty Byths and each are different. Tongue being pierced in Kuthu Ratheeb Kuthu Ratheeb is a religious ritual performed by some sections of the Muslim population in Kerala state of South India. ...
Mappila Paattukal or Mappila Songs are folklore Muslim devotional songs in the Malayalam language. These are sung by Muslims (Mappilas) of Malabar. The first Gramaphone record in Malayalam Language was a Mappila song. In 1925, Gul Mohammed, father of celebrity artist KG Sathar, recorded his voice in Gramaphone. Even though millions of Mappila songs were released thereafter on records, only few of them are considered as authentic Mappila Songs. Mappila songs are composed in colloquial Malayalam and are sung in a distinctive tune. They are composed in a mixture of Malayalam and Arabic and have a special charm of their own. They deal with diverse themes such as religion, love, satire, heroism, etc. Mappila Paattukal or Mappila Songs are folklore Muslim devotional songs in the Malayalam language. ...
Maargamkali is an entertainment dance form found among Suriyani Christian (Syrian Christian) folk in central and southern part of Kerala. Margamkali is a slant imitation of Sangamkali and is mostly performed by females. This is performed by a group of ladies dressed in Chatta and Mundu (the traditional attire of Syrian Christian females of Kerala) circling around a big bronze lamp called Nila Vilakku.
The Christian soldiers used to pass time engaged in another art-form called Chavittu Nadakam which can be primarily defined as a dance drama. The subject of this art form usually is the arrival of Mar Thoma (Saint Thomas the Apostle) and his efforts to convert other people to Christianity in Kerala. Another art form is Parichamuttukali[2] performed by christians of central and northern Kerala, which is basically a type of martial arts dance influenced by Kalaripayattu. , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Though these Syrian Christian art forms are exclusive to Kerala and were performed even from the early days of Syrian Christian history, it is a pity that the new genaeration is little interested in learning and propogating the same to avoid these traditional and cultural uniquenesses from getting extinct.
Vallam Kali Vallam Kali, also known as Snake Boat Race literally means boat game (race) in Malayalam. It is the traditional boat race in Kerala. It is mainly conducted during the season of the harvest festival Onam in Autumn. Vallam Kali include races of many kinds of traditional boats of Kerala. The race of Chundan Vallam (snake boat) is the major item. Hence Vallam Kali is also known in English as Snake Boat Race and a major tourist attraction. Other types of boats which do participate in various events in the race are Churulan Vallam, Iruttukuthy Vallam, Odi Vallam, Veppu Vallam (Vaipu Vallam), Vadakkanody Vallam, and Kochu Vallam. Nehru Trophy Boat Race is one the famous Vallam Kali held in Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha district of Kerala. Champakulam Moolam Boat Race is the oldest and most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. The race is held on river Pamba on the moolam day (according to the Malayalam Era) of the Malayalam month Midhunam, the day of the installation of the deity at the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple. The Aranmula Boat Race takes place at Aranmula, near a temple dedicated to Lord Krishna and Arjuna. Thousands of people gather on the banks of the river Pamba to watch the snake boat races. Nearly 30 snake boats or chundan vallams participate in the festival. Payippad Jalotsavam is a three day water festival. Its conducted in Payippad Lake which is 35 km from Alappuzha district of Kerala state. There is a close relation between this Payippad boat race and Subramanya Swamy Temple in Haripad. Indira Gandhi Boat Race is a boat race festival celebrated in the last week of December in the backwaters of Kochi, a city in Kerala. This boat race is one of the most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. This festival is conducted to promote Kerala tourism. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Vallam Kali (or Vallamkali) literally means boat game (race) in Malayalam. ...
Vallam Kali (or Vallamkali) literally means boat game (race) in Malayalam. ...
Chundan Vallam (Chundan boat) known to outside world as Kerala snake boats is one of the icons of Kerala culture used in Vallamkali (boat race). ...
Nehru Trophy Boat Race is one the famous Vallam Kali held in Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha district of Kerala state in south India. ...
For the town with the same name, see Alappuzha. ...
Champakulam Moolam Boat Race This boat race is the oldest and most popular vallam Kali (snake boat race) in Kerala state of south India. ...
Pamba is the third longest river in the South Indian state of Kerala and the longest river in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. ...
Malayalam calendar (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham) is a solar Sidereal calendar used in the state of Kerala in South India. ...
Ambalappuzha is a small town in Aalappuzha district of Kerala state, south India . ...
Aranmula Boat Race The two day Aranmula Boat Race is more a water fiesta than a competition, conducted during Onam. ...
Aranmula is a suburb of Kozhencherry, in the state of Kerala in India. ...
This article is about the Hindu deity. ...
For other uses, please see Arjun. ...
Haripad, is a town in Alappuzha District, Kerala, India, located between Alappuzha and Kollam on National Highway 47. ...
Indira Gandhi Boat Race is a grand fest on the rolling backwaters of Kochi. ...
Kochi may refer to: Kochi, India, a city in the state of Kerala, India, formerly known as Cochin. ...
The official logo of the Kerala Tourism Promotion Board. ...
