Máel Coluim mac Cináeda (anglicised Malcolm II) (c. 980 – 25 November 1034) was King of Scots from 1005 until his death.^[1] He was a son of Cináed mac Maíl Coluim; the Prophecy of Berchán says that his mother was a woman of Leinster and refers to him as forranach (the Destroyer or Avenger).^[2] November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 11 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV. Franche-Comté becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire. ... Glamis is a small village in Angus, Scotland and is home to the famous Glamis Castle. ... Iona village viewed from a short distance offshore. ... Cináed mac Duib (anglicised Kenneth III) (before 967–1005) was King of Scots from 997 to 1005. ... Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin) (1001 - August 15, 1040) was a son of Crinan the Thane de Mormaer, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Princess Bethoc of Scotland. ... Bethóc ingen Maíl Coluim meic Cináeda was the eldest daughter of King Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, who had no known sons. ... Kenneth II (Cináed mac Maíl Coluim), son of Malcolm I, king of Scotland, succeeded Culen, son of Indulf, who had been slain by the Britons of Strathclyde in 971 in Lothian. ... Anglicized refers to foreign words, often surnames, that are changed from a foreign language into English. ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 11 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV. Franche-Comté becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire. ... This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain... Kenneth II (Cináed mac Maíl Coluim), son of Malcolm I, king of Scotland, succeeded Culen, son of Indulf, who had been slain by the Britons of Strathclyde in 971 in Lothian. ... The Prophecy of Berchán, is a relatively large historical poem written in the Middle Irish language. ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ...

To the Irish annals which recorded his death, Máel Coluim was ard rí Alban, High King of Scotland. In the same way that Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland, was very far from being the only king in Ireland, Máel Coluim was one of several kings within the geographical boundaries of modern Scotland. His fellow kings included the king of Strathclyde, who ruled much of the south-west, various Norse-Gael kings of the western coasts and the Hebrides and, nearest and most dangerous rivals, the Kings or Mormaers of Moray. To the south, in the kingdom of England, the Earls of Bernicia and Northumbria, whose predecessors as kings of Northumbria had once ruled most of southern Scotland, still controlled large parts of the south-east.^[3] An number of Irish annals were compiled up to and shortly after the end of Gaelic Ireland in the 17th century. ... A high king is a king who holds a position of seniority over a group of other kings. ... A 19th century engraving of Brian Boru Brian Bórumha mac Cennétig (926 or 941[1] – 23 April 1014) (known as Brian Boru in English) was High King of Ireland from 1002 to 1014. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Motto: (Eng: No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by... Strathclyde (Welsh Ystrad Clud) was one of the kingdoms of ancient Scotland in the post-Roman period. ... The Norse-Gaels were a people who dominated much of the Irish Sea region and western Scotland for a large part of the Middle Ages, whose aristocracy were mainly of Scandinavian origin, but as a whole exhibited a great deal of Gaelic and Norse cultural syncretism. ... The Hebrides The Hebrides comprise a widespread and diverse archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, and in geological terms are composed of the oldest rocks in the British Isles. ... The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray (Middle Irish: Muireb or Moreb; Medieval Latin: Muref or Moravia; Modern Gaelic:Moireabh) was a lordship in High Medieval Scotland that was destroyed by King David I of Scotland in 1130. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital Winchester, then London from 11th century. ... Bernicia (Brythonic, Brynaich or Bryneich) was a kingdom of the Angles in northern England during the 6th and 7th centuries AD. It later merged with the kingdom of Deira to form the kingdom of Northumbria. ... Section from Shepherds map of the British Isles about 802 AD showing the kingdom of Northumbria Northumbria is primarily the name of a petty kingdom of Angles which was formed in Great Britain at the beginning of the 7th century, from two smaller kingdoms of Bernicia and Diera, and... Northumbria, a kingdom of Angles in northern England, was initially divided into two kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. ...

