It has been suggested that mamluk identity be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

سلطنة المماليك Saltanat Al-Mamaleek Mamluk Sultanate ← 1250 – 1517 → Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... 1. ... The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish[1] origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Diyar Bakr, Mecca, Hejaz and northern Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries. ... // April 30 - King Louis IX of France released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta. ... Year 1517 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... Image File history File links Mameluke_Flag. ... Mamluk Flag Eastern Mediterranean 1450 Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic, Kipchak Turkic[1] Religion Islam Government Monarchy History  - As-Salih Ayyub's death 1250  - Battle of Ridanieh 1517 Today part of  Egypt  Saudi Arabia  Syria  Palestine  Israel  Lebanon  Jordan  Turkey  Libya

A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810

A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular), مماليك (plural), "owned"; also transliterated mameluk, mameluke, mamaluke, or mamluke) was a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages. Over time, they became a powerful military caste, and on more than one occasion they seized power for themselves, for example ruling Egypt in the Mamluk Sultanate from 1250-1517. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... The Kipchak language was an extinct Turkic language of Kipchak-Bolghar group. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (died November 1249) was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Palestine. ... This article is about the Palestinian territories as a geopolitical phenomenon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkey. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Libya. ... Image File history File links Mamluke. ... Image File history File links Mamluke. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Due to the fact that the Arabic language has a number of phonemes that have no equivalent in English or other European languages, a number of different transliteration methods have been invented to represent certain Arabic characters, due to various conflicting goals: A desire to stay consistent with traditional usage... Slave redirects here. ... This article is about a military rank. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Sharia. ... The Ayyubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Egypt, Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social classification, that evolved due to the enormous diversity in India (where all three primary races met, not by forced slavery but by immigration). ...

Overview

Main article: Mamluk identity 1. ...

The first mamluks served the Abbasid caliphs at the end of the 9th century Baghdad. The Mamluk system was an evolution of a previous system, the Ghulam system, invented by the Caliph al-Mu'tasim, in which Turkish prisoners of war became the caliphal guard. This system ended in disaster in the 860's with the murder of 4 caliphs in a row, and the Mamluk system was created on its ruins. The main difference was that the Mamluks were captured as children, and then trained and moulded within the Islamic world so that to enhance their loyalty to their masters. The Abbasids "recruited" them mainly from areas near the Caucasus (mainly Circassian and Georgian) and in areas north of the Black Sea (mainly Turkic, most of whom were Kipchak Turks) and of Yoruk background. Most of the captured were of non-Muslim origin. The mamluks were often sold into slavery by impoverished steppe families or kidnapped by slave-traders. Mashriq Dynasties  Maghrib Dynasties  The Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid (Arabic: , ) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Abu Ishaq al-Mutasim ibn Harun (أبو إسحاق المعتصم بن هارون , 794 – January 5, 842) was an Abbasid caliph (833 - 842). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess (Çerkes), and is not the self-designation of any people. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Kipchaks in Eurasia circa 1200 C.E. Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Qipchaqs, Qypchaqs) (Ukrainian: (polovtsy), Crimean Tatar: , Karachay-Balkar: Къыпчакъ, Uzbek: , Kazakh: Қыпшақ, Kumyk: Къыпчакъ, Kyrgyz: Кыпчак, Nogai: Кыпчак, Turkish: Kıpçak) were an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. The western... The Yörük are a Turkic-speaking people primarily inhabiting the mountains of the southeast European Balkan peninsula and Anatolia. ... This article is about the ecological zone type. ...

The mamluk system gave rulers troops who had no link to any established power structure. The local warriors were often more loyal to their tribal sheiks, their families or nobles other than the sultan or caliph. If some commander conspired against the ruler, it was often not possible to deal with him without causing unrest among the nobility. The slave-troops were strangers of the lowest possible status who could not conspire against the ruler and who could easily be punished if they caused trouble, making them a great military asset. Mamluks were frequently used as mercenaries. Sheik can refer to. ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ...

Organization

After mamluks were converted to Islam, they were trained as cavalry soldiers. Mamluks were to follow the dictates of furusiyya, a code of conduct that not only included values like courage and generosity but also doctrine of cavalry tactics, horsemanship, archery and treatment of wounds. Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ...