Festivals Malayalis celebrate a variety of festivals.The three major ones are given below. Other than the three given below Malayalis also celebrate Christmas and Bakrid. For other uses, see Christmas (disambiguation). ...
Eid ul-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى) is second in the series of Eid festivals that Muslims celebrate. ...
Onam -
 Thiruvathira kali on occasion of Onam Onam is an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in Kerala, although celebrations also occur among the diaspora. It is the foremost festival among the cultural repertoire of Malayalis, and falls during the month of Chingam (August-September as per the Gregorian calendar), the first month of the Malayalam calendar and lasts for ten days. Though it is essentially a harvest festival of Malayalis, mythologically it is linked to Malayali-Hindu folktales. Like many other religious festivals in India, Onam is celebrated by people across all castes and faiths. Onam has been part of Malayali psyche for centuries. There are records of Onam being celebrated during the Sangam Age. The earliest record of Onam is found during time of Kulasekhara Perumals around AD 800, soon after the Kalabhra Interregnum of Kerala History. Until the eighth century the political history is mostly unknown and is usually known as the Kalabhra Interregnum. Kalabhras were supposed to have been ruling Kerala until at least the sixth century. Kalabhras probably refers to Keralaputras. they are believed to be people of Mahabali. Onam (IPA: [oËɳam], Malayalam: ഓണം) is an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in the south Indian state of Kerala. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 480 × 360 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 360 pixel, file size: 62 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Thiruvathira kali File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 480 × 360 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 360 pixel, file size: 62 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Thiruvathira kali File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Onam (IPA: [oËɳam], Malayalam: ഓണം) is an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in the south Indian state of Kerala. ...
For the calendar of religious holidays and periods, see liturgical year. ...
Onam has two specific significance. First it is the communal memory and celebration of past history as ennunciated in the Mahabali Legend. A story of how paradise was lost. Second it is the celebration of the harvest tied with the memory of the golden age of prosperity. It is believed that during those days the whole of Chingam was celebrated as Onam season. After the rain drenched month of Karkidakam with its privations, Chingam is a welcome month for people in the state of Kerala. The festival is the harbinger of spring — signalling the start of the harvest season. Onam epitomizes the newfound vigour and enthusiasm of the season, and is celebrated with traditional fervour with visit to temples, family get-togethers, gifting each other clothes called Onakkodi and lots of merry making.
Vishu -
Vishu is a festival celebrated by Malayalis around the first day in the Malayalam month of Medam (April – May). This occasion signifies the Sun's transit to the zodiac Mesha (Mesha Raasi) as per Indian astrological calculations. Vishu is also considered as the Malayalam New Year day and thus the importance of this day to all Malayalis regardless of their religion or sect. Similarly the day is celebrated in almost all places in India by the Hindus albeit by different names. In Assam this day is called Bihu, in Punjab Baisakhi and in Tamil Nadu Puthandu. The word "Vishu" in Sanskrit means "equal". Therefore Vishu is more probably denoting one of the equinox days. Vishu (Malayalam:വിഷàµ)- (American Vjéshu), (Tamil:வீஷூ) is astronomical new year day festival held in the state of Kerala in South India (and adjoining areas of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Vishu (Malayalam:വിഷàµ)- (American Vjéshu), (Tamil:வீஷூ) is astronomical new year day festival held in the state of Kerala in South India (and adjoining areas of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu). ...
, Assam ( ) (Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a north eastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a suburb of the city Guwahati. ...
, This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. ...
Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...
The festival is marked with offerings to the divine called Vishukkani. The offerings consist of a ritual arrangement in the puja room of auspicious articles like raw rice, fresh linen, golden cucumber, betel leaves, arecanut, metal mirror, the yellow flowers konna (Cassia fistula), and a holy text and coins, in a bell metal vessel called uruli. A lighted bell metal lamp called nilavilakku is also placed alongside. This arrangement is completed the previous night. On the day of Vishu, the custom is to wake up at dawn and go to the puja room with the eyes closed so that the Vishukkani is the first thing one sees. Since the occasion marks the beginning of Malayalam New Year, it is also considered auspicious to read verses from Hindu Holy book Ramayanam after seeing the Vishukkani. It is also believed by some that the page of the Ramayanam to which you open up will have a bearing on your life in the coming year. Devotees also throng the well-known temples like Sabarimala Ayyappan Teample, Guruvayur Sree Krishna temple to have a "Vishukkani Kazhcha" on the early hours of "Vishu" day.
Pooram Pooram is an annual temple festival held after the summer harvest, celebrated by Malayalis, mainly in central Kerala. The name has its origin in "Poora Kali" which comes from the Malayalam language used by the people of Kerala, India. Most pooram festivals have at least one ornately decorated elephant parading in the procession. However, there are some, such as Aryankavu Pooram, near Shoranur that do not use the decorated elephant. The most famous Pooram is Thrissur Pooram as it has become a tourist destination for Europeans and North Americans. Other well known pooram festivals are Arattupuzha - Peruvanam Pooram, Nenmara vallangi vela, Wadakkancherry pooram and Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku (often called Vela). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1352 KB) Summary Thrissur Pooram Festival (Kuda Mattam), Rajesh Kakkanatt Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1352 KB) Summary Thrissur Pooram Festival (Kuda Mattam), Rajesh Kakkanatt Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Among the varieties of festivals celebrated in Kerala, Thrissur Pooram is the most thunderous, spectacular and dazzling. ...
A pooram (the name coming from the Malayalam language used by the people of Kerala state of India) is a temple festival and there will be at least one elephant in the procession. ...
Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful temple festival of Kerala. Thrissur Pooram attracts large masses of devotees and spectators from all parts of the State and even outside. Celebrated in Medom (April-May) it consists of processions of richly caparisoned elephants from various neighbouring temples to the Vadakumnathan temple, Thrissur. The most impressive processions are those from the Krishna Temple at Thiruvambadi and the Devi Temple at Paramekkavu which is quite a significant event for its devotees. Among the varieties of festivals celebrated in Kerala, Thrissur Pooram is the most thunderous, spectacular and dazzling. ...
Cuisine -
The cuisine of Malayalis are linked in all its richness to the history, geography and culture of the land. Most of the non-vegetarian dishes are spicy. The food habits in Travancore and Malabar (southern and northern Kerala) are quite different to each other. Kerala is known for its traditional sadhyas, a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side-dishes. The sadhya is complemented by payasam, a sweet milk dessert native to Kerala. The sadhya is, as per custom, served on a banana leaf. The southern Kerala dishes are often spiced with garlic, whereas in North Kerala garlic is generally avoided in all vegetarian dishes. Traditional dishes include sambar, aviyal, kaalan, theeyal, thoran, injipully, pulisherry, appam, kappa (tapioca), puttu (steam cake), and puzhukku. Coconut is an essential ingredient in most of the food items and is liberally used. Malayalis are also acknowledged meat eaters, which include Beef, Pork and Mutton (Goat). The cuisine of Kerala (Malayalam:േകരളീയ പാചകൈശലി) is linked in all its richness to the history, geography and culture of the land. ...
For other uses, see Coconut (disambiguation). ...
Puttu is a culinary specialty in Kerala. It is a steamed rice cake which is a favourite breakfast of most Malayalis. It is served with either brown chickpeas cooked in a spicy gravy, papadams and boiled small green lentils, or tiny ripe yellow Kerala plantains. In the highlands there is also a variety of puttu served with paani (the boiled-down syrup from sweet palm toddy) and sweet boiled bananas. For steaming the puttu, there is a special utensil called "Puttu Kutti". It consists of two sections. The lower bulkier portion is where the water for steaming is stored. The upper detachable leaner portion which is separated from lower portion with peforated lids so as to allow the steam to pass through and bake the rice powder which has been filled. The upper portion of the leaner section is covered with a peforated cup shaped lid once it is filled with rice powder.
Appam is a bread like pancake. It is made up of rice flour, yeast and water. It is made like a pancake using a frying pan. It is served with egg curry, chicken curry, mutton stew, vegetable curry and chick pea curry.
Martial arts Malayalis have their own lethal form of martial arts called Kalaripayattu. This type of martial arts was used as defensive mechanism against intruders . In ancient times, disputes between (naaduvazhis or Vazhunors)nobles were also settled by the outcome of a Kalaripayattu tournament. This ancient martial art is claimed as the mother of all martial arts – even the Chinese Shaolin chuan from the famous Shaolin temple traces its ancestry to Bodhi Dharma, an Indian Buddhist monk who was a Kalaripayattu expert.[18] The word "kalari" can be traced to ancient Sangam literature.[19] The martial tradition of Kalarippayattu is also dated to ancient Dravidian traditions.[20] Phillip Zarrilli, a professor at the University of Exeter and one of the few Western authorities on kalaripayattu, estimates that kalarippayattu dates back to at least the 12th century CE.[21] The historian Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai attributes the birth of Kalarippayattu to an extended period of warfare between the Cheras and the Cholas in the 11th century CE.[21] What eventually crystalised into this style is thought to have been a product of existing South Indian styles of combat, combined with techniquies brought by migration from the north along the western coast.[21] What eventually crystallized as kalarippayattu combined indigenous Dravidian techniques with the martial practices and ethos brought by brahman migrations from Saurastra and Konkan down the west Indian coast into Karnataka and eventually Kerala. Discovery channel notes that Kalarippayattu may be one of the oldest martial arts in existence.[22] The oldest western reference to Kalarippayattu is a 16th century travelogue of Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese explorer. The Southern style, which places more emphasis on open hand combat has mainly been practiced by the Tamil speaking regions, at least for the last few centuries.[23] This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Shaolin may refer to: Shaolin Monastery (or the Shaolin Temple), a Chinese Buddhist monastery associated with the martial arts Shaolin kung fu, the martial arts associated with that temple Staten Island, an area in New York nicknamed the Shaolin by the rappers of the Wu-Tang Clan Category: ...
Kalari Puttara The word Kalari means battle ground in Tamil. ...
Sangam literature refers to a body of classical Tamil literature created between the years 200 BCE and 300 CE.[1][2] This collection contains 2381 poems written by 473 poets, some 102 of whom are anonymous authors[3]. The period during which these poems were written is commonly referred to...
For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ...
Phillip Zarrilli is a notable martial artist. ...
(11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ...
The Chera dynasty (Tamil: சேரரà¯) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties that ruled southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE. The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala and...
The Cholas were a South Indian Tamil dynasty, antedating the early Sangam literature (c. ...
Discovery Channel is a cable and satellite TV channel founded by John Hendricks which is distributed by Discovery Communications. ...
Duarte Barbosa was a Portuguese writer and trader. ...
There are many different styles of Kalarippayattu. If one looks at the way attacks and defences are performed, one can distinguish three main schools of thought: the northern styles, the central styles, and the southern styles. The best introduction to the differences between these styles is the book of Luijendijk. Luijendijk uses photographs to show several Kalarippayattu exercises and their applications. Each chapter in his book references a representative of each of the three main traditions.[24] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (805x480, 85 KB) Summary Urumi Payattu, Kerala Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (805x480, 85 KB) Summary Urumi Payattu, Kerala Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
The Urumi or Chuttuval is a long sword made of flexible steel, sharp enough to cut into flesh, but flexible enough to be rolled into a tight coil. ...
This article is about the defensive device. ...
Northern kalarippayattu (practiced mainly in the northern Malabar region of Kozhikode and Kannur)[21] places comparatively more emphasis on weapons than on empty hands.[21] Masters in this system are usually known as gurukkal (and only occasionally as asan), and were often given honorific titles, especially Panikkar.[21] By oral and written traditions, Parasurama, the sixth Avatar of Vishnu, is believed to be the founder of the art.[21] [Land of uncivilised] Bekal Fort Beach, Kerala Malabar (Malayalam: മലബാരàµâ€ ) is a region of southern India, lying between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, and derived from the Malayalam word Mala mean Hill and Persian word Bar means Kingdom, and is same as the word meaning of Malayalam. ...
, For the district with the same name, see Kozhikode District. ...
For the district with the name Kannur, see Kannur District. ...
Gurukkal (The last consonant is pronounced as a Retroflex lateral approximant), Malayalam script à´—àµà´°àµà´•àµà´•à´³àµ, is a term used in the Malayalam language which means Master or Teacher. Yoga teachers and Kalarippayattu masters are usually referred as Gurukkal. ...
In Hinduism, Parashurama (axe-wielding Rama) is the sixth avatar of Vishnu, and a son of Jamadagni. ...
Northern kalarippayattu is distinguished by its meippayattu - physical training and use of full-body oil massage.[21] The system of treatment and massage, and the assumptions about practice are closely associated with Ayurveda.[21] The purpose of medicinal oil massage is to increase the practitioners' flexibility, to treat muscle injuries incurred during practice, or when a patient has problems related to the bone tissue, the muscles, or nerve system. The term for such massages is thirumal and the massage specifically for physical flexibility chavutti thirumal. Ayurveda (Devanagari: ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. ...
There are several lineages (sampradayam), of which the arappukai is the most common nowadays. There are schools which teach more than one of these traditions. Some traditional kalaris around Cannanore, for example, teach a blend of arappukai, pillatanni, and katadanath styles.[24]
In southern styles of kalarippayattu (practised mainly in old Travancore including the present Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu),[21] practice and fighting techniques emphasize empty hands and application from the first lesson.[21] In the southern styles the stages of training are Chuvatu (solo forms), Jodi (partner training/sparring), Kurunthadi (short stick), Neduvadi (long stick), Katthi (knife), Katara (dagger), valum parichayum (sword and shield), Chuttuval (flexible long sword), double sword and Marmma and kalari grappling. The southern styles of kalarippayattu have been practised primarily by a section Nairs and Ezhavas of kerala and a small section of Nadars, Kallars, Thevars,[21] of estwhile Travancore areas. Flag for former princely state of Travancore Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: തിരàµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], തിരàµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´‚കൂരàµâ€ [], തിരàµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‹à´Ÿàµ []) was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). ...
For other uses, see Kanyakumari (disambiguation). ...
Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...
Kalarippayattu (IPA: [kaÉaɾipËajatɨ̆], Malayalam: കളരിപയറàµà´±àµ) is an Indian martial art practised in Kerala and contiguous parts of neighboring Tamil Nadu. ...
Jodi, or jodi. ...
Cheruvadi or Muchan or Kuruvadi is a term in kalarippayattu, a martial art practiced in Kerala, India It is practiced as the second part of kolthari stage of kalari payat. ...
The Urumi or Chuttuval is a long sword made of flexible steel, sharp enough to cut into flesh, but flexible enough to be rolled into a tight coil. ...
This article is about a Hindu caste. ...
The Ezhavas form a major progressive community, and also one of the largest in Kerala, a south Indian state. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
Nadar (also referred as Kshatriya Nadar, Nadan, Nataar, and Shanar) is one of the prominent castes of Tamil Nadu, South India. ...
Mukulathar or Mukulathor also Mukkulathor is a relatively new name for related social groups or castes of south Tamil Nadu state of India. ...