Early Years

It is unclear if Máel Coluim first appears in 997, when "Cináed mac Maíl Coluim" is credited with killing Causantín mac Cuilén.^[4] Whether Máel Coluim killed Causantín or not, there is no doubt that in 1005 he killed Causantín's successor Cináed mac Duib in battle at Monzievaird in Strathearn.^[5] Constantine III (Causantín mac Cuilén) was king of Scotland from 995 to 997. ... Cináed mac Duib (anglicised Kenneth III) (before 967–1005) was King of Scots from 997 to 1005. ... Strathearn or Strath Earn, (Scottish Gaelic, Srath Èireann) is the strath (valley) of the River Earn. ...

John of Fordun writes that Máel Coluim defeated a Norwegian army "in almost the first days after his coronation", but this is not reported elsewhere. Fordun says that the Bishopric of Mortlach (later moved to Aberdeen) was founded in thanks for this victory over the Norwegians, but this appears to be a claim without foundation.^[6] John of Fordun (d. ... The Diocese of Aberdeen (Scotland). ... For other uses, see Aberdeen (disambiguation). ...

Bernicia

The first reliable report of Máel Coluim's reign is of an invasion of Bernicia, perhaps the customary crech ríg (literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a siege of Durham. This appears to have resulted in a heavy defeat, by the Northumbrians led by Uchtred, later Earl of Bernicia, which is reported by the Annals of Ulster.^[7] Statistics Population: 42,939 (2001) Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NZ274424 Administration District: City of Durham Shire county: Durham Region: North East England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Durham Historic county: Durham Services Police force: County Durham Ambulance service: North East Post office and telephone... Uchtred (or Uhtred), called the Bold, was the earl of Northumbria from 1006 to 1016, when he was assassinated. ... Northumbria, a kingdom of Angles in northern England, was initially divided into two kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. ... The Annals of Ulster are a chronicle of medieval Ireland. ...

A second war in Bernicia, probably in 1018, was more successful. The Battle of Carham, by the River Tweed, was a victory for the Scots led by Máel Coluim and the men of Strathclyde led by Eógan (Owen the Bald). By this time Earl Uchtred may have been dead, and Eiríkr Hákonarson was appointed Earl of Northumbria by his brother-in-law Canute, although his authority seems to have been limited to the south, the former kingdom of Deira, and he took no action against the Scots so far as is known.^[8] The work De obsessione Dunelmi (The siege of Durham, associated with Symeon of Durham) claims that Uchtred's brother Eadwulf Cudel surrendered Lothian to Máel Coluim, presumably in the aftermath of the defeat at Carham. This is likely to have been the lands between Dunbar and the Tweed as other parts of Lothian had been under Scots control before this time. It has been suggested that Canute received tribute from the Scots for Lothian, but as he had likely received none from the Bernician Earls this is not very probable.^[9] The Battle of Carham was a battle between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of Northumbria at Carham on Tweed in 1018. ... There are other rivers with this name: see Tweed River The River Tweed at Abbotsford, near Melrose The River Tweed at Coldstream The River Tweed (156 kilometres or 97 miles long) flows primarily through the Borders region of Scotland. ... Eógan II of Strathclyde (Latin: Eugenius; Modern Gaelic Eòghann; Modern Welsh: Owain), also known by his Latin-derived nickname, Eugenius Calvus or Owen the Bald, was ruler of the Kingdom of Strathclyde for some period in the early eleventh century. ... Erics victory in the battle of Svolder was his most celebrated achievement. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Deira (perhaps corresponding with the Brythonic kingdom of Ebrauc) was a kingdom in England during the 6th century AD. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia (Brythonic, Brynaich) to the north to form the kingdom of Northumbria. ... Symeon (or Simeon) of Durham (d. ... Lothian (Lowden in Scots, Lodainn in Gaelic) forms a traditional region of Scotland, lying between the southern shore of the Firth of Forth and the Lammermuir Hills. ... View towards Belhaven Bay (John Muir Country Park) with North Berwick Law and the Bass Rock in the distance. ...

