NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Malus domestica

The apple is a tree and its pomaceous fruit, of species Malus domestica in the family Rosaceae, and is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. It is a small deciduous tree reaching 5-12 m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple oval with an acute tip and serrated margin, slightly downy below, 5-12 cm long and 3-6 cm broad on a 2-5 cm petiole. The flowers are produced in spring with the leaves, white, usually tinged pink at first, 2.5-3.5 cm diameter, with five petals. The fruit matures in the autumn, and is typically 5-8 cm diameter (rarely up to 15 cm). The word apple may refer to: Apple, widely cultivated tree fruit Apple Computer, company best known for its Macintosh personal computers and iPod digital music player Apple Records, record label founded by The Beatles, and Apple Corps, its holding company APPLE, Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment, was Indias first Geostationary... In 1992, apple growers in Washington harvested about 805,000 boxes of Fujis. ... The Fuji apple (富士リンゴ; Fuji ringo) is an apple cultivar developed by growers at the Tohoku Research Station in Morioka, Japan in the late 1930s and brought to market in 1962. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Divisions Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Hepaticophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) â€ Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants... Jump to: navigation, search Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ... Jump to: navigation, search Orders see text Dicotyledons or dicots are flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. ... Families Rosaceae (rose family) Elaeagnaceae Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family) Ulmaceae (elm family) Celtidaceae Moraceae (mulberry family) Urticaceae (nettle family) Cecropiaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Barbeyaceae Dirachmaceae Rosales is an order of flowering plants, including the rose family, Rosaceae. ... Subfamilies Rosoideae Spiraeoideae Maloideae Amygdaloideae or Prunoideae The Rosaceae or rose family is a large family of plants, with about 3,000-4,000 species in 100-120 genera. ... Genera Amelanchier - serviceberry, juneberry Aronia - chokeberry Chaenomeles - Japanese quince Cotoneaster - cotoneaster Crataegus - hawthorn Cydonia - quince Eriobotrya - loquat Eriolobus (Malus pro parte) Heteromeles - Toyon Malus - apple, crabapple Mespilus - medlar Osteomeles Photinia Pyracantha - firethorn Pyrus - pear Rhaphiolepis - Indian hawthorn Sorbus - rowan, whitebeam, service tree Stranvaesia - (Photinia pro parte) The Maloideae, or the... Species - Southern Crab - Siberian Crabapple - Sweet Crabapple - Apple - Japanese Crabapple - Oregon Crab - Chinese Crabapple - Prairie Crab - Asian Wild Apple - European Wild Apple Malus, the apples, is a genus of about 30-35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including most importantly the domesticated Orchard or... In biology, binomial nomenclature is a standard convention used for naming species. ... Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen (December 3, 1760 - November 30, 1806) was a German naturalist. ... Jump to: navigation, search The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth A tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant. ... Jump to: navigation, search An apple is an example of a pome fruit. ... Jump to: navigation, search Fruit stall in Barcelona, Catalonia. ... Subfamilies Rosoideae Spiraeoideae Maloideae Amygdaloideae or Prunoideae The Rosaceae or rose family is a large family of plants, with about 3,000-4,000 species in 100-120 genera. ... Jump to: navigation, search Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off). ... Jump to: navigation, search In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ... // Flower Anatomy Flowering plants are heterosporangiate (producing two types of reproductive spores) and the pollen (male spores) and ovules (female spores) are produced in different organs, but these are together in a bisporangiate strobilus that is the typical flower. ...

Blooming appletree larger version 800x600 px This photo is (c)2003 Krzysztof P. Jasiutowicz and it is released under the terms of GNU FDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Blooming appletree larger version 800x600 px This photo is (c)2003 Krzysztof P. Jasiutowicz and it is released under the terms of GNU FDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Botanical origins

The wild ancestor of Malus domestica is Malus sieversii (which has no common name), a tree still found wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China. M. sieversii resists many diseases and pests that affect domestic apples, and research with it to develop new disease-resistant apples is continuing. Wild Malus sieversii apple. ... Wild Malus sieversii apple. ... An ancestor is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search Xinjiang (Chinese: æ–°ç–†; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal Pinyin: Sinkiang; literal meaning: New Frontier; Uyghur: ), full name Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... Jump to: navigation, search A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ...

Other species that were previously thought to have made contributions to the genome of the domestic apples are Malus baccata and Malus sylvestris, but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple cultivars. These and other Malus species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for M. domestica, mainly for increased cold tolerance. This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ...

Apples have been a very important food in all cooler climates, and it was probably the earliest tree to be cultivated. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly citrus, apples store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive value. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the United States since the arrival of Europeans. Jump to: navigation, search Species & major hybrids Species Citrus maxima - Pomelo Citrus medica - Citron Citrus reticulata - Mandarin & Tangerine Major hybrids Citrus x aurantifolia - Key lime Citrus x aurantium Citrus x hystrix - Kaffir Lime Citrus x ichangensis - Ichang Lemon Citrus x limetta Citrus x limon - Lemon Citrus x limonia - Rangpur Citrus... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing Asia (geographically) Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia and worlds largest continent. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 kmÂ² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... Jump to: navigation, search The United States of America has had a long history of immigration, from the first Spanish and English settlers to arrive on the shores of the what would become the United States to the waves of immigrants from Europe in the 19th century to immigration in...

The word apple comes from the Old English word aeppel which was used to refer to any round object. This word in turn comes from the Latin word abella, which is the name of a town in Campania. Jump to: navigation, search Campania is a region of Southern Italy, bordering on Lazio to the north-west, Molise to the north, Puglia to the north-east, Basilicata to the east, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ...