Zarrilli refers to southern kalarippayattu as ati murai (the 'law of hitting') or marma ati (hitting the vital spots).[21] The preliminary empty-hand techniques of ati murai are known as Adithada (hit/defend).[21] Marma ati refers specifically to the application of these techniques to vital spots.[21] Weapons may include long staffs, short sticks, and the double deer horns.[21] Southern styles of kalarippayattu are not usually practiced in special roofed pits but rather in the open air, or in an unroofed enclosure of palm branches.[21] Masters are known as asaan rather than gurukkal.[21] The founder and patron saint is believed to be the rishi Agasthya.[21] Adithada (Adi means kick and thada means block) is a martial art originating from the south of India that is similar to Japanese Karate and Kickboxing. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
A rishi (Sanskrit ऋषि: ) is a Hindu saint or sage and in its most strict canonical sense denotes a Vedic sage to whom Vedic hymns were originally revealed. // A Rishi is a person who can hold and transmit knowledge in the form of Light. ...
In Hinduism, Agastya (अगसà¥à¤¤à¥à¤¯ in devanagari, pronounced as É™gÉ™styÉ™; also transliterated as Agathiar, Agasthiar, Agastyar and in other ways) is a legendary Vedic sage or rishi. ...
Medical treatment in southern styles of kalarippayattu—which does include massage—is identified with Dravidian Siddha medicine[25] which is as sophisticated as—though distinct from—Ayurveda. The Dravidian Siddha medical system is also known as Siddha Vaidyam and, like ati murai, is attributed to the rishi Agasthya. Active suppression of Nairs in southern Kerala led to the virtual extinction of their southern dronamballi sampradayam by the mid 1950s.[21] For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ...
A Siddha in Sanskrit means One who is accomplished and refers to perfected masters who have transcended the Ahamkara (Ego or I-maker), have subdued their minds to be subservient to their Awareness, and have transformed their bodies composed of dense Rajo-tama Gunas into pure Satvic light. ...
Ayurveda (Devanagari: ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. ...
For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ...
In Hinduism, Agastya (अगसà¥à¤¤à¥à¤¯ in devanagari, pronounced as É™gÉ™styÉ™; also transliterated as Agathiar, Agasthiar, Agastyar and in other ways) is a legendary Vedic sage or rishi. ...
The central style (practiced mainly in Thrissur, Malappuram, Palakkad and certain parts of Ernakulam districts[21] is 'a composite' from both the northern and southern styles that includes northern meippayattu preliminary exercises, southern emphasis on empty-hand techniques, and its own distinctive techniques, which are performed within floor drawings known as kalam.[21] , For the district with the same name, see Thrissur district. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The skyline of Ernakaulam Ernakulam (Malayalam : എറണാകàµà´³à´‚ ) refers to the western part of the mainland of Kochi city in Kerala, India. ...
Marmashastram stresses on ability of Marmam. Marmam are pressure points of the human body. It is claimed that experienced practitioners can disable or kill their opponents by a mere touch in a Marmam. Practitioners of Kalarippayattu, learn about Marmashastram, which are also used for marma treatment (marmachikitsa). It is said to be as sophisticated as the uzhichil treatment of Ayurveda. This system of marma treatment is part of Sidha Vaidhyam, whose origin is attributed to Sage Agasthya and his disciples. The earliest mention of the concept marmam also dates back to the Rig Veda where Indra is said to have defeated Vritra by attacking his marman with his vajra.[26] References to marman also found in the Atharva Veda.[27] With numerous other scattered references to vital points in Vedic and epic sources, it is certain that India's early martial practitioners knew and practised attacking or defending vital points.[28] Sushruta (c. 6th century BC) identified and defined 107 vital points of the human body in his Sushruta Samhita.[29] Of these 107 points, 64 were classified as being lethal if properly struck with a fist or stick.[30] Sushruta's work formed the basis of the medical discipline Ayurveda, which was taught alongside various Indian martial arts that had an emphasis on vital points, such as Varma Kalai and Marma Adi.[30] Marmam (Pressure points) are vulnerable parts of the human body. ...
Ayurveda (Devanagari: ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. ...
Marmam (Pressure points) are vulnerable parts of the human body. ...
The Rig Veda ऋग्वेद (Sanskrit ṛc praise + veda knowledge) is the earliest of the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas. ...
For other uses, see Indra (disambiguation). ...
In the early Vedic religion, Vritra (Sanskrit: वृतà¥à¤° (DevanÄgarÄ«) or (IAST)) the enveloper, was an Asura and also a serpent or dragon, the personification of drought and enemy of Indra. ...
Vajrasattva holds the vajra in his right hand and a bell in his left hand. ...
The Atharva Veda is a sacred text of Hinduism, part of the four books of the Vedas. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Sushruta Samhita. ...
In the context of unarmed combat or melee, a punch is a thrusting blow, esp. ...
For other uses of the word staff, see staff. ...
Ayurveda (Devanagari: ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. ...
Varma Kalai Varma Kalai (also spelled Varmakalai or Varmakkalai) is an ancient martial art which has its origins in the southern part of India, more specifically, around Tamil Nadu state. ...
Kalaripayattu is taught for both men and women.
Major issues Malayalis have formed their own small associations popularly known as Malayala Samajam or Kerala Samajam in those regions outside Kerala where Malayali population is significant. Issues of Malayalis residing outside Kerala are catered to by these associations.
Unemployment Another major problem faced by Malayalis is the unemployment. Kerala is not a fully industrialized state. Compared to the states like Gujarat, Maharashtra or Tamil Nadu, Kerala is less industrialized. The resources of Kerala are not used to the full extent. Thus, Malayalis often find it hard to get a job in their own state. This is a sorry state of affair that leads them to try their luck in foreign countries, where they often face much more hardships. Although, there are many employment exchanges, they cannot assure job for every Malayalis instantly. Back in 80’s and 90’s the issue of unemployment was so grave that the Malayalam literature and cinemas of that era almost all the time portrayed the problem of unemployment. Things are improving and today, Kerala is on path of industrialization. This article is for the Indian state. ...
See also List of famous Keralites Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
This article concerns itself with the History of Kerala state, south India. ...
The ancient Tamil country refers to the areas of South India and the northeastern Sri Lanka in which Tamil was the major language during ancient times. ...
The Chera dynasty (Tamil: சேரரà¯) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties that ruled southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE. The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala and...
The Kerala School was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, South India which included as its prominent members Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. ...
The naval Battle of Kulachal took place on 10 August 1741 (31 July OS) [1], when forces of Marthanda Varma, the Raja of the erstwhile Indian State of Travancore (also known as Tiruvitamkur) defeated forces of the Dutch East India Company (also known as VOC), and the allied Rani of...
The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of eighteenth-century wars fought in India between the Kingdom of Mysore (then a French ally) and the British East-India Company, represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency. ...
Vaikom Satyagraham is Satyagraham contact against untouchability in Hinduism in Kerala at the famous Vaikom temple. ...
Cochin Royal Family were rulers of Cochin or Kochi. ...
Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
See also Kerala Chief Ministers of India External links keralacm. ...
Governors of Kerala See Also Kerala Governors of India Links Categories: India-related stubs | Government of India | Indian politicians | Kerala | State political office-holders in India ...
The Kerala Legislative Assembly is the legislative branch of the Government of Kerala, one of the 28 states in India. ...
Location of Kerala in India The Kerala model refers to a set of economic practices developed in Indias state of Kerala. ...
Left Democratic Front is one of the two major alliances that dominate the political life of the Indian state Kerala. ...
United Democratic Front (UDF) is an alliance of progressive, pro-development political parties of Kerala state of the Republic of India. ...
Panchayat Elections is a term widely used in Kerala, India, for the polls that are held to select the Local Self-government Representatives. ...
// Agency for Development of Aquaculture, Kerala (ADAK) Agency for Non – Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT) Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology Institute of Land Management Institute of Management in Government Kerala Aviation Training Centre Kerala Books and Publications Society Kerala Bureau of Industrial Promotion (K-BIP) Kerala Council for...
The following is an incomplete list of politicians from the Indian state of Kerala. ...
1868 m high Agastya Malai mountain Thenmala Adventure Zone // The Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve (ABR) was Established in 2001 and includes 1701 km2 ABR straddles the border of Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram Districts in Kerala and Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari Districts in Tamil Nadu, South India at the southern end of the Western...
Anaimalai hills are a trekking destination in the Western Ghats located in the southern indian state of Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, and is known for its abundant wildlife. ...
Map of Backwaters in Kerala The Kerala Backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India. ...
Districts of Kerala, south India. ...
A national park located along the Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala in India. ...
The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis). ...
Malabar Coast, Kerala Bekal Fort Beach, Kerala The Malabar Coast also known as the Malabarian Coast, is a long and narrow south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent. ...
Marayoor is one of the famous tourist spots in the Idukki District of Kerala state, South India. ...
Nelliampathi mountains Nelliampathi is a popular hill station 60 Km. ...
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is an International Biosphere Reserve located in the Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills ranges of southern India. ...
A teapicker at work in the Nilgiris Nigiris Hills It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into The Nilgiris District. ...
The Palakkad Gap is a 30-40 kilometer wide low mountain pass in the Western Ghats, near Palakkad town in the Indian State of Kerala. ...
Welcome to the Protected Areas of Kerala Template:Inset map = yes National Parks of Kerala National Park Protected areas of Kerala - Kerala State in South India covers an area of 38,863 km² (15,005. ...
Location of Vembanad lake, Kerala Vembanad Lake (Vembanad Kayal or Vembanad Kol) is the largest lake in Kerala, India. ...
Kerala is a state in south-western India. ...
Language(s) Malayalam, knowledge of Sanskrit Religion(s) Hinduism Related ethnic groups Panch-Dravida Brahmins, Pushpaka Brahmins, Nair, Iyer, Iyengar Namboothiri Brahmins (Malayalam :നമàµà´ªàµ‚തിരി) are the upper class Brahmins of Kerala, who are considered the most orthodox Brahmins in India. ...
Samantha Samanta Kshatriyas, commonly known as Samanthas, are the lower class Kshatriyas of Kerala. ...
This article is about a Hindu caste. ...
An Adivasi woman from the Kutia Kondh tribal group in Orissa Ä€divÄsÄ«s (in Devanagari script: आदिवासी), literally original inhabitants, comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India. ...
The Syrian Catholic Church is a Christian church in the Levant in full communion with the pope having practices and rite in common with the Jacobites. ...
The Latin Church is that part of the Roman Catholic Church where the Latin rites are or were used in the liturgy. ...
Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews are the ancient prospetutess and their descendants of the South Indian erstwhile state of Kingdom of Cochin which includes the present day port city of Kochi. ...
For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation). ...
The Ezhavas form a major progressive community, and also one of the largest in Kerala, a south Indian state. ...
The Mappilas (historically called Moplahs in Malayalam :മാപàµà´ªà´¿à´³) are a Syrian Malabar Nasrani and Muslim community in Kerala and neighbouring states and territories of India. ...
The following is a list of notable people from Kerala, India: Though many personalities in this list are/were multi-faceted, their names are classified according to their major area of work. ...
This box: The Saint Thomas Christians are a group of Christians from the Malabar coast (now Kerala) in South India, who follow Syriac Christianity. ...
This is a full list of Scheduled Tribes in India, as recognised in Indias Constitution. ...
The Syrian Kuriz also known as Nasrani Menorah or the Mar Thoma sliva The Syrian Malabar Nasrani people are an ethnic group from Kerala, South India. ...
A Keralite wearing a type of sari called set sari. ...
Kerala is well known for its diverse forms of performing arts. ...
Thayambaka performance by Mattanur Sankarankutty using chenda Chenda is a cylindrical wooden drum from Kerala state of India. ...
The cuisine of Kerala (Malayalam:േകരളീയ പാചകൈശലി) is linked in all its richness to the history, geography and culture of the land. ...
Duff Muttu performance Duff Muttu (also: Dubh Muttu) is an art form prevalent among Muslims in Kerala state of south India. ...
Kalarippayattu (IPA: [kaÉaɾipËajatɨ̆], Malayalam: കളരിപയറàµà´±àµ) is a Dravidian martial art practised in Kerala and contiguous parts of neighboring Tamil Nadu of Southern India. ...
Kathakali (IPA: [kat̪ʰakaÉi], Malayalam:�·ഥ�·ളി , Sanskrit:�·थ�·ळि) is a form of Indian dance-drama. ...
Kolkali is a folk art performed in Kerala a small state in south India. ...
Mani Madhava Chakyar and his troop performing Thoranayudham koodiyattam ( 1962- Chennai). ...
Tongue being pierced in Kuthu Ratheeb Kuthu Ratheeb is a religious ritual performed by some sections of the Muslim population in Kerala state of South India. ...
Malayalam calendar (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham) is a solar Sidereal calendar used in the state of Kerala in South India. ...
Malayalam ( ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ...
Mappila Paattukal or Mappila Songs are folklore Muslim devotional songs in the Malayalam language. ...
Mohiniaattam performers Mohiniaattam performers Mohiniaattam (മൊഹിനിയാടàµà´Ÿà´‚) (also spelled as mohiniattam or mohiniyattam) is a traditional South Indian dance form from Kerala, India. ...
Kerala is a region of India, musically known for Sopanam. ...
Onam (IPA: [oËɳam], Malayalam: ഓണം) is an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in the south Indian state of Kerala. ...
This is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community of Kerala prevalent all over, especially in the northern districts of Canaonore, Calicut and Malappuram. ...
Panchari melam is a classic performance (melam) of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala state in south India. ...
Panchavadyam is a classic performance of different musical instruments that are unique to Kerala state of India, where five instruments are involved in a breathtaking-fastmoving act of percussion (Pancha in Sanskrit means five). ...
A pooram (the name coming from the Malayalam language used by the people of Kerala state of India) is a temple festival and there will be at least one elephant in the procession. ...
Sopanam is a form of Indian classical music developed in the temples of Kerala in the wake of the increasing popularity of the Jayadevas Gita Govinda or Ashtapathi. Sopanasangitham is sung by the side of the steps (Sopanam) of Temple, with the accompaniment of the drum called Idakka. The...
Thayambaka performance by Mattanur Sankarankutty Thayambaka is a solo Chenda (Drum) performance that are unique to Kerala state of south India, where the performer uses one stick and the other hand to play the instrument (Chenda) instead of the usual two sticks. ...
Image of Karkitaka theyyam : Theyyam after monsoon season The Theyyam or Theyyattam is a popular ritual dance of north Kerala, south India, particularly presented in the Kolathunadu(of the present Kannur and Kasargode districts). ...
N.Kumaran Asan,Vallathol Narayana Menon and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer are regarded as the triumvirates (Kavithrayam) of modern Malayalam literature. ...
Vallam Kali (or Vallamkali) literally means boat game (race) in Malayalam. ...
Vishu (Malayalam:വിഷàµ)- (American Vjéshu), (Tamil:வீஷூ) is astronomical new year day festival held in the state of Kerala in South India (and adjoining areas of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu). ...
Many ancient family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called Kavu. ...
Malayalam language spoken by the Mappila Muslim community of Kerala is called Mappila dialect of Malayalam. ...
Judeo-Malayalam is the traditional language spoken by the Cochin Jews (also called Malabar Jews), from Kerala, in southern India, spoken today by about 8,000 people in Israel and by probably fewer than 100 in India. ...
Arabi Malayalam is the language of the Mappila Muslim community in Kerala, a state in India. ...
References - ^ Ethnologue report for Malayalam
- ^ [1], censusindia.net
- ^ Community Relations Commission, For a multicultural NSW, crc.nsw.gov.au
- ^ Statistics New Zealand, stats.govt.nz
- ^ CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES. Indian Government National Commission for Backward Classes. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
- ^ Podipara, Placid J. 1970; Vellian Jacob 2001; Tisserant, E. (1957) Trans. and ed. by E. R. Hambye; Menachery G 1973, 1998; Leslie Brown, 1956; Poomangalam C.A. 1998
- ^ Neither Newton nor Leibniz, canisius.edu
- ^ From Vedic Martial Arts to Aikido, veda.harekrsna.cz
- ^ A travel feature on the ancient Kerala art of Kalaripayattu, rediff.com
- ^ Kalaripayattu, the traditional martial art, enskalari.org.in
- ^ Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; Weil 1982; Menachery 1998.
- ^ "Architecture of Kerala".
- ^ McKibben 2006.
- ^ Lindberg 2004, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Government of Kerala 2002b.
- ^ Government of Kerala 2004r, p. 366.
- ^ Lindberg 2004, p. 1.
- ^ Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel
- ^ Suresh, P. R. (2005). Kalari Payatte - The martial art of Kerala.
- ^ Subaltern Sports: Politics and Sports in South Asia By James H. Mills. Published 2005, Anthem Press. Subject: Archaeology /Anthropology. ISBN 1843311674
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Zarilli_98 - ^ Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel
- ^ Phillip B. Zarrilli, When the Body Becomes All Eyes
- ^ a b Luijendijk 2005
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Zarilli_92 - ^ Mariana Fedorova (1990). Die Marmantheorie in der klassischen indischen Medizin.
- ^ Subhash Ranade (1993). Natural Healing Through Ayurveda (p. 161). Passage Press. Utah USA.
- ^ Zarrilli, Phillip B. A South Indian Martial Art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- ^ G. D. Singhal, L. V. Guru (1973). Anatomical and Obstetrical Considerations in Ancient Indian Surgery Based on Sarira-Sthana of Susruta Samhita.
- ^ a b J. R. Svinth (2002). A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports. Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences.
| State of Kerala | | Capital | Thiruvananthapuram |
 | | Topics | History | Economy | Geography | Flora and Fauna | Culture | Arts | Tourism | | Districts | Alappuzha | Ernakulam | Idukki | Kannur | Kasaragod | Kollam | Kottayam | Kozhikode | Malappuram | Palakkad | Pathanamthitta | Thiruvananthapuram | Thrissur | Wayanad Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...
is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
University of Wisconsin redirects here. ...
India is subdivided into 28 states, 6 union territories and a national capital territory. ...
, Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar...
, Thiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരàµà´µà´¨à´¨àµà´¤à´ªàµà´°à´‚ Tiruvanantapuraá¹), also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
This article concerns itself with the History of Kerala state, south India. ...
The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis). ...
A Keralite wearing a type of sari called set sari. ...
Kerala is well known for its diverse forms of performing arts. ...
The official logo of the Kerala Tourism Promotion Board. ...
Districts of Kerala, south India. ...
For the town with the same name, see Alappuzha. ...
, For the town with the same name, see Ernakulam. ...
For the town with the same name, see Idukki. ...
, For the city with the same name, see Kannur. ...
Bekal Fort Beach Bekal Fort Beach Kasaragod (Malayalam:കാസരàµâ€à´—ോഡൠജിലàµà´²) is one of the districts of the Indias state of Kerala. ...
, For the town with the same name, see Kollam. ...
, For the town with the same name, see Kottayam. ...
Kozhikode District is a district of Kerala state, situated on the southwest coast of India. ...
Bold textItalic text This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
, Sri Killikkurussi Mahadeva Kshetram ( Shiva temple of Killikkurussimangalam). ...
, Pathanamthitta is one of the fourteen districts of Kerala state in South India. ...
Thiruvananthapuram District is the southernmost district of the Indian state of Kerala. ...
An elephant carrying Thidambu during Thrissur pooram festival. ...
, Wayanad District, in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1, 1980 as the 12th district, carved out of Kozhikode District and Kannur District. ...
| | Cities | Kochi | Kozhikode | Thiruvananthapuram | Kochi ( ; Malayalam: []); formerly known as Cochin) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. ...
, For the district with the same name, see Kozhikode District. ...
, Thiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരàµà´µà´¨à´¨àµà´¤à´ªàµà´°à´‚ Tiruvanantapuraá¹), also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. ...
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External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: | Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: | | | | Image:Keralaseal.gif | Kerala Portal | | Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ...
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