Canute

Canute, reports the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, led an army into Scotland on his return from pilgrimage to Rome. The Chronicle dates this to 1031, but there are reasons to suppose that it should be dated to 1027.^[10] Burgundian chronicler Rodulfus Glaber recounts the expedition soon afterwards, describing Máel Coluim as "powerful in resources and arms ... very Christian in faith and deed."^[11] Ralph claims that peace was made between Máel Coluim and Canute through the intervention of Richard, Duke of Normandy, brother of Queen Emma. Richard died in about 1027 and Rodulfus wrote close in time to the events.^[12] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals narrating the history of the Anglo-Saxons and their settlement in Great Britain. ... For other uses of the word pilgrimage, see Pilgrimage (disambiguation). ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 8th century BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... Rodulfus Glaber or Ralph Glaber (985–1047) was a monk and chronicler of the years around 1000 and is one of the chief sources for the history of France in that period. ... Richard the Good as part of the Six Dukes of Normandy statue in the town square of Falaise. ... The Duke of Normandy is a title held (or claimed) by various Norman, English, French and British rulers from the 10th century. ... Queen Emma of Normandy receiving the Encomium Emmae, with her sons Harthacanute and Edward the Confessor in the background. ...

It has been suggested that the root of the quarrel between Canute and Máel Coluim lies in Canute's pilgrimage to Rome, and the coronation of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II, where Canute and Rudolph, King of Burgundy had the place of honour. If Máel Coluim were present, and the repeated mentions of his piety in the annals make it quite possible that he made a pilgrimage to Rome, as did Mac Bethad mac Findláich in later times, then the coronation would have allowed Máel Coluim to publicly snub Canute's claims to overlordship.^[13] The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Conrad II (c. ... Rudolf III of Burgundy, died September 6, 1032, King of Burgundy (993–1032). ... The following is a list of the Kings of Burgundy // Kings of the Burgundians Gebicca (late 4th century–407) Godemar Giselcar Gundicar (413–436) Aetius moves the Burgundians into Sapaudia (Upper Rhone Basin) Gunderic/Gundioc (436–473) opposed by Chilperic I (443–c. ... For other uses, see Macbeth (disambiguation). ...

Canute obtained rather less than previous English kings, a promise of peace and friendship rather than the promise of aid on land and sea than Edgar and others had obtained. The sources say that Máel Coluim was accompanied by one or two other kings, certainly Mac Bethad, and perhaps Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of the Isle of Man and Galloway.^[14] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle remarks of the submission "but he [Máel Coluim] adhered to that for only a little while".^[15] Canute was soon occupied in Norway against Olaf Haraldsson and appears to have had no further involvement with Scotland. King Edgar or Eadgar I ( 942 – July 8, 975) was the younger son of King Edmund I of England. ... Echmarcach mac Ragnaill was the Gall-Gaidhel King of the Isles, Dublin (1036-1038 & 1046-1052), and much of Galloway. ... Galloway (Scottish Gaelic, Gall-ghaidhealaibh or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) today refers to the former counties of Wigtownshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright in southwest Scotland, but has fluctuated greatly in size over history. ...

Orkney and Moray

A daughter of Máel Coluim, whose name is not known, married Sigurd Hlodvisson, Earl of Orkney.^[16] Their son Thorfinn Sigurdsson was said to be five years old when Sigurd was killed on 23 April 1014 in the Battle of Clontarf. The Orkneyinga Saga says that Thorfinn was raised at Máel Coluim's court and was given the Mormaerdom of Caithness by his grandfather. Thorfinn, says the Heimskringla, was the ally of the king of Scots, and counted on Máel Coluim's support to resist the "tyranny" of King Olaf Haraldsson of Norway.^[17] The chronology of Thorfinn's life is problematic, and he may have had a share in the Earldom of Orkney while still a child, if he was indeed only five in 1014.^[18] Whatever the exact chronology, before Máel Coluim's death a client of the king of Scots was in control of Caithness and Orkney, although, as with all such relationships, it is unlikely to have lasted beyond his death. Earl Sigurd Hlodvirsson (Sigurd the Stout) was the 14th Jarl of Orkney and a key figure in the Battle of Clontarf. ... Earl of Orkney - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Thorfinn Sigurdsson (c. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... Events February 14 - Pope Benedict VIII recognizes Henry of Bavaria as King of Germany July 29 - Battle of Kleidion: Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock... Combatants Gaelic Irish Dublin Vikings Commanders Brian Boru† Sigtrygg Strength ca. ... The Orkneyinga saga (also called the History of the Earls of Orkney) is an unique historical narrative of the history of the Orkney Islands from their capture by the Norwegian king in the 9th century onwards until about 1200 AD. The saga was written around 1200 AD by an unknown... The Mormaer of Caithness ruled a distinct mormaerdom in medieval Scotland in that it generally was held by a foreign prince, the Norse Earl of Orkney, the ruler of neighboring Norwegian province. ... Heimskringla is the Old Norse name of a collection of sagas recorded in Iceland around 1225 by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179-1242). ... Olaf II Haraldsson (995 – July 29, 1030), king from 1015–1028, (known during his lifetime as the Stout and after his canonization as Saint Olaf), was born in the year in which Olaf Tryggvason came to Norway. ...