Apple cultivars

There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. Apples do not flower in tropical climates because they have a chilling requirement. This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ...

Commercially-popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, typical 'Red Delicious' apple shape, long stem (to allow pesticides to penetrate the top of the fruit), and popular flavor. Egremont Russet is a variety of dessert apple that is arguably the best of the russet-type apples, with a rich, nutty flavour and crisp, firm and fairly juicy flesh. ... Jump to: navigation, search An airplane spreading pesticide. ...

Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colors. Many of them have excellent flavour (often better than most modern cultivars), but may have other problems which make them commercially unviable, such as low yield, liability to disease, or poor tolerance for storage or transport. Few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been kept alive by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique flavor and appearance are out there to discover; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local heirlooms from extinction.

Although most cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot. Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1317 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1317 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 125 KB) Granny Smith Apple close up on stem File links The following pages link to this file: Apple ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 125 KB) Granny Smith Apple close up on stem File links The following pages link to this file: Apple ... Jump to: navigation, search Granny Smith is an apple cultivar originating in Australia around 1865 from a chance seedling propagated by Marie Ana (Granny) Smith. ... A cooking apple is an apple that is used primarily for cooking rather than eating fresh. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cider (also spelled: cyder) refers to a beverage containing the juice of apples. ... A cider apple is a cultivar of apple grown for its use in cider production. ...

The following is a list of common cultivars and where they are grown. The year and place of origin is also listed:

The Baldwin apple is a bright red winter apple, very good in quality, and easily shipped. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Bay State Other U.S. States Capital Boston Largest city Boston Governor Mitt Romney (R) Senators Edward Kennedy (D) John Kerry (D) Official languages English Area 27,360 kmÂ² (44th) - Land 20,317 kmÂ² - Water 7,043 kmÂ² (25. ... The Braeburn is a cultivar of apple. ... The Bramley cooking apple (or Bramley`s seedling apple) is a type of apple which is almost invariably eaten cooked. ... Jump to: navigation, search Southwell is a small town in Nottinghamshire, England. ... Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK... The Cameo is a cultivar of apple, discovered by chance in a Dryden, Washington orchard in the 1987. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Evergreen State Other U.S. States Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Governor Christine Gregoire (D) Senators Patty Murray (D) Maria Cantwell (D) Official languages None Area 184,824 kmÂ² (18th) - Land 172,587 kmÂ² - Water 12,237 kmÂ² (6. ... After the many attributes of McIntosh were discovered, plant breeders began crossing it with other varieties to enhance its traits. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York City Governor George Pataki (R) Senators Charles Schumer (D) Hillary Rodham Clinton (D) Official languages None (English is de facto) Area 141,205 kmÂ² (27th) - Land 122,409 kmÂ² - Water 18... Coxs Orange Pippin is a cultivar of apple. ... Egremont Russet is a variety of dessert apple that is arguably the best of the russet-type apples, with a rich, nutty flavour and crisp, firm and fairly juicy flesh. ... The Fuji apple (富士リンゴ; Fuji ringo) is an apple cultivar developed by growers at the Tohoku Research Station in Morioka, Japan in the late 1930s and brought to market in 1962. ... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing Asia (geographically) Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia and worlds largest continent. ... Jump to: navigation, search Gala Gala is a cultivar of apple, with a mild and sweet flavor. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Old Dominion Other U.S. States Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Governor Mark R. Warner (D) Senators John Warner (R) George Allen (R) Official languages English Area 110,862 kmÂ² (35th) - Land 102,642 kmÂ² - Water 8,220 kmÂ² (7. ... The Golden Delicious is a cultivar of apple with a yellow color. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 kmÂ² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... Jump to: navigation, search Granny Smith is an apple cultivar originating in Australia around 1865 from a chance seedling propagated by Marie Ana (Granny) Smith. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) Senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D) Official languages English Area 410,000 kmÂ² (3rd) - Land 404,298 kmÂ² - Water 20,047 kmÂ² (4. ... The Haralson cultivar of apple was introduced by the Minnesota Horticulture Research Center in 1922. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: North Star State Other U.S. States Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty (R) Senators Mark Dayton (D) Norm Coleman (R) Official languages None Area 225,365 kmÂ² (12th) - Land 206,375 kmÂ² - Water 18,990 kmÂ² (8. ... Honeycrispâ„¢ is a modern cultivar of apple developed in Minnesota by the University of Minnesota Twin Cities at its Horticultural Research Center. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Gem State Other U.S. States Capital Boise Largest city Boise Governor Dirk Kempthorne (R) Senators Larry Craig (R) Mike Crapo (R) Official languages none Area 216,632 kmÂ² (14th) - Land 214,499 kmÂ² - Water 2,133 kmÂ² (0. ... James Grieve is an old variety of apple. ... Jump to: navigation, search Edinburghs location in Scotland Edinburgh viewed from Arthurs Seat. ... Jonagold is a variety of Apple, a cross between Golden Delicious and Jonathon. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1063x1040, 122 KB) Malus Jonathan 2005-09-17, BÃ¼dingen Source: selbst fotografiert by Sven Teschke File links There are no pages that link to this file. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Buckeye State Other U.S. States Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Governor Bob Taft (R) Senators Mike DeWine (R) George Voinovich (R) Official languages None Area 116,096 kmÂ² (34th) - Land 106,154 kmÂ² - Water 10,044 kmÂ² (8. ... This article is about the apple; for other uses, see McIntosh/MacIntosh (disambiguation) The McIntosh (Mac) is an apple cultivar with red and green skin, a tart flavor and tender, white flesh. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Beaver State Other U.S. States Capital Salem Largest city Portland Governor Ted Kulongoski (D) Senators Ron Wyden (D) Gordon Smith (R) Official languages None Area 255,026 kmÂ² (9th) - Land 248,849 kmÂ² - Water 6,177 kmÂ² (2. ... Pink Lady can refer to either Pink Lady, a Japanese pop music duo. ... Pinova (or Corail) is an apple cultivar, a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Clivia; the latter is a cross between a Coxs Orange Pippin and a Duchess of Oldenburg. ... The Red Delicious is a cultivar of apple. ... State nickname: The Hawkeye State Other U.S. States Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Governor Thomas Vilsack (D) Senators Chuck Grassley (R) Tom Harkin (D) Official languages English Area 145,743 kmÂ² (26th) - Land 144,701 kmÂ² - Water 1,042 kmÂ² (0. ... Jump to: navigation, search The White Yorkshire rose. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1063x919, 157 KB) Malus Ribston Pepping 2005-09-17, BÃ¼dingen Source: selbst fotografiert by Sven Teschke File links There are no pages that link to this file. ... Royal Gala is a type of apple. ... Motto: Splendor Sine Occasu (Splendour without diminishment) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Lieutenant Governor Iona Campagnolo Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Area 944,735 kmÂ² (5th) * Land 925,186 kmÂ² * Water 19,549 kmÂ² (2. ... Worcestershire (pronounced /ËˆwÊŠstÉ™.tÉ™ÊƒÉ™/ or /ËˆwÊŠstÉ™.tÉ™ÊƒiËÉœË/ or /ËˆwÊŠstÉ™.tÉ™ÊƒaÉªÉ™/; abbreviated Worcs) is a county, located in the West Midlands region of central England. ...

Flavors of apples

Modern apples are, as a rule, sweeter than older cultivars. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia and especially India. Jump to: navigation, search World map showing North America (geographically) A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 kmÂ² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... Jump to: navigation, search World map showing Asia (geographically) Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia and worlds largest continent. ...

Tastes in apples vary from one person to another and have changed over time. As an example, the U.S. state of Washington made its reputation for apple growing on Red Delicious. In recent years, many American apple connoisseurs have come to regard Red Delicious as inferior to varieties such as Fuji and Gala due to the mild flavor and soft texture of the Red Delicious. Jump to: navigation, search A U.S. state is any one of the fifty states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, together with the District of Columbia and Palmyra Atoll (an uninhabited incorporated unorganized territory), form the United States of America. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Evergreen State Other U.S. States Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Governor Christine Gregoire (D) Senators Patty Murray (D) Maria Cantwell (D) Official languages None Area 184,824 kmÂ² (18th) - Land 172,587 kmÂ² - Water 12,237 kmÂ² (6. ...

Growing apples

Apple breeding

Like most perennial fruits, apples are ordinarily propagated asexually by grafting. Seedling apples are different from their parents, sometimes radically. Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words seedling, pippin, and kernel in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. Download high resolution version (1431x1314, 93 KB)Cyborglog (glog) made while eating an Old Apple This apple has a peel thats a very deep burgundy colour, and the flesh of the fruit is roughly the same colour as the peel. ... Download high resolution version (1431x1314, 93 KB)Cyborglog (glog) made while eating an Old Apple This apple has a peel thats a very deep burgundy colour, and the flesh of the fruit is roughly the same colour as the peel. ... Download high resolution version (1923x1386, 89 KB)Seeds from Old Apple The seeds are a deep burgundy colour, much like the colour of the flesh of the apple. ... Download high resolution version (1923x1386, 89 KB)Seeds from Old Apple The seeds are a deep burgundy colour, much like the colour of the flesh of the apple. ... Grafting is a method of plant propagation widely used in horticulture, where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another. ... A bud sport is a part of a plant or tree — for example, a leaf, shoot or flower — which due to a genetic mutation clearly differs from the rest of the plant, and which can also be grafted to grow new plants which retain this genetic difference. ...

Some breeders have crossed ordinary apples with crabapples or unusually hardy apples in order to produce hardier cultivars. For example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota has, since the 1930s, introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Its most important introductions have included Haralson (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), Wealthy, Honeygold, and Honeycrisp. The sweetness and texture of Honeycrisp have been so popular with consumers that Minnesota orchards have been cutting down their established, productive trees to make room for it, a heretofore unheard of practice. Species - Southern Crab - Siberian Crabapple - Sweet Crabapple - Apple - Japanese Crabapple - Oregon Crab - Chinese Crabapple - Prairie Crab - Asian Wild Apple - European Wild Apple Malus, the apples, is a genus of about 30-35 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including most importantly the domesticated Orchard or... Jump to: navigation, search University of Minnesota, Twin Cities This article is about the oldest and largest campus of the University of Minnesota. ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events and trends The 1930s were described as an an abrupt shift to more radical lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the global depression. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: North Star State Other U.S. States Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Governor Tim Pawlenty (R) Senators Mark Dayton (D) Norm Coleman (R) Official languages None Area 225,365 kmÂ² (12th) - Land 206,375 kmÂ² - Water 18,990 kmÂ² (8. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: Badger State State motto: Forward Other U.S. States Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Governor Jim Doyle (D) Senators Herb Kohl (D) Russ Feingold (D) Official languages None Area 169,790 kmÂ² (23rd) - Land 140,787 kmÂ² - Water 28,006 kmÂ² (17%) Population (2000...

Starting an orchard

Apple orchards are established by planting two or three year old trees. These small trees are usually purchased from a nursery where they are produced by grafting or budding. First, a rootstock is produced either as a seedling or cloned using tissue culture or layering. This is allowed to grow for a year. Then, a small section of branch called a scion is obtained from a mature apple tree of the desired cultivar. The upper stem and branches of the rootstock are cut away and replaced with the scion. In time, the two sections grow together and produce a healthy tree. A nursery is a place where plants are propagated, usually for sale as a business, though some gardeners and farmers keep private nurseries. ... Propagation of fruit trees is usually carried out asexually by grafting the desired variety onto a suitable rootstock. ... Grafting is a method of plant propagation by which one woody plant is mechanically attached to another so that the two eventually fuse together. ... This article is on the car division of Toyota. ... Jump to: navigation, search The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth A tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant. ...

Rootstocks affect the ultimate size of the tree. While many rootstocks are available to commercial grower, those sold to homeowners who want just a few trees are usually one of two cultivars: a standard seedling rootstock that gives a full-size tree, or a semi-dwarf rootstock that produces a somewhat smaller tree. Dwarf rootstocks are generally more susceptible to damage from wind and cold. Full dwarf trees are often supported of posts or trellises and planted in high density orchards which are much simpler to culture and greatly increase productivity per unit of land. A dwarf is a short humanoid creature in Norse mythology, fairy tales, fantasy fiction and role-playing games. ...

Some trees are produced with a dwarfing "interstem" between a standard rootstock and the tree, resulting in two grafts. Download high resolution version (640x889, 156 KB) Agricultural Research Service entomologist Brad Higbee (left) explains the benefits of areawide insect pest suppression to Jerry Wattman, manager of this apple orchard near West Parker Heights, Washington. ... Download high resolution version (640x889, 156 KB) Agricultural Research Service entomologist Brad Higbee (left) explains the benefits of areawide insect pest suppression to Jerry Wattman, manager of this apple orchard near West Parker Heights, Washington. ... Download high resolution version (1024x807, 184 KB)Red Apple File links The following pages link to this file: Apple Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (1024x807, 184 KB)Red Apple File links The following pages link to this file: Apple Categories: GFDL images ...

After the small tree is planted in the orchard, it must grow for 3-5 years (semi-dwarf) or 4-10 years (standard trees) before it will bear sizable amounts of fruit. Good training of limbs and careful nipping of buds growing in the wrong places, are extremely important during this time, to build a good scaffold that will later support a fruit load. Jump to: navigation, search Fruit stall in Barcelona, Catalonia. ...

Location

Apples are relatively indifferent to soil conditions and will grow in a wide range of pH values and fertility levels. They do require some protection from the wind and should not be planted in low areas that are prone to late spring frosts. Apples do require good drainage, and heavy soils or flat land should be tiled to make certain that the root systems are never in saturated soil. For the heavy metal band see Soil (band) Soil is unconsolidated rock particle that lies on the surface of the earth, intermingled, perhaps, with organic matter from plant decay. ... The title of this article begins with a capital letter, due to technical limitations of the MediaWiki software. ... team chaos was ere we owned this website so fuk u. ... Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. ...

Pollination

Apples are self-incompatible and must be cross-pollinated to develop fruit. Pollination management is an important component of apple culture. Before planting, it is important to arrange for pollenizers, cultivars of apple or crab apple that provide plentiful, viable and compatible pollen. Orchard blocks may alternate rows of compatible cultivars, or may have periodic crab apple trees, or grafted-on limbs of crab apple. Some cultivars produce very little pollen, or the pollen is sterile, so these are not good pollenizers. Quality nurseries have pollenizer compatibility lists. Bumblebee and honeybee pollinating a sedum telephinum Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). ... Pollination Management is the label for horticultural practices that accomplish or enhance pollination of a crop, to improve yield or quality, by understanding of the particular crops pollination needs, and by knowledgeable management of pollenizers, pollinators, and pollination conditions. ... The words pollenizer (polleniser) and pollinator are often confused. ...

Growers with old orchard blocks of single cultivars sometimes provide bouquets of crab apple blossoms in drums or pails in the orchard for pollenizers. Home growers with a single tree, and no other cultivars in the neighborhood can do the same on a smaller scale.

During the flowering each season, apple growers usually provide pollinators to carry the pollen. Honeybee hives are most commonly used, and arrangements may be made with a commercial beekeeper who supplies hives for a fee. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Home growers may find these more acceptable in suburban locations because they do not sting. Some wild bees such as carpenter bees and other solitary bees may help. Bumble bee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators. A pollinator is the agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. ... Jump to: navigation, search Species A. mellifera â€” western honeybee A. cerana â€” eastern honeybee The honeybee is a colonial insect that is often maintained, fed, and transported by farmers. ... Subfamiles Fideliinae Megachilinae Some of the genera Anthidium Coelioxys Heriades Hoplitis Megachile Osmia Stelis The Megachilidae are a cosmopolitan family of (mostly) solitary bees that carry pollen in specialized structures called scopae located under the abdomen (rather than on the hind legs like in the honey bee). ... Genera Many Carpenter bees (Xylocopinae subfamily) are important pollinators, especially of open-faced flowers, though they are also known to rob nectar by boring holes in the sides of flowers with deep corollas (thus not accomplishing pollination). ... Species see text A bumblebee in flight The bumblebee is a flying insect of the genus Bombus in the family Apidae. ... For the Queen bee in clique & social groups, see Clique. ...

Symptoms of inadequate pollination are small and misshapen apples, slowness to ripen, and low seed count. Well pollinated apples are the best quality, and will have 7 to 10 seeds. Apples having less than 3 seeds will usually not mature and will drop from the trees in the early summer. Inadequate pollination can result from either a lack of pollinators or pollenizers, or from poor pollinating weather at flowering time. It generally requires multiple bee visits to deliver sufficient grains of pollen to accomplish complete pollination.