Mamluks lived within their garrisons and mainly spent their time with each other. Their entertainments included sports like archery competitions and presentations of mounted combat skills at least twice a week. The intensive and rigorous training of each new recruit helped ensure a great deal of continuity in mamluk practices.

While technically they were no longer slaves after training, they were still obliged to serve the Sultan. The Sultan kept them as an outsider force, under his direct command, to use in the event of local tribal frictions. The Sultan could also send them as far as the Muslim regions of Iberia. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ...

Sultans had the largest number of mamluks, but the other amirs could have their own troops as well. Many mamluks rose to high positions throughout the empire, including army command. At first their status remained non-hereditary and sons were strictly prevented from following their fathers. However, over time in places like Egypt, the mamluk forces became linked to existing power structures and gained significant amounts of influence on those powers. Emir (also sometimes rendered as Amir or Ameer, Arabic commander) is a title of nobility historically used in Islamic nations of the Middle East and North Africa. ...

A similar evolution occurred in the Ottoman Empire with the Janissaries. Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri, meaning New Troops) comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ...

Mamluks in India

The Qutub Minar, an example of Mamluk work

Main article: Slave dynasty

In 1206, the mamluk commander of the Muslim forces in India, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, proclaimed himself sultan, becoming, in effect, the first independent Sultan-e-Hind. This Mamluk dynasty lasted until 1290. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Slave dynasty (Urdu: سلطنت غلامان) served as the first Sultans of Delhi in India from 1206 to 1290. ... Qutb-ud-din Aybak was a ruler of Medieval India, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Mamluk dynasty). ... The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... The Slave dynasty (Urdu: سلطنت غلامان) served as the first Sultans of Delhi in India from 1206 to 1290. ...

Further information: Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ...

Mamluk power in Egypt

Origins

Sultan Hassan Mosque (left) along with the later El Rifai Mosque (right) and two Ottoman mosques (foreground) - Cairo

The origins of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt lies in the Ayyubid Dynasty that Saladin (Salah al-Din) founded in 1174. With his uncle, Shirkuh, he conquered Egypt for the Zengid King Nur al-Din of Damascus in 1169. By 1189, after the capture of Jerusalem, Saladin had solidified the dynasty's control over the Middle East. After Saladin's death, his sons fell to squabbling over the division of the Empire, and each attempted to surround themselves with larger expanded mamluk retinues. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 235 KB) Summary View from the Citadel. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 235 KB) Summary View from the Citadel. ... The Ayyubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Egypt, Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries. ... Saladin, properly known as Salah al-DÄ«n Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Arabic: , Kurdish: ) (c. ... Nur ad-din Abu al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn Imad ad-Din Zangi (also Nur ed-Din, Nur al-Din, or Nureddin) (1118 - May 15, 1174) was a member of the Zengid dynasty, and ruled Syria from 1146 to 1174. ... For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ...

By 1200, Saladin's brother, Al-Adil, succeeded in securing control over the whole empire by defeating and killing or imprisoning his brothers and nephews in turn. With each victory, Al-Adil incorporated the defeated mamluk retinue into his own. This process was repeated at Al-Adil's death in 1218, and at his son Al-Kamil's death in 1238. The Ayyubids became increasingly surrounded by the power of the mamluks and soon involved them in the internal court politics of the kingdom itself. Abu-Bakr Malik Al-Adil I (also known as Saphadin) (1145-1218) was an Ayyubid-Egyptian general and ruler. ...

In 1315, they also invaded and conquered a great part of Nubia, but the power remained with a Nubian prince converted from Coptic Orthodox to Islam.

French attack and Mamluk takeover

In June 1249, the Seventh Crusade under Louis IX of France landed in Egypt and took Damietta. The Egyptian troops retreated at first. When the Egyptian sultan As-Salih Ayyub died, the power passed briefly to his son Turanshah and then his favorite wife Shajar Al-Durr (or Shajarat-ul-Dur). She took control with mamluk support and launched a counterattack. Troops of the Bahri commander Baibars defeated Louis's troops and the king delayed the retreat too long. The Mamluks captured him in March 1250 and received a ransom of 250,000 livres (the remaining 150,000 demanded was never paid)^[2] . Political pressure for a male leader made Shajar marry the mamluk commander Aybak. Aybak was later killed in his bath and in the following power struggle vice-regent Qutuz took over. He formally founded the first Mamluk sultanate and the Bahri dynasty. The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. ... Louis IX (25 April 1215 – 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 to his death. ... Damietta is a port in Dumyat, Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea at the Nile delta, about 200 kilometres north of Cairo. ... Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (died November 1249) was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249. ... Louis IX of France leading crusaders attacking Damietta, Egypt. ... Shajar al-Durr (? - 1257) grew up a slave in the harem of the Caliph in Baghdad. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ... The livre tournois (or Tournoise pound) was a currency used in France, named after the town of Tours, in which it was minted. ... Izz al-Din Aybak (Turkish: Aybeg; Arabic: عز الدين أيبك) (epithet: al-Malik al-Muizz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jashnakir al-Turkmani al-Salihi (Arabic: الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك التركماني الجاشنكير الصالحى)) (d. ... Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ...

The first Mamluk dynasty was named Bahri after the name of one of the regiments, the Bahirya or River Island regiment. The name Bahri (بحري meaning "of the sea or river") referred to their center in al-Manial Island in the Nile. The regiment consisted mainly of Kipchak Turks. The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultanate المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. ... For other uses, see Nile (disambiguation). ... Kipchaks in Eurasia circa 1200 C.E. Kipchaks (also spelled as Kypchaks, Qipchaqs, Qypchaqs) (Ukrainian: (polovtsy), Crimean Tatar: , Karachay-Balkar: Къыпчакъ, Uzbek: , Kazakh: Қыпшақ, Kumyk: Къыпчакъ, Kyrgyz: Кыпчак, Nogai: Кыпчак, Turkish: Kıpçak) were an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. The western...

Mamluks and the Mongols

Mamluk-Syrian glassware vessels from the 14th century; in the course of trade, the middle vase shown ended up in Yemen and then China.

When the Mongol troops of Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad and took over Damascus in 1258, one of those who escaped from Damascus was the mamluk general Baibars. He fled to Cairo. When Hulegu demanded that Qutuz surrender Cairo, Qutuz had Hulegu's envoys killed and, with Baibars' help, mobilized his troops. Although Hulegu had to leave for the East when great Khan Möngke died in action against the Southern Song, he left his lieutenant, the Christian Kitbuqa, in charge. Qutuz drew the Mongol army into an ambush near the Orontes River, routed them at the Battle of Ain Jalut and captured and executed Kitbuqa. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 750 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (840 × 672 pixel, file size: 89 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 750 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (840 × 672 pixel, file size: 89 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) (All user names refer to en. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... Hulagu Khan, also known as Hulagu, Hülegü or Hulegu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Chaghatay/Persian: ; Arabic:هولاكو; c. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ... Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ... Möngke Khan (Мөнх хаан), also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu or Mangku (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; c. ... Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... Kitbuqa Noyen was the Christian lieutenant and confidant of Hulagu Khan, assisting him in his conquests in Persia and the Middle East. ... The Orontes and the norias of Hama The Orontes or ‘Asi is a river of Lebanon and Syria. ... Combatants Egyptian Mamluks Mongols Commanders Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Baibars C * Kitbuqa + Strength About 20,000-30,000 About 10,000-20,000 The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, in Arabic: عين جالوت, the Eye of Goliath or the Spring of Goliath) took place on September 3, 1260 between the...

After the great triumph Qutuz was assassinated by conspiring Mamluks. It was said Baibars who seized the power was involved in the assassination. In the following centuries, power would transfer the same way numerous times; the average reign of a mamluk ruler was seven years.

The mamluks defeated the Mongols the second time in Homs in 1260 and began to drive them back east. In the process, they consolidated their power over Syria, fortified the area, formed mail routes, and formed diplomatic connections between the local princes. Baibars's troops also defeated the last of the Crusader states in the Holy Land. Homs (Arabic: , transliteration: ) is a western city in Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. ... For other uses, see Holy Land (disambiguation). ...

Mamluks attaquants at the Fall of Tripoli in 1289.

Mamluks also defeated new Mongol attacks in Syria in 1271, 1281 (2nd Battle of Homs), 1303/1304 and 1312. They were defeated by the Mongols and their Christian allies at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299. Combatants Ilkhanate Mamluks of Egypt Commanders Abaqa Khan This battle was part of Abaqa Khans attempt at retaking Syria from the Mamluks. ... Combatants Ilkhanate, Georgia and Armenia Mamluks of Egypt Commanders Ghazan Khan Sultan Abdalmalik an-Nasir Strength 60,000 Mongol troops, 40,000 Georgian and Armenian auxialliaries + 12,000 Maronite and Druze bowmen 20,000-30,000 Mamluks Casualties 5,000-14,000 Mongols 200-1,000 Mamluks (Army Routed) // In...

Burji dynasty

In 1382, the Bukri or Burji dynasty took over. Burji (برجي meaning "of the tower") referred to their center in the citadel of Cairo. The dynasty consisted mainly of Circassians. The Burji dynasty ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. ... This article is about a type of fortification. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess (Çerkes), and is not the self-designation of any people. ...

Ottomans

The Mamluk Sultanate survived until 1517, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The institution of the mamluks continued under the Ottomans, though it was not the same as that of the Sultanate. Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320...

Mamluks independence from the Ottomans

In 1768, Sultan Ali Bey Al-Kabir declared independence from the Ottomans but the Mamluks crushed the movement and retained their position after his defeat. By this time, the new slave recruits were introduced from Georgia in the Caucasus. Ali Bey Al-Kabir (1728 - May 8, 1773) was a distinguished politician and general, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in 1760-1772. ...

Napoleon defeated Mamluk troops when he attacked Egypt in 1798 and drove them to Upper Egypt. By this time, Mamluks had added only muskets to their typical cavalry charge tactics. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Map of Upper and Lower Egypt Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt. ... Muskets and bayonets aboard the frigate Grand Turk. ...

After the departure of French troops in 1801, Mamluks continued their struggle for independence, this time against the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain. In 1803, Mamluk leaders Ibrahim Beg and Usman Beg wrote a letter to the Russian consul-general and asked him to act as a mediator with the Sultan as they wanted a cease-fire and return to their homeland, Georgia. The Russian ambassador in Istanbul categorically refused to mediate, because the Russian government was afraid of allowing Mamluks to return to Georgia, where a strong national-liberation movement was on rise and a Mamluk return might have encouraged it. Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ...

In 1805, the population of Cairo rebelled. There was an excellent opportunity for the Mamluks to seize the state authority, but their internal tension and betrayal by some Mamluks did not allow them to exploit this opportunity. In 1806, the Mamluks defeated the Turkish forces several times, and in June, the rival parties concluded a peace treaty. According to it Muhammad Ali, who was appointed as governor of Egypt on 26 March 1806, was to be removed and the state authority in Egypt returned to the Mamluks. But again, internal tension and conflicts between the clans did not allow the Mamluks to use this opportunity. Muhammad Ali kept his authority. This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Painting of a Mamluk, 1779.

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 382 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 627 pixel, file size: 98 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 382 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 627 pixel, file size: 98 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

End of Mamluk power in Egypt

Muhammed Ali knew that eventually he would have to deal with the Mamluks if he ever wanted to control Egypt. They were still the feudal owners of Egypt and their land was still the source of wealth and power.

On March 1, 1811, Muhammed Ali invited all Mamluks to his palace to celebrate the declaration of war against the Wahhabis in Arabia. There were nearly 600 Mamluks (according to another source about 700) on parade in Cairo. Near the Al-Azab gates, in a narrow road down from Mukatam Hill, Muhammad Ali's forces ambushed and slaughtered almost every one to what came to be known as the Massacre of the Citadel. According to the tradition, only one Mamluk, named Hasan, survived when he cut his way through the Turks and jumped with a horse over a precipice to freedom. This article is about the leader of Egypt. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ...

Over the following week, hundreds of Mamluks were killed throughout Egypt. In the citadel of Cairo alone more than 1,000 Mamluks were killed. In the streets around Egypt, an estimated 3,000 Mamluks and their relatives were killed.

Despite these attempts by Muhammad Ali to defeat the Mamluks in Egypt, a party of them escaped and fled south into present-day Sudan. In 1811, these Mamluks established a state at Dunqulah, in the Sennar, as a base for their slave trading. In 1820, the sultan of Sennar informed Muhammad Ali that he was unable to comply with a demand to expel the Mamluks. In response, the pasha sent 4,000 troops to invade Sudan, clear it of Mamluks, and reclaim it for Egypt. The pasha's forces received the submission of the kashif, dispersed the Dunqulah Mamluks, conquered Kordofan, and accepted Sennar's surrender from the last Funj sultan, Badi VII. Dongola (also spelled Dunqulah or Dunqula and formerly sometimes known as El Ordeh) is a city in northern Sudan, on the banks of the Nile. ... A king of Sennar, 1821 Kingdom of Sennar was a former sultanate in the north of Sudan, which ruled a substantial area of northeast Africa between 1504 and 1821. ... Pasha, pascha or bashaw (Turkish: paÅŸa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... Kordofan is a former province of central Sudan. ... The Funj were an ethnic group in present day Sudan their origins are not clearly known but they moved into Nubia from south of the swamplands in the early sixteenth century, fleeing pressure from the Shilluk. ... Badi VII 1805 - 1821 was the last ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar. ...

Mamluks in Iraq

Main article: Mamluk rule in Iraq

The Mamluk corps were first introduced in Iraq (then under the Ottoman hegemony) by Hasan, pasha of Baghdad, in 1702. From 1747 to 1831, Iraq was ruled, with short intermissions, by the Mamluk officers of Georgian origin who succeeded in asserting autonomy from the Sublime Porte, suppressed tribal revolts, curbed the power of the Janissaries, restored order, and introduced a program of modernization of the economy and the military. In 1831, the Ottomans managed to overthrow the last Mamluk ruler, Daud Pasha, and imposed their direct control over Iraq.^[3] An Ottoman Mamluk cavalryman; Drawn by Carle Vernet in 1810. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... Pasha, pascha or bashaw (Turkish: paÅŸa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire often confusing the Sublime Porte and the High Porte. ...

Mamluks in the service of Napoleon

Napoleon formed his own Mamluk corps in the early years of the 19th century and they became the last known Mamluk force. Even his Imperial Guard had Mamluk soldiers during the Belgian campaign, including one of his personal servants. Napoleon's famous bodyguard Roustan was also a Mamluk from Egypt. Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... Grognard of the Old Guard in 1813 The Imperial Guard (French:Garde impériale) was originally a small group of elite soldiers of the French Army under the direct command of Napoleon I, but grew considerably over time. ... Roustan or Rustam, is the nickname of Napoleon Bonapartes famous bodyguard Rostom Raza. ...

The Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamluks by Francisco de Goya (1814)

One of the pictures by Francisco de Goya shows a charge of Mamluks against the Madrilene on 2 May 1808. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 783 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2024 × 1549 pixel, file size: 531 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 783 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2024 × 1549 pixel, file size: 531 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamelukes The Second of May 1808, also known as The Charge of the Mamelukes, was the first in two paintings painted by Spaniard Francisco Goya, the second being the Third of May 1808. ... This article is about Francisco Goya, a Spanish painter. ... This article is about Francisco Goya, a Spanish painter. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... is the 122nd day of the year (123rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1808 (MDCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Throughout the Napoleonic era, there was a special Mamluk corps in the French army. In his history of the 13th Chasseurs, Colonel Descaves recounts how Napoleon used the Mamluks in Egypt. In his so-called "Instructions" that Bonaparte gave to Kleber after departure, Napoleon wrote that he had already bought about 2,000 Mamluks from Syrian merchants from whom he intended to form a special detachment. On 14 September 1799, General Kleber established a mounted company of Mamluk auxiliaries and Syrian janissaries from Turks captured at the siege of Acre. Jean Baptiste Kléber. ... The term auxiliaries comes from the latin auxilia (help). ... The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish: ينيچرى (yeniçeri) meaning new soldier) comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ... Combatants England Ottoman Empire France Commanders W. Sidney Smith Napoleon Bonaparte Strength Unknown 8000 Casualties Unknown ~ 2,000 The Siege of Acre of 1799 was a siege of the Turkish-defended, walled city of Acre (now Akko in modern Israel) by Napoleon Bonaparte, future Emperor of France. ...

On 7 July 1800, General Menou reorganized the company, forming 3 companies of 100 men each and renaming it the "Mamluks de la République". In 1801, General Rapp was sent to Marseille to organize a squadron of 250 Mamluks under his command. On 7 January 1802, the previous order was canceled and the squadron reduced to 150 men. The list of effectives on 21 April 1802 reveals 3 officers and 155 members of rank and file. By decree of 25 December 1803, the Mamluks were organized into a company attached to the Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Imperial Guard. General Rapp Count Jean Rapp (April 27, 1771, Colmar - November 8, 1821, Rheinweiler) was a French general lieutenant. ...

Mamluks fought well at Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, and the regiment was granted a standard and a roster increased to accommodate a standard-bearer and a trumpet. A decree of 15 April 1806 defined the strength of squadron as 13 officers and 147 privates. In 1813, its Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Imperial Guard a decree of 17 March established another company attached to the Young Guard. Despite the Imperial decree of 21 March 1815 that stated that no foreigner could be admitted into the Guard, Napoleon’s decree of 24 April prescribed inter alia that the Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Imperial Guard included a squadron of two companies of Mamluks for the Belgian Campaign. Combatants French Empire Russian Empire Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon I Alexander I Francis II Strength 65,000[1] 73,000[2] Casualties 1,305 dead, 6,940 wounded, 573 captured, 1 standard lost[3] 15,000 dead or wounded, 12,000 captured, 180 guns lost, 50 standards lost[3] The... is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Thomas Jefferson. ... This page includes English translations of several Latin phrases and abbreviations such as . ...

With the First Restoration, the company of the Mamluks of the Old Guard was incorporated in the Corps Royal des Chasseurs de France. The Mamluks of Young Guard were incorporated in the 7th Chasseurs-à-Cheval.

Mamluk uniform

During their service in Napoleon’s army, the Mamluk squadron wore the following uniform:

Before 1804: The only "uniform" part was the green cahouk (hat), white turban, and red saroual (pants), all to be worn with a loose shirt and a vest. Boots were of yellow, red, or tan soft leather. Weapons consisted of an "Oriental" scimitar, a brace of pistols in a holder decorated with a brass crescent and star, and a dagger. Talwar, 17th Century, from India. ... Brazen redirects here. ...

After 1804: The cahouk became red with a brass crescent and star, and the shirt was closed and had a collar. The main change was the addition of a "regulation" chasseur-style saddle cloth and roll, imperial green in color, piped red, with a red and white fringe. The saddle and harness remained Arabic in style. The undress uniform was as for the Chasseurs-à-Cheval of the Guard but of a dark blue cloth. A Chasseur (a French term for hunter) is the designation given to certain regiments ofFrench light infantry (Chasseurs-à-Pied) or light cavalry (Chasseurs-à-Cheval) troops, trained for rapid action. ...

Mamluk rulers

In Egypt

Bahri Dynasty

• 1250 Shajar al-Durr (al-Salih Ayyub's Widow de facto ruler of Egypt)
• 1250 al-Muizz Izz-ad-Din Aybak
• 1257 al-Mansur Nur-ad-Din Ali
• 1259 al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz
• 1260 al-Zahir Rukn-ad-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari
• 1277 al-Said Nasir-ad-Din Barakah Khan
• 1280 al-Adil Badr al-Din Solamish
• 1280 al-Mansur Saif-ad-Din Qalawun al-Alfi
• 1290 al-Ashraf Salah-ad-Din Khalil
• 1294 al-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun first reign
• 1295 al-Adil Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha
• 1297 al-Mansur Husam-ad-Din Lajin
• 1299 al-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun second reign
• 1309 al-Muzaffar Rukn-ad-Din Baybars II al-Jashankir
• 1310 al-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun third reign
• 1340 al-Mansur Saif-ad-Din Abu-Bakr
• 1341 al-Ashraf Ala'a-ad-Din Kujuk
• 1342 al-Nasir Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad
• 1342 al-Salih Imad-ad-Din Ismail
• 1345 al-Kamil Saif ad-Din Shaban
• 1346 al-Muzaffar Zein-ad-Din Hajji
• 1347 al-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Ma'aly al-Hassan first reign
• 1351 al-Salih Salah-ad-Din Ibn Muhammad
• 1354 al-Nasir Badr-ad-Din Abu al-Ma'aly al-Hassan second reign
• 1361 al-Mansur Salah-ad-Din Mohamed Ibn Hajji
• 1363 al-Ashraf Zein al-Din Abu al-Ma'ali ibn Shaban
• 1376 al-Mansur Ala-ad-Din Ali Ibn al-Ashraf Shaban
• 1382 al-Salih Salah Zein al-Din Hajji II first reign

The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultanate المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. ... Shajar al-Durr (? - 1257) grew up a slave in the harem of the Caliph in Baghdad. ... Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (died November 1249) was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249. ... Aybak was the first of the Mameluke sultans of Egypt. ... Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ... Saif ad-Din Qalawun al-Alfi al-Mansur (also Qalaun or Kalavun) (c. ... Al-Malik Al-Ashraf Khalil (died 1293) was the Egypt from 1290 until his assassination in December of 1293. ... The Mamluk al-Nasir Muhammad (الناصر محمد) (Muhammad, the Victorious, born 1285, died 1341) was sultan of Egypt from December 1293, with two interruptions to his death in 1341. ... The Mamluk al-Nasir Muhammad (الناصر محمد) (Muhammad, the Victorious, born 1285, died 1341) was sultan of Egypt from December 1293, with two interruptions to his death in 1341. ... Rukn al-Din Awwad Mahdy al-mulla al-Jashnagir, or Baibars II Arabic: ركن الدين بيبرس الجاشنكير Sultan of Egypte form 1309 to 1379 A.D.. Baibars II (also written Bayebarrs) was a Mameluke who ruled Egypt for a short period. ... The Mamluk al-Nasir Muhammad (الناصر محمد) (Muhammad, the Victorious, born 1285, died 1341) was sultan of Egypt from December 1293, with two interruptions to his death in 1341. ...

Burji Dynasty

• 1382 az-Zahir Saif ad-Din Barquq , first reign
• 1389 Hajji II second reign (with honorific title al-Muzaffar or al-Mansur) - Temporary Bahri rule
• 1390 az-Zahir Saif ad-Din Barquq, Second reign - Burji rule re-established
• 1399 An-Nasir Nasir Addin Faradj
• 1405 Al-Mansour Azzaddin Abdal Aziz
• 1405 An-Nasir Nasir Addin Faradj (second time)
• 1412 Al-Adel Al-Mustayn (Abbasi Khalef, proclaimed as Sultan)
• 1412 Al-Muayad Saif Addin Shayh
• 1421 Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
• 1421 Az-Zahir Saif Addin Tatar
• 1421 As-Salih Nasir Addin Muhammad
• 1422 Al-Ashraf Saif Addin Barsbay
• 1438 Al-Aziz Djamal Addin Yusuf
• 1438 Az-Zahir Saif Addin Djakhmak
• 1453 Al-Mansour Fahr Addin Osman
• 1453 Al-Ashraf Saif Addin Enal
• 1461 Al-Muayad Shihab Addin Ahmad
• 1461 Az-Zahir Saif Addin Khushkadam
• 1467 Az-Zahir Saif Addin Belbay
• 1468 Az-Zahir Temurbougha
• 1468 Al-Ashraf Saif Addin Qaitbay
• 1496 An-Nasir Muhammad
• 1498 Az-Zahir Qanshaw
• 1500 Al-Ashraf Djanbulat
• 1501 Al-Adel Saif Addin Tumanbay I
• 1501 Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri
• 1517 Al-Ashraf Tumanbay II

The Burji dynasty ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. ... Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qait Bay was the eighteenth Burji Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 872-901/1468-1496. ... Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri was the last of the Mamluk Sultans. ...

In India

• Qutb-ud-din Aybak (1206–1210)
• Aram Shah (1210–1211)
• Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–1236). Son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aybak.
• Rukn ud din Firuz (1236). Son of Iltutmish.
• Razia Sultana (1236–1240). Daughter of Iltutmish.
• Muiz ud din Bahram (1240–1242). Son of Iltutmish.
• Ala ud din Masud (1242–1246). Son of Rukn ud din.
• Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246–1266). Son of Iltutmish.
• Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266–1286). Ex-slave, son-in-law of Iltutmish.
• Muiz ud din Qaiqabad(1286–1290). Grandson of Balban and Nasir ud din.
• Kayumars (1290). Son of Muiz ud din.

Qutb-ud-din Aybak was a ruler of Medieval India, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Mamluk dynasty). ... Aram Shah (1210-1211) was an islamic ruler of medieval India during the Slave Dynasty (or Mameluk dynasty) and the second Sultan of Delhi. ... Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, or Altamash, (Persian: شمس الدین التتمش ) was the third Sultan of Delhi and the third ruler of the Slave dynasty (d. ... Rukn ud din Firuz This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Razia al-Din, (Urdu: رضیہ الدین) throne name Jalâlat ud-Dîn Raziyâ (Urdu:جلالت رضیہ الدین), usually referred to in history as Razia Sultan or Razia Sultana (Urdu: رضیہ سلطانہ ), was the only woman monarch to have ruled Delhi. ... Muiz ud din Bahram (1236) was an Islamic ruler and the sixth Sultan of Delhi of medieval India during the Slave Dynasty (or Mameluk dynasty). ... Ala ud din Masud (1242-1246) was an Islamic ruler and the seventh Sultan of Delhi of medieval India during the Slave Dynasty (or Mameluk dynasty). ... Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246-1266) was an Islamic ruler and the eighth Sultan of Delhi of medieval India during the Slave Dynasty (or Mameluk dynasty). ... After Nasir-ud-dins death in ad 1266, Balban declared himself as the Sultan. ... Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (1286-1290) was an Islamic ruler and the tenth Sultan of Delhi of medieval India during the Slave Dynasty (or Mameluk dynasty). ... Kayumars (1290) was an Islamic ruler and Sultan of Delhi of medieval India during the waning years of the Mamluk dynasty (or Slave dynasty). ...

Similar terms

Mameluco is a Portuguese word derived from "mamluk" (also named Mameluco in Spanish), used to identify people of mixed European and Amerindian descent in South America. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Mameluco also referred to organized bands of Portuguese slave-hunters based at São Paulo, known primarily as bandeirantes. Mameluco is a term of Portuguese origin describing the first generation offspring of a Caucasian and an Amerindian. ... Mameluco is a term of Portuguese origin describing the first generation offspring of a Caucasian and an Amerindian. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... This article is about the city. ... The Monument to the Bandeiras, a stone sculpture group by Victor Brecheret, located in São Paulo, Brazil Bandeirantes were participants in the Bandeiras, expeditions organized by the inhabitants of the then poor village of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga together with allied Indians to enslave other Indians...

Mameluk was used in Hungary in the last decades of the 19th century as a nickname for Members of Parliament belonging to the governing "Liberal" party. This party governed Hungary for 30 years (1875-1905) and its members in Parliament fulfilled all wishes of party leader and prime minister Kálmán Tisza in order to preserve their parliamentary seats and accompanying privileges. This article needs to be wikified. ...

Officers of the United States Marine Corps carry a ceremonial Mameluke Sword. A Mameluke Sword is a cross hilted, curved scimitar-like sword. ...

Mamluke swords are used by US army in festivals

Mamluk Office titles and Terminology

European illustration of a Eunuch (1749) Chief Eunuch of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II at the Imperial Palace, 1912. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ...

See also

• Black Guard
• Feudalism
• Ghulam
• Seventh Crusade
• Georgians in Iran
• Janissary
• Saqaliba
• Bahri dynasty
• Burji dynasty

Black Guard (in Arabic, Abid, from a root meaning slave) were the corps of negro slave-soldiers assembled by the Alaouite sultan of Morocco, Mawlay Ismail (reigned 1672-1727). ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century), in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval European political system comprised of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the... Ghilman (singular ghulam) applies to young male servants in two contexts // In Islamic paradise The ghilman, or wuldan according to the Quran (52:24, 56:17. ... The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. ... Prince Muhammad-Beik of Georgia, 1620. ... The Janissaries (derived from Ottoman Turkish: ينيچرى (yeniçeri) meaning new soldier) comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ... In the medieval Arab world, the term Saqaliba (سقالبة, sg. ... The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultanate المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. ... The Burji dynasty ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. ...

Footnotes

Thomas F. Madden (born c. ... The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

External links

• Mamluks — Military slave dynasty
• Arts of the Mamluks
• Mamluks — History for Kids
• The Chicago Online Bibliography of Mamluk Studies and The Chicago Online Encyclopedia of Mamluk Studies, Mamluk Studies Review, and other Mamluk Studies Resources

Further reading

• A. Allouche: Mamluk Economics : A Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi's Ighathat. Salt Lake City, 1994
• R. Amitai-Preiss: Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260-1281. Cambridge, 1995
• D. Ayalon: The Mamluk Military Society. London, 1979
• Ulrich Haarmann: Das Herrschaftssystem der Mamluken, in: Halm / Haarmann (Hrsg.): Geschichte der arabischen Welt. C.H.Beck (2004), ISBN 3-406-47486-1
• E. de la Vaissière, Samarcande et Samarra. Elites d'Asie centrale dans l'empire abbasside, Peeters, 2007 [[2]]
• James Waterson - The Mamluks (History Today March 2006)