If Máel Coluim exercised control over Moray, which is far from being generally accepted, then the annals record a number of events pointing to a struggle for power in the north. In 1020, Mac Bethad's father Findláech mac Ruaidrí was killed by the sons of his brother Máel Brigte.^[19] It seems that Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti took control of Moray, for his death is reported in 1029.^[20] Findláech of Moray, or Findláech mac Ruaidrí, was the King or Mormaer of Moray, ruling from some point before 1014 until his death in 1020. ... Máel Coluim of Moray, or Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti was King or Mormaer of Moray (1020-1029), and, as his name suggests, the son of a Máel Brigte. ...

It should be said that whatever the Irish annals say, English and Scandinavian writers appear to seen Mac Bethad as the rightful king of Moray, witness their descriptions of the meeting with Canute in 1027, before the death of Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti. Máel Coluim was followed as king or mormaer by his brother Gille Coemgáin, husband of Gruoch, a granddaughter of Cináed mac Duib. It has been supposed that Mac Bethad was responsible for the killing of Gille Coemgáin in 1032, but if Mac Bethad had a cause for feud in the killing of his father in 1020, Máel Coluim too had reason to see Gille Coemgáin dead. Not only had Gille Coemgáin's ancestors killed many of Máel Coluim's kin, but Gille Coemgáin and his son Lulach might be rivals for the throne. Máel Coluim had no sons, or no living sons, and the threat to his plans for the succession was obvious. The following year another man who might some day be king, Gruoch's brother or nephew, was killed by Máel Coluim.^[21] Gilla Coemgáin or Gille Coemgáin of Moray was the King or Mormaer of Moray, a semi-autonomous kingdom centred around Inverness that stretched across the north of Scotland. ... Queen Gruoch (1007 - 1060) was the daughter of Bodhe, prince of Scotland and thus granddaughter of the late King Kenneth III of Scotland. ... Cináed mac Duib (anglicised Kenneth III) (before 967–1005) was King of Scots from 997 to 1005. ... Lulach (Lulach mac Gilla Comgain) (c. ...

Strathclyde and the succession

It has traditionally been supposed that King Eógan of Strathclyde died at the Battle of Carham and that the kingdom passed into the hands of the Scots afterwards. This rests on some very weak evidence. It is far from certain that Eógan died at Carham, and it is reasonable certain that there were kings of Strathclyde as late as the 1054, when Edward the Confessor sent Earl Siward to install "Máel Coluim son of the king of the Cumbrians". The confusion is old, probably inspired by William of Malmesbury and embellished by John of Fordun, but there is no firm evidence that the kingdom of Strathclyde was a part of the kingdom of the Scots, rather than a loosely subjected kingdom, before the time of Máel Coluim's great-grandson Máel Coluim mac Donnchada.^[22] Edward the Confessor or Eadweard III (c. ... Sigurd the Dane, also known as Siward, was an English nobleman in the Eleventh Century, and the Earl of Northumbria. ... William of Malmesbury (c. ... Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (anglicised Malcolm III) (1030x1038–13 November 1093) was King of Scots. ...

As has been said, by the 1030s Máel Coluim's sons, if he had had any, were dead. The only evidence that he did have a son or sons is in Ralph Glaber's chronicle where Canute is said to have stood as godfather to a son of Máel Coluim.^[23] His grandson Thorfinn would have been unlikely to accepted as king by the Scots, and he chose the sons of his other daughter, Bethóc, who was married to Crínán, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and perhaps Mormaer of Atholl. It may be no more than coincidence, but in 1027 the Irish annals had reported the burning of Dunkeld, although no mention is made of the circumstances.^[24] Máel Coluim's chosen heir, and the first and last tánaise ríg certainly known in Scotland, was Donnchad mac Crínáin. Bethóc ingen Maíl Coluim meic Cináeda was the eldest daughter of King Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, who had no known sons. ... Crínán of Dunkeld (died 1045) was the lay abbot of the diocese of Dunkeld, and perhaps the Mormaer of Atholl. ... Lay abbot (abbatocomes, abbas laicus, abbas miles) is a name used to designate a layman on whom a king or someone in authority bestowed an abbey as a reward for services rendered; he had charge of the estate belonging to it, and was entitled to part of the income. ... Dunkeld (Dùn Chailleann in Scottish Gaelic) is a small town in Strathtay, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, approximately 15 miles north of Perth on the A9 road into the Scottish Highlands and on the opposite (north) side of the River Tay from the Victorian village of Birnam. ... The Mormaer of Mormaerdom of Atholl refers to a medieval comital Gaelic lordship straddling the highland and lowland district of northern Perthshire . ... Duncan I (Donnchad mac Crínáin) (1001 - August 15, 1040) was a son of Crinan the Thane de Mormaer, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Princess Bethoc of Scotland. ...

It is possible that a third daughter of Máel Coluim married Findláech mac Ruaidrí and that Mac Bethad was thus his grandson, but this rests on relatively weak evidence.^[25]

Death and posterity

Máel Coluim died in 1034, Marianus Scotus giving the date as 25 November 1034. The king lists say that he died at Glamis, variously describing him as a "most glorious" or "most victorious" king. The Annals of Tigernach report that "Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, king of Scotland, the honour of all the west of Europe, died." The Prophecy of Berchán, perhaps the inpiration for John of Fordun and Andrew of Wyntoun's accounts where Máel Coluim is killed fighting bandits, says that he died by violence, fighting "the parricides", suggested to be the sons of Máel Brigte of Moray.^[26] Marianus Scotus (1028-1082 or 1083), chronicler (who must be distinguished from his namesake Marianus Scotus, d. ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 11 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV. Franche-Comté becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire. ... Glamis is a small village in Angus, Scotland and is home to the famous Glamis Castle. ... Andrew of Wyntoun (?1350-?1420), author of a long metrical history of Scotland, called the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, was a canon regular of St Andrews, and prior of St Serfs in Lochieven. ...

Perhaps the most notable feature of Máel Coluim's death is the account of Marianus, matched by the silence of the Irish annals, which tells us that Donnchad became king and ruled for five years and nine months. Given that his death in 1040 is described as being "at an immature age" in the Annals of Tigernach, he must have been a young man in 1034. The absence of any opposition suggests that Máel Coluim had dealt thoroughly with any likely opposition in his own lifetime.^[27]

On the question of Máel Coluim's putative pilgrimage, pilgrimages to Rome, or other long-distance journeys, were far from unusual. Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Canute and Mac Bethad have already been mentioned. Rognvald Kali Kolsson is known to have gone crusading in the Mediterranean in the 12th century. Nearer in time, Domnall mac Eógain of Strathclyde died on pilgrimage to Rome in 975 as did Máel Ruanaid uá Máele Doraid, King of the Cenél Conaill, in 1025. Ragnvald Kale Kollson was a Norwegian saint. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Domnall III of Strathclyde or Domnall mac Eógain (Mod. ... The Cenél Conaill is the name of the kindred or descendants of Conall Gulban, son of Niall Noígiallach who founded the kingdom of Tír Conaill in the 5th century. ...

Not a great deal is known of Máel Coluim's activities beyond the wars and killings. The Book of Deer records that Máel Coluim "gave a king's dues in Biffie and in Pett Meic-Gobraig, and two davochs" to the monastery of Old Deer.^[28] As has been said, he was probably not the founder of the Bishopric of Mortlach-Aberdeen. John of Fordun has a peculiar tale to tell, related to the supposed "Laws of Malcom MacKenneth", saying that Máel Coluim gave away all of Scotland, except for the Moot Hill at Scone, which is unlikely to have the least basis in fact.^[29] Folio 29v contains a portrait of the Evangelist Luke. ... This article or section needs to be wikified. ... Scone is a large village, a mile north of Perth, Scotland. ...

Notes

The Flatey Book, (in Icelandic the Flateyjarbók Flat-island book) is one of the most important medieval Icelandic manuscripts. ... Earl Sigurd Hlodvirsson (Sigurd the Stout) was the 14th Jarl of Orkney and a key figure in the Battle of Clontarf. ... Olaf Tryggvason (Old Norse: Óláfr Tryggvason, Norwegian: Olav Tryggvason), (960s - September 9? 1000), was King of Norway from 995 to 1000. ... The Tees is a little river in Northern England. ... Chronicon Scotorum is an Irish chronicle. ... Olaf II Haraldsson (995 – July 29, 1030), king from 1015–1028, (known during his lifetime as the Stout and after his canonization as Saint Olaf), was born in the year in which Olaf Tryggvason came to Norway. ... The Annals of Tigernach (abbr. ... The Book of Leinster (Irish Lebor Laignech), formerly known as the Book of Noughaval (Lebor na Nuachongbála), is a medieval Irish manuscript compliled ca. ... Andrew of Wyntoun (?1350-?1420), author of a long metrical history of Scotland, called the Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, was a canon regular of St Andrews, and prior of St Serfs in Lochieven. ...

References

For primary sources see also External links below.

Alan Orr Anderson (1879-1958) was a Scottish historian and compiler. ... Geoffrey W.S. Barrow DLitt FBA FRSE is an English-born Scottish historian and academic, born at Headingley in Leeds. ... John of Fordun (d. ... William Forbes Skene (1809–1892), Scottish historian and antiquary, was the second son of Sir Walter Scotts friend, James Skene (1775–1864), of Rubislaw, near Aberdeen, and was born on June 7 1809. ... Sir Frank Merry Stenton (1880–September 15, 1967) was a noted 20th century historian of Anglo-Saxon England. ... Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. ...

External links

• CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.
• Heimskringla at World Wide School
• Orkneyinga Saga at Northvegr
• Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an XML edition by Tony Jebson (translation at OMACL)

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Monarchs of Scotland (Alba)

	Traditional List of Monarchs of the Picts Legendary Monarchs • Drest of the 100 Battles • Talorc I • Nechtan I • Drest II • Galan • Drest III • Drest IV • Gartnait I • Cailtram • Talorc II • Drest V • Galam Cennalath • Bruide I • Gartnait II • Nechtan II • Cinioch • Gartnait III • Bruide II • Talorc III • Talorgan I • Gartnait IV • Drest VI • Bruide III • Taran • Bruide IV • Nechtan IV • Drest VII • Alpín I • Óengus I • Bruide V • Cináed I • Alpín II • Talorgan II • Drest VIII • Conall • Caustantín • Óengus II • Drest IX • Eogán • Ferat • Bruide VI • Cináed II • Bruide VII • Drest X
something	Traditional List of Monarchs of the Scots Cináed I • Domnall I • Causantín I • Áed • Eochaid* • Giric • Domnall II • Causantín II • Máel Coluim I • Idulb • Dub • Cuilén • Cináed II • Amlaíb • Cináed II • Causantín III • Cináed III • Máel Coluim II • Donnchad I • Mac Bethad • Lulach • Máel Coluim III • Domnall III Bán • Donnchad II • Domnall III Bán • Edgar • Alexander I • David I • Máel Coluim IV • William I • Alexander II • Alexander III • First Interregnum • John • Second Interregnum • Robert I • David II • Edward • David II • Robert II • Robert III • James I • James II • James III • James IV • James V • Mary I • James VI** • Charles I** • The Covenanters • The Protectorate • Charles II** • James VII** • Mary II** • William II** • Anne** * status as King is doubted ** also monarch of Ireland and England