A common problem is a late frost that destroys the delicate outer structures of the flower. It is best to plant apples on a slope for air drainage, but not on a south facing slope (in the northern hemisphere) as this will encourage early flowering and increase susceptibility to frost. If the frost is not too severe, the tree can be wetted with water spray before the morning sun hits the flowers, and it may save them. Frost damage can be evaluated 24 hours after the frost. If the pistil has turned black, the flower is ruined and will not produce fruit. Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ...

Growing apples near a body of water gives an advantage by slowing spring warm up, which retards flowering until frost is less likely. Areas of the USA, such as the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and around some smaller lakes, where this cooling effect of water, combined with good, well-drained soils, has made apple growing concentrations possible in these areas. Sunset on Lake Michigan A different sunset on the lake. ... Lake Ontario seen from near Wolcott, New York Lake Ontario, bounded on the north by Ontario and on the south by Ontarios Niagara Peninsula and by New York State, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. ...

Home growers may not have a body of water to help, but can utilize north slopes or other geographical features to retard spring flowering. Apples (or any fruit) planted on a south facing slope in the northern hemisphere (or north facing in the southern hemisphere), will flower early and be particularly vulnerable to spring frost.

Thinning

Apples are prone to biennial bearing. If the fruit is not thinned when the tree carries a large crop, it may produce very little flower the following year. Good thinning helps even out the cycle, so that a reasonable crop can be grown every year.

Pests and diseases

The trees are susceptible to a number of fungal and bacterial diseases and insect pests. Nearly all commercial orchards pursue an aggressive program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. A trend in orchard management is the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which reduces needless spraying when pests are not present, or more likely, are being controlled by natural predators. Jump to: navigation, search Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Yellow fungus Fungus growing on a tree in Borneo For the fictional character, see Fungus the Bogeyman. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Classes & Orders Subclass: Apterygota Orders Archaeognatha (Bristletails) Thysanura (Silverfish) Monura - extinct Subclass: Pterygota Orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Diaphanopteroidea - extinct Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Infraclass: Neoptera Orders Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (walking... IPM bollworm trap Cotton field Manning, South Carolina In agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy that uses an array of complementary methods: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties (see GMO), cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort. ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ...

Spraying for insect pests must never be done during flowering because it kills pollinators. Nor should bee-attractive plants be allowed to establish in the orchard floor if insecticides are used. White clover is a component of many grass seed mixes, and many bees are poisoned by insecticides while visiting the flowers on the orchard floor. Binomial name Trifolium repens L. White Clover (Trifolium repens) is a species of clover native to Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. ...

Among the most serious disease problems are fireblight, a bacterial disease; and Gymnosporangium rust, apple scab, and black spot, three fungal diseases. Binomial name Erwinia amylovora The causal pathogen is Erwinia amylovora, a Gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. ... Species (juniper-hawthorn rust) (juniper-rowan rust) (juniper-hawthorn rust) (juniper-apple rust) (juniper-pear rust) (juniper-quince rust) (Japanese juniper-apple rust) Gymnosporangium is a fungus which infects alternately members of the genus Juniperus (junipers) and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Maloideae (apples, pears, quinces, hawthorns... Apple scab is a disease of apple trees (genus Malus) caused by the ascomycete fungus Venturia inaequalis. ...

The plum curculio is the most serious insect pest. Others include Apple maggot, codling moth, Emperor Moth, November Moth, Winter Moth, Green Pug, Brimstone Moth, Poplar Hawk-moth, Coxcomb Prominent, Yellow-tail and Short-cloaked Moth. Binomial name Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, 1867 The Apple Maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella), also known as railroad worm, is a pest of several fruits, mainly apples. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name Pavonia pavonia Linnaeus, 1758 The Emperor Moth (Pavonia pavonia) is a moth of the family Saturniidae. ... Binomial name Epirrita dilutata Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 The November Moth (Epirrita dilutata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. ... Binomial name Operophtera brumata Linnaeus, 1758 The Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. ... Binomial name Chloroclystis rectangulata Linnaeus, 1758 The Green Pug (Chloroclystis rectangulata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. ... Binomial name Opisthograptis luteolata Linnaeus, 1758 The Brimstone Moth (Opisthograptis luteolata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. ... Binomial name Laothoe populi Linnaeus, 1758 The Poplar Hawk-moth (Laothoe populi) is a moth of the family Sphingidae. ... Binomial name Ptilodon capucina Linnaeus, 1758 The Coxcomb Prominent (Ptilodon capucina) is a moth of the family Notodontidae. ... Binomial name Euproctis similis Fuessly, 1775 The Yellow-tail (Euproctis similis) is a moth of the family Lymantriidae. ... Binomial name Nola cucullatella Linnaeus, 1758 The Short-cloaked Moth (Nola cucullatella) is a moth of the family Nolidae. ...

In Australia, introduced apple trees are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. Jump to: navigation, search A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... genera Abantiades Aenetus Afrotheora Andeabatis Antihepialus Aoraia Aplatissa Bipectilis Blanchardina Bordaia Calada Callipielus Cibyra Cladoxycanus Dalaca Dioxycanus Druceiella Dumbletonius Elhamma Endoclyta Eudalaca Fraus Gazoryctra Gorgopis Heloxycanus Hepialiscus Hepialus Jeana Korscheltellus Leto Metahepialus Napialus Neohepialus Oncopera Oxycanus Palpifer Parahepialiscus Pfitzneriana Pfitzneriella Pharmacis Phassodes Phassus Phialuse Phymatopus Puermytrans Roseala Schausiana Sthenopis Thitarodes... Jump to: navigation, search A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. ... Aenetus is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. ...

Apples are difficult to grow organically, though a few orchards have done so with commercial success, using disease-resistant cultivars and the very best cultural controls. The latest tool in the organic repertoire is to spray a light coating of kaolin clay, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, and also helps prevent apple sun scald. Kaolin Kaolinite (Aluminium Silicate Hydroxide) Kaolinite is a mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. ...

Harvest

Mature trees typically bear 100-200 kg (5-10 bushels) of apples each year. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. A few cultivars, left unpruned, will grow to be extremely large, causing them to bear a great deal of fruit that is difficult to harvest. Dwarf trees will bear about 50-100 kg (3-5 bushels) of fruit per year. A bushel is a unit of volume, used (with somewhat different definitions) in the systems of Imperial units and U.S. customary units. ...

Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock.

Commerce and uses

45 million metric tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2002, with a value of about 10 billion USD. China produced almost half of this total. Argentina is the second leading producer, with more than 15% o fthe world production. The United States is the third leading producer, accounting for 7.5% of world production. Turkey is also a leading producer. France, Italy, South Africa and Chile are among the leading apple exporters. Download high resolution version (640x960, 70 KB) Apples are an all-American success story-each of us eats more than 19 pounds of them annually. ... Download high resolution version (640x960, 70 KB) Apples are an all-American success story-each of us eats more than 19 pounds of them annually. ...

In the United States, more than 60% of all the apples sold commercially are grown in Washington state. Imported apples from New Zealand and other more temperate areas are competing with US production and increasing each year. Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Evergreen State Other U.S. States Capital Olympia Largest city Seattle Governor Christine Gregoire (D) Senators Patty Murray (D) Maria Cantwell (D) Official languages None Area 184,824 kmÂ² (18th) - Land 172,587 kmÂ² - Water 12,237 kmÂ² (6. ...

Apples can be canned, juiced, and optionally fermented to produce apple juice, cider, vinegar, and pectin. Distilled apple cider produces the spirits applejack and Calvados. Apple wine can also be made. They make a popular lunchbox fruit as well. Jump to: navigation, search Apple juice is the juice from the apple fruit. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cider (also spelled: cyder) refers to a beverage containing the juice of apples. ... Jump to: navigation, search The vinegar in these bottles is infused with oregano. ... Jump to: navigation, search Pectin is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of plants. ... Jump to: navigation, search Bottles of cachaÃ§a, a Brazilian alcoholic beverage. ... Jump to: navigation, search Applejack is a strong alcoholic beverage produced from apples, originating from the American colonial period. ... Calvados is an apple brandy from the French region of Lower Normandy. ... Country wines are fermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of ingredients other than grapes (the base of ordinary wine) and having a variety of flavors. ...

Apples are an important ingredient in many winter desserts, for example apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. They are often eaten baked or stewed, and they can also be dried and eaten or re-consitituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid) for later use. Puréed apples are generally known as apple sauce. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. They are also used cooked in meat dishes. WINKY DESSERTS!!!!!! ... For to Make Tartys in Applis, 18th-century print of a 14th-century recipe In cooking, an apple pie or apple tart is a fruit pie (or tart) in which the principal filling ingredient is apples. ... A crumble is a dish of stewed fruit topped with a crumbly mixture of fat, flour and sugar. ... An apple crisp is a somewhat loosely-defined American dessert (although even nationality is not firmly established). ... Apple cake is a popular dessert produced with the main ingredient of apples. ... Baking is the technique of cooking food in an oven by dry heat applied evenly throughout the oven. ... A bowl of applesauce Applesauce (or apple sauce) is made from stewed and mashed apples, sweetened to taste with sugar. ...

In the UK, a toffee apple is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing it to cool. Similar treats in the US are candy apples (coated in a hard shell of crystallized sugar syrup), and caramel apples, coated with cooled caramel. Candy apples (UK/IRL/AUS: Toffee apples) are a common treat at Halloween because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest. ... Jump to: navigation, search Toffee is a confection made to a variety of recipes by boiling together molasses, treacle or sugar with butter, milk and occasionally flour. ... Candy apples (United Kingdom/Ireland/Australia: Toffee apples) are a common treat at Halloween because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest. ... Caramel apples are apples coated with caramel, generally skewered on a thin wooden stick. ... Jump to: navigation, search A piece of caramel confectionery. ...

Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of Rosh Hashanah to symbolize a sweet new year. Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah. ...

Health benefits

Apples have long been considered healthy, as indicated by the proverb an apple a day keeps the doctor away. In practice apples have been proven to reduce the risk of colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. They can also help with heart disease, weight loss and controlling cholesterol. Diagram of the stomach, colon, and rectum Colorectal cancer includes cancerous growths in the colon, rectum and appendix. ... Prostate cancer is a group of cancerous cells (a malignant tumor) that begins most often in the outer part of the prostate. ... Jump to: navigation, search The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking. ... There are different forms of heart disease: Coronary heart disease Ischaemic heart disease Cardiovascular disease The study of the heart (and diseases of the heart) is Cardiology This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... In the context of physical health, weight loss is the process of losing body weight, typically by losing fat. ... Cholesterol is a steroid, a lipid, and an alcohol, found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. ...

A group of chemicals in apples could protect the brain from the type of damage that triggers such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's and Parkinsonism. Chang Y. "Cy" Lee of Cornell University found that the apple phenolics, which are naturally occurring antioxidants found in fresh apples, can protect nerve cells from neurotoxicity induced by oxidative stress. The researchers used red delicious apples grown in New York state to provide the extracts to study the effects of phytochemicals. Lee said that all apples are high in the critical phytonutrients and that the amount of phenolic compounds in the apple flesh and in the skin vary from year to year, season to season and from growing region to growing region (November/December 2004 issue of the Journal of Food Science). Alzheimers disease (AD) or senile dementia of Alzheimers type is a neurodegenerative disease which results in a loss of mental functions due to the deterioration of brain tissue. ... Parkinsons disease (PD; paralysis agitans) is a neurodegenerative disease of the substantia nigra (an area in the basal ganglia). ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses of the name Cornell, see Cornell (disambiguation). ... An antioxidant is a chemical that prevents the oxidation of other chemicals. ...

Apples are historically known for producing "apple milk". A derivitive of apple curd, apple milk is widely used throughout Tibet.

Cultural aspects

Apples appear in many religious traditions. In some cultures, the apple is a symbol of immortality, love, or sexuality. The Greek hero Heracles had to find the Hesperides' golden apples as one of his Twelve Labours. Another Greek mythological figure, Paris, had to give a golden apple inscribed Kallisti "To the most beautiful one", (which had come from the goddess of discord, Eris) to the most beautiful goddess, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War. Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, was distracted during a race by three golden apples thrown for that purpose by a suitor, Hippomenes. In ancient Greece, throwing an apple at a person's bed was an invitation for sexual intercourse. Another instance in Roman and Greek mythology is the story of the Pleiades. Jump to: navigation, search Statue of Heracles In Greek mythology, Heracles, or HeraklÃªs (glory of Hera, Î·ÏÎ±ÎºÎ»Î·Ï‚) was a divine hero, the demigod son of Zeus and Alcmene, and stepson of [[hahahAlcmenes rightful husband and grandson of Perseus. ... For the ancient Greek city Hesperides see Benghazi. ... Paris (Greek: Î Î¬ÏÎ¹Ï‚; also known as Alexander or Alexandros, c. ... Kallisti is a word from the Greek language. ... Eris is also a genus of jumping spiders. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Trojan War was a war waged, according to legend, against the city of Troy in Asia Minor by the armies of the Achaeans, following the kidnapping (or elopement) of Helen of Sparta by Paris of Troy. ... Jump to: navigation, search Atalanta (balanced) is a character from ancient Greek mythology. ... In Greek mythology, Hippomenes, also known as Melanion, was the husband of Atalanta. ... Jump to: navigation, search The missionary position is the most common position for sexual intercourse in humans The cowgirl sex position is a good position for kissing, caressing, and embracing of the paramour The Doggy position is thus named because canines as well as most other mammals use this position. ... Jump to: navigation, search Roman mythology can be considered as two parts. ... Jump to: navigation, search Greek mythology comprises the collected narratives of Greek gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines, originally created and spread within an oral-poetic tradition. ... This article is about Greek mythology. ...

In Norse mythology, Iðunn was the keeper of the 'apples of immortality' which kept the Gods young. The 'fruit-bearing tree' referred to by Tacitus in his description of Norse runic divination may have been the apple, or the rowan. Download high resolution version (552x700, 58 KB)Adam and Eve by Albrecht Durer (1507) given by Christina of Sweden to King Philip IV in 1654. ... Download high resolution version (552x700, 58 KB)Adam and Eve by Albrecht Durer (1507) given by Christina of Sweden to King Philip IV in 1654. ... Self-Portrait, 1493, Oil on Canvas Albrecht DÃ¼rer (May 21, 1471 - April 6, 1528) was a German painter, wood carver, engraver, and mathematician. ... Jump to: navigation, search Norse or Scandinavian mythology refers to the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... Jump to: navigation, search IÃ°unn is carried off by Ãžjazi in this artwork by H. Theaker, 1920 IÃ°unn was, in Norse mythology, one of the goddesses. ... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (ca. ... This article is about the rowan tree; for other uses of the term, see Rowan (disambiguation). ...

Celtic mythology includes a story about Conle who receives an apple which feeds him for a year but also makes him irresistibly desire fairyland. A Celtic cross incorporating the Celtic knotwork motif associated with later Celtic cultures Celtic mythology is the mythology of Celtic polytheism, the apparent religion of the Iron Age Celts. ... Jump to: navigation, search by Sophie Anderson A fairy is a spirit (supernatural being) found in the legends, folklore, and mythology of many cultures. ...

Although the "forbidden fruit" in the book of Genesis is not identified, popular European Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve incited Adam to share with her. This tradition was probably solidified by artistic renderings of the fall from Eden featuring an apple as the most readily available fruit to artists. The influence of the antiquity was still strong, and the pagan symbology was absorbed into the new religion. The larynx in the human throat has been called Adam's apple because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam. In the Bible, the forbidden fruit is the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil eaten by Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. ... Jump to: navigation, search Genesis (Greek: Î“ÎÎ½ÎµÏƒÎ¹Ï‚, having the meanings of birth, creation, cause, beginning, source and origin), also called The First Book of Moses, is the first book of Torah (five books of Moses), and is the first book of the Tanakh, part of the Hebrew Bible; it is also... Jump to: navigation, search Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament writings of his early followers. ... Extensible VAX Editor EVE stands for Extensible VAX Editor, a flexible text editor that is part of the VMS operating system. ... This article is about the biblical Adam and Eve. ... This article is about the Biblical location. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Thyroid cartilage. ...

Another reason for the adoption of the apple as Christian symbol is that in Latin, the words for "apple" and for "evil" are identical (malum). It is often used to symbolize the fall into sin, or sin itself. When Christ is portrayed holding an apple, he represents the Second Adam who brings life. When held in Adam's hand, the apple symbolizes sin. This also reflects the evolution of the symbol in religion. In the Old Testament the apple was significant of the fall of man; in the New Testament it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall, and as such is also represented in pictures of the Madonna and Infant Jesus. This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Two Young Men Crispin van den Broeck (Dutch), ca. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map of the Cambridgeshire area (1904) The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ... Jump to: navigation, search Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Old Testament or the Hebrew Scriptures (also called the Hebrew Bible) constitutes the first major part of the Bible according to Christianity. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New Testament, sometimes called the Greek Testament or Greek Scriptures is the name given to the part of the Christian Bible that was written after the birth of Jesus. ... Virgin and Child Surrounded by Angels (c. ... This article is about the figure known by both Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ. For other usages, see Jesus (disambiguation). ...

At times artists would co-opt the apple, as well as other religious symbology, whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary. Thus, secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality. It is often an attribute associated with Venus who is shown holding it. Venus is a Roman goddess principally associated with love, broadly, although not completely, equivalent to Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan. ...

The ancient Kazakh city of Almaty, 'Father of Apples' (Turkic language alma, apple, + ata, father), owes its name to the forests of wild apples (Malus sieversii) found naturally in the area. National motto: n/a Official languages Kazakh, Russian Official script Cyrillic Capital Astana Largest city Almaty President Nursultan Nazarbayev Prime minister Daniyal Akhmetov Area - Total - Ranked 9th 2,717,300 kmÂ² Population - Total (2001) Density Ranked 57th 15,143,704 6/kmÂ² Independence - Declared - From Soviet Union, December 16, 1991... Landsat satellite photo of Almaty Almaty (ÐÐ»Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚Ñ‹; formerly known as Alma-Ata, also Verny, Vyernyi (Ð’ÐµÑ€Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹) in Imperial Russia) is the biggest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of over 1,300,000 (9% of the population of Kazakhstan) citizens. ... The Turkic languages are a group of closely related languages that are spoken by a variety of people distributed across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China. ...

The apple blossom is the state flower of Arkansas and Michigan. This is a list of U.S. state flowers: External links Good flowers site Send flowers Send flowers online Flowers delivery service link title Good flowers site Juelies State Flower Garden of Gifs List of state flowers See also List of U.S. state trees Lists of U.S... State nickname: The Natural State Other U.S. States Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Governor Mike Huckabee (R) Senators Blanche Lincoln (D) Mark Pryor (D) Official languages English Area 137,732 kmÂ² (29th) - Land 134,856 kmÂ² - Water 2,876 kmÂ² (2. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Wolverine State, The Great Lakes State Other U.S. States Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Governor Jennifer Granholm (D) Senators Carl Levin (D) Debbie Stabenow (D) Official languages English de-facto Area 250,941 kmÂ² (11th) - Land 147,255 kmÂ² - Water 103,687...

The name of the Russian party Yabloko means "apple". Its logo represents an apple in the constructivist style. Logo of the Yabloko political party of Russia. ... Logo of the Yabloko political party of Russia. ... Yabloko, or Yabloko Russian Democratic Party (Russian: Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ÌÐ¹ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð”ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð¯ÌÐ±Ð»Ð¾ÐºÐ¾; English transliteration: Rossiyskaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya Yabloko) is a Russian liberal party, led by Grigory Yavlinsky, which aims for, among other goals, the maintenance of Russias territorial integrity, creation of high-quality public health and education systems, and Russias application to the... Yabloko, or Yabloko Russian Democratic Party (Russian: Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ÌÐ¹ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð”ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸ÌÑ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐŸÐ°ÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð¯ÌÐ±Ð»Ð¾ÐºÐ¾; English transliteration: Rossiyskaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya Yabloko) is a Russian liberal party, led by Grigory Yavlinsky, which aims for, among other goals, the maintenance of Russias territorial integrity, creation of high-quality public health and education systems, and Russias application to the... In art and architecture, constructivism was an artistic movement in Russia from 1914 onward, which dismissed pure art in favour of art used as an instrument for social purposes (namedly, the construction of the socialist system). ...

Swiss folklore holds that William Tell courageously shot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow, defying a tyrannical ruler and bringing freedom to his people. William Tell (German Wilhelm Tell, French Guillaume Tell) was a legendary hero of disputed historical authenticity who is said to have lived in the Canton of Uri in Switzerland in the early 14th century. ...

Irish folklore claims that if an apple is peeled into one continuous ribbon and thrown behind a woman's shoulder, it will land in the shape of the future husband's initials. Danish folklore says that apples wither around adulterers. Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular population, a part of the oral history of a particular culture. ...

In some places, dunking for apples is a traditional Halloween activity. Apples are said to increase a woman's chances of conception as well as remove birthmarks when rubbed on the skin. Jump to: navigation, search A jack-o-lantern Halloween is an observance celebrated on the night of October 31, usually by children dressing in costumes and going door-to-door collecting candy. ...

In the United States, Denmark and Sweden, an apple (polished) is a traditional gift for a teacher. This stemmed from the fact that teachers during the 16th to 18th centuries were poorly paid, so parents would compensate the teacher by providing food. As apples were a very common crop, teachers would often be given baskets of apples by students. As wages increased, the quantity of apples was toned down to a single fruit.

Contents

Botanical origins

Apple cultivars

Flavors of apples

Growing apples

Apple breeding

Starting an orchard

Location

Pollination

Thinning

Pests and diseases

Harvest

Commerce and uses

Health benefits

Cultural aspects

See also

External links and references

Contents

Botanical origins GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Apple cultivars

Flavors of apples

Growing apples

Apple breeding

Starting an orchard

Location

Pollination

Thinning

Pests and diseases

Harvest

Commerce and uses

Health benefits

Cultural aspects

See also

External links and references

Botanical origins