Manfred (c. 1232 – February 26, 1266), King of Sicily from 1258, was an illegitimate son of the emperor Frederick II by Bianca Lancia, or Lanzia, who is reported on somewhat slender evidence to have been married to the emperor just before his death. // Events Canonization of Saint Anthony of Padua, patron of lost items Pope Gregory IX driven from Rome by a revolt, taking refuge at Anagni First edition of Tripitaka Koreana destroyed by Mongol invaders Battle of Agridi 15 June 1232 Births Arnolfo di Cambio, Florentine architect (died 1310) Manfred of Sicily... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. ... Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian, Σικελία in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 sq. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Illegitimacy was a term in common usage for the condition of being born of parents who are not validly married to one another; the legal term is bastardy. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212, unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 until his death in 1250. ...

Biography

Manfred crowned, from Cronica by Villani.

Frederick himself appears to have regarded Manfred as legitimate, and by his will named him as Prince of Taranto and appointed him as the representative in Italy of his half-brother, the German king, Conrad IV. Manfred, who initially bore the mother's surname, studied in Paris and Bologna and shared with his father the love for poetry and science. Image File history File links Manfred_Crowned. ... Image File history File links Manfred_Crowned. ... Giovanni Villani (ca 1275-1348), the Florentine writer of the famous chronicles (the Cronica) is the greatest Italian chronicler of his own times and the cornerstone of the early medieval history of Florence. ... Map of Italy showing Taranto in the bottom right Taranto is a coastal city in Apulia, southern Italy. ... Conrad IV, Conrad of Hohenstaufen (April 25, 1228 Andria, Italy – May 21, 1254, Lavello), was king of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) 1228–1254, of Germany 1237–1254, and of Sicily (as Conrad I) 1250–1254. ... Part of the Paris skyline with from left to right: Montparnasse Tower, Eiffel Tower, and in the background, towers of neighboring La Défense. ... Country Italy Region Emilia-Romagna Province Bologna (BO) Mayor Sergio Cofferati Elevation 54 m Area 140 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 374,425  - Density 2,643/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Bolognesi Dialing code 051 Postal code 40100 Patron St. ...

At Frederick's death, although only about eighteen years of age Manfred acted loyally and with vigour in the execution of his trust. The reign was in turmoil, mainly due to riots spurred by Pope Innocent IV. Manfred was able to subdue numerous rebel cities, with the exception of Naples. When his legitimate brother Conrad IV appeared in southern Italy in 1252, disembraking at Siponto, his authority was quickly and generally acknowledged. Naples fell in the October of 1253 in the hands of Conrad. The latter, in the meantime, had grown untrustful of Manfred, stripping him of all his fiefs and reducing his authority in the principate of Taranto. Pope Innocent IV (Manarola, 1180/90 – Naples, December 7, 1254), born Sinibaldo de Fieschi, Pope from 1243 to 1254, belonged to the feudal nobility of Liguria, the Fieschi, counts of Lavagna. ... Country Italy Region Campania Province Naples (NA) Mayor Rosa Russo Jervolino Elevation 17 m Area 117 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 1,000,470  - Density 8,457/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Napoletani Dialing code 081 Postal code 80100 Patron Saint Januarius  - Day September... Conrad IV (April 25, 1228 – May 21, 1254) was king of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) (1228–1254), of Germany (1237–1254), and of Sicily (as Conrad I) (1250–1254). ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ...

In May 1254 Conrad died of malaria: Manfred, after refusing to surrender Sicily to Innocent IV, accepted the regency on behalf of Conradin, the infant son of Conrad. However, the pope having been named tutor of Conradin, he excommunicated Manfred in the July 1254. The regent decided to open negotiations with Innocent. By a treaty made in September 1254, Apulia passed under the authority of the pope, who was personally conducted by Manfred into his new possession. But Manfred’s suspicions being aroused by the demeanour of the papal retinue, and also annoyed by the occupation of Campania by papal troops, he fled to the Saracens at Lucera. Aided by Saracen allies, he defeated the papal army at Foggia on December 2, 1254, and soon established his authority over Sicily and the Sicilian possessions on the mainland. In that year Manfred supported the Ghibelline communes in Tuscany, in particular Siena, to which he provided a corps of German knight that was later instrumental in the defeat of Florence at the Battle of Montaperti. He thus reached the status of patron of the ghibelline League. Also in that year Innocent died, succeeded by Alexander IV who immediately excommunicated Manfred. In 1257, however, Manfred crushed the papal army and settled all the rebellions, imposing his firm rule of southern Italy and receiving the title of vicar by Conradin. For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Portrait of Conradin from the Codex Manesse (Folio 7r). ... This article is about the Italian region. ... For the rugby club Saracens see Saracens (rugby club) The term Saracen comes from Greek sarakenoi. ... Country Italy Region Puglia Province Foggia (FO) Mayor Elevation 250 m Area 338 km² Population  - Total (as of 2005) 34,911  - Density 103/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Lucerini Dialing code 0881 Postal code 71036 Frazioni Regente, San Giusto Patron Santa Maria  - Day August 15 Location of... Region Apulia Mayor Orazio Ciliberti Area  116 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Density 146. ... December 2 is the 336th day (337th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ... Country Italy Region Tuscany Province Florence (FI) Mayor Leonardo Domenici Elevation 50 m Area 102 km² Population  - Total (as of 2006-06-02) 366,488  - Density 3,593/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Fiorentini Dialing code 055 Postal code 50100 Frazioni Galluzzo, Settignano Patron St. ... The Battle of Montaperti was fought on September 4, 1260, between Florence and Siena in Tuscany as part of the conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. ... Alexander IV may refer to either of the following; Pope Alexander IV King Alexander IV of Macedon, the son of Alexander the Great Category: ...

Arms of the Hohenstaufen.

The following year, taking advantage of a rumour that Conradin was dead, he was crowned king of Sicily at Palermo on August 10 of that year. The falsehood of this report was soon manifest; but the new king, supported by the popular voice, declined to abdicate, and pointed out to Conradin’s envoys the necessity for a strong native ruler. The pope, to whom the Saracen alliance was a serious offence, declared Manfred’s coronation void. Undeterred by the excommunication Manfred sought to obtain power in central and northern Italy, where the ghibelline leader Ezzelino IV da Romano had disappeared. He named vicars in Tuscany, Spoleto, Marche, Romagna and Lombardy. After Montaperti he was recognized as protector of Tuscany by the citizens of Florence, who did homage to his representative, and he was chosen senator of the Romans by a faction in the city. His power was also augmented by he marriage of his daughter Constance with Peter III of Aragon. Image File history File links Hohenstaufen. ... Image File history File links Hohenstaufen. ... Nickname: Palermu Motto: Official website: http://www. ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one), the act whereby a person in office renounces and gives up the same before the expiry of the time for which it is held. ... Ezzelino III da Romano. ... The independent Duchy of Spoleto was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in southern Italy by the Lombard dux Faroald. ... This article is about the Italian region. ... Emilia-Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. ... Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia) is a region in northern Italy between the Alps and the Po river valley. ... Tuscany (Italian Toscana) is a region in central Italy, bordering on Latium to the south, Umbria and Marche to the east, Emilia-Romagna and Liguria to the north, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. ... Peter III of Aragon (Catalan: Pere) (1239 – November 11, 1285, also Peter I of Valencia, Peter II of Barcelona), known as the Great, was the king of Aragon and Valencia and count of Barcelona from 1276 to 1285. ...

Terrified by these proceedings, the new pope Pope Urban IV excommunicated him. He first tried to sell the Kingdom of Sicily to Richard of Cornwall and his son, but in vain. In 1263 he was most succesful with Charles the Count of Anjou, a brother of King Louis IX, who accepted the investiture of the kingdom of Sicily at his hands. Hearing of the approach of Charles, Manfred issued a manifesto to the Romans, in which he not only defended his rule over Italy but even claimed the imperial crown. Urban IV, born Jacques Pantaléon (Troyes, ca. ... Richard (5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) was Count of Poitou (bef. ... Charles I (March 1227 (or 1226) - January 7, 1285) was the posthumous (or born ten months before fathers death: sources suggest two possible birth years) son of King Louis VIII of France by Blanche of Castile. ... Only representation of Saint Louis known to be true to life - Early 14th century statue from the church of Mainneville, Eure, France King Louis IX of France or Saint Louis (April 25, 1214/1215 – August 25, 1270) was King of France from 1226 until his death. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Location within Province of Rome in the Region of Lazio Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 Your Mom!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! km²  (496. ...

Charles' army, some 30,000 strong, entered Italy from the Col di Tenda in the late 1265. He soon reduced numerous ghibelline strongholds in northern Italy and was crowned in Rome in January 1266, the pope being absent. On January 20 he set southwards and waded the Liri river, invading the Kingdom of Sicily. After some minor clashes, the rival armies met at the Battle of Benevento on February 26, 1266, and Manfred's army was defeated. The king himself, refusing to fly, rushed into the midst of his enemies and was killed. Over his body, which was buried on the battlefield, a huge heap of stones was placed, but afterwards with the consent of the pope the remains were unearthed, cast out of the papal territory, and interred on the bank of the Garigliano River, outside of the boundaries of Naples and the Papal States. The Battle of Benevento was fought in Southern Italy on February 26, 1266, where the invading Angevin forces led by Charles, the Count of Anjou, overcame a combined German-Sicilian force led by Manfred of Sicily. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For broader historical context, see 1260s and 13th century. ... The Garigliano is a river in central Italy. ...

Manfred was thrice married. His first wife was Beatrice, daughter of Amadeus IV count of Savoy, by whom he had a daughter, Constance, who became the wife of king Peter III of Aragon; and his second wife, who died in prison in 1271, was Helena, daughter of Michael II Komnenos Doukas. Manfred's son-in-law Peter III became also King Peter I of Sicily from 1282 after the Sicilian Vespers expelled the French from the island again. Amadeus IV (1197–1253) was Count of Savoy 1233–1253, married 2 times: Anne of Burgundy Beatrice of Savoy (d. ... This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... Peter III of Aragon (Catalan: Pere) (1239 – November 11, 1285, also Peter I of Valencia, Peter II of Barcelona), known as the Great, was the king of Aragon and Valencia and count of Barcelona from 1276 to 1285. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Michael II Komnenos Doukas or Comnenus Ducas (Greek: Μιχαήλ Β΄ Κομνηνός Δούκας, Mikhaēl II Komnēnos Doukas), often called Michael Angelos in narrative sources, was the ruler of Epirus from 1230 until his death in 1266/68. ... Sicilian Vespers (1846), by Francesco Hayez The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I, who had taken control of the island with Papal support in 1266. ...

Contemporaries praise the noble and magnanimous character of Manfred, who was renowned for his physical beauty and intellectual attainments. Among the modern day descendants of King Manfred are; His Catholic Majesty King Juan Carlos I of Spain; His Royal Highness Infante Carlo, heir of Manfred to the thrones of Naples and Sicily (the Two Sicilies) and Duke of Calabria, and His Royal Highness Dom Duarte, heir to the throne of Portugal and Duke of Braganca. Numerous prominent members of American society are also descended from King Manfred. Anne Radziwill and the late Antoni Radