iMamane
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Sophora Species: S. chrysophylla
Binomial name
Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem.

Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) is a plant of the pea and bean family. It is highly polymorphic so it can either be a shrub or a tree. The tree can grow up to 15 m (50 ft) tall. Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta - rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta - zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta - trimerophytes Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are the dominant and most familiar group of land plants. ... Orders See text. ... Families Fabaceae (legumes) Quillajaceae Polygalaceae (milkwort family) Surianaceae The Fabales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ... Species About 60-70 species; see text: Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Richard Anthony Salisbury (May 2, 1761 - 1829) was a British botanist. ... Berthold Carl Seemann (1825–1871) was a German botanist. ... Subfamilies Faboideae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae References GRIN-CA 2002-09-01 The name Fabaceae belongs to either of two families, depending on viewpoint. ... In biology, polymorphism can be defined as the occurrence in the same habitat of two or more forms of a trait in such frequencies that the rarer cannot be maintained by recurrent mutation alone. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ...

Biology

Sophora chrysophylla

Sophora chrysophylla has golden brown branches with ridges. On the branches are pinnately compound leaves with 6 to 10 pairs leaflets. Each leaflet is 0.7 to 5 cm long and 0.3 to 2.3 cm wide. There are smooth, gray or yellow hairs under the leaf. Flowers are found at the bases of leaves or the ends of branches in clusters. They occur in terminal and auxiliary racemes. The corolla is yellow. The length of the petals are from 11.5 to 21 mm long, and 8 to 20 mm wide. The flowers bloom in winter and spring. The height of the flowering season is in mid-spring. The mamane trunks have a heavy texture, and the wood is hard and durable. The seeds of the tree are contained in pods that attach to the tree for most of the year. The pods are twisted and have four wings. They are brown to brownish gray and are 2 to 16 cm (0.8 to 6.3 in) long and usually 1.5 cm (0.6 in) wide. The seed pods are tightly constricted around the seeds. The seeds are yellow-orange and, reportedly, brown to grayish black, and are 6.35 mm long (0.25 in) long. Untreated, the seeds have germination rates of less than 5%. The tree is highly polymorphic and is perennial. Image File history File links MAMANE,_Sophora_chrysophylla. ... Image File history File links MAMANE,_Sophora_chrysophylla. ... A pinnate fern frond (Blechnum appendiculatum). ... The leaves of a Beech tree A leaf with laminar structure and pinnate venation In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. ... A leaflet in botany is a part of a compound leaf. ... This inflorescence of the terrestrial orchid Spathoglottis plicata is a typical raceme. ... Corolla can be: A Latin-language term for crown The Toyota Corolla, a model of automobile manufactured by Toyota The corolla is one whorl of the perianth of a flower and composed of petals The town of Corolla, North Carolina This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that... For other senses of this word, see winter (disambiguation). ... Spring is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. ... A ripe red jalapeno cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... In biology, polymorphism can be defined as the occurrence in the same habitat of two or more forms of a trait in such frequencies that the rarer cannot be maintained by recurrent mutation alone. ... A Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ...

Habitat

Mamane is an endemic species of Hawaii. It can be found on dry shrublands, dry to moist forests, and sometimes in wet forests. The wetter the forest, the less trees there are. It can grow from elevations ranging from 450 m (1,400 ft) to the tree-line over 3,500 m (10,000 ft) above sea level. It is the most common plant of the subalpine areas of East Maui and the island of Hawaii. It can be found on all the main islands except Niihau and Kaho`olawe. In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Shrubland is a habitat type dominated by woody shrubs. ... Eucalyptus Forest at Swifts Creek in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. ... In this view of an alpine tree-line, the distant line looks particularly sharp. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta - rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta - zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta - trimerophytes Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta... // Summary The subalpine Biome is a geographic and altitudinal region found below Tree-line and above the montane. ... Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727 square miles (1883 km²). Native Hawaiian tradition gives the origin of the islands name in the legend of Hawaiiloa, the Polynesian navigator attributed with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Niihau, at 70 sq. ... Kaho‘olawe is the smallest of the 8 main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands. ...

Usage

Mamane Trees

The hard, durable wood of mamane was used by the Native Hawaiians for thatching poles up to a five centimeters in diameter, farmers' spades, spears, sled runners, digging sticks (‘o‘o), and firewood (wahie) ^[1]. Cattle ranchers used it as fence posts. In medicine, the flowers are used as an astringent. The wood was also used in religious rituals to ward off evil. The Hawaiian high priest would wrap the piece of wood in a dark tapa cloth and hold it up to symbolize authority. Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... Native Hawaiians (in Hawaiian, kanaka oiwi or kanaka māoli) are the Polynesian peoples of the Hawaiian Islands who trace their ancestry back to Marquesan and possibly Tahitian settlers (starting circa 400 CE), before the arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook in 1778. ... A thatched pub (The Williams Arms) at Wrafton, near Braunton, North Devon, England Thatching is the art and craft of covering a roof with vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge, rushes and heather. ... Rusty spade small spade for clay soil; the other one for sandy soil and loamy soil A spade is a tool fit for digging, or something resembling that. ... Hunting spear and knife, from Mesa Verde National Park. ... A sled, sledge or sleigh is a vehicle with runners for sliding instead of wheels for rolling. ... Wood burning is the largest current use of biomass derived energy. ... Ranching is the raising of cattle or sheep on rangeland, although one might also speak of ranching with regard to less common livestock such as elk, bison or emu. ... A fence is a freestanding structure designed to restrict or prevent movement across a boundary. ... An astringent substance is a chemical substance that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. ... A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value, which is prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. ... Originally, Kahuna was the Hawaiian title for a priest, expert, teacher, and/or adviser, and the term is still used in that context by native Hawaiians. ... Tapa cloth (or simply tapa) is a bark cloth made in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, primarily in Tonga and Samoa, but as far afield as Java and Hawaii. ...

Ecological Impact and Destruction

Palila Perched on Mamane Tree

The mamane is essential for the endangered palila, (Loxioides bailleui), which almost exclusively feeds on the plants' immature seeds. It also nests in the mamane branches.

Feral goats and sheep voraciously eat the seed pods of the plant, negatively impacting the tree's population. Mamane grows well in areas where there are no sheep or goats. Ranch cattle have killed trees by stomping on the roots. Fire has also destroyed some of the trees, though it is resistant to fire, and can grow quickly after one occurs. Recently, a disease has emerged and has also killed some trees. Mamane is being reforested in order to increase the population of both the tree itself and the palila. A feral horse (an American mustang) in Wyoming A feral animal or plant is one that has escaped from domestication and returned, partly or wholly, to its wild state. ... Species See Species and subspecies The goat is a mammal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... ROOT is an object-oriented software package developed by CERN. It was originally designed for particle physics data analysis and contains several features specific to this field, but it is also commonly used in other applications such as astronomy and data mining. ... {{alternateuses}} The Old Fire burning in the San Bernardino Mountains (image taken from the International Space Station) A wildfire, also known as a forest fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, brush fire, peat fire (gambut in Indonesia), bushfire (in Australasia), or hill fire, is an uncontrolled fire often occurring in wildland... A disease or medical condition is an abnormality of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, distress, or death to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. ...

References

1. ^ Hawaiin Ethnobotany Online Database. Sophora chrysophylla. Retrieved on 2006-11-29.

• Plant Profile
• Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database
• General Information
• Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
• Hawaiian Plants - Mamane
• Mamane

2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 29 is the 333rd (in leap years the 334th) day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

External Links

• Mamane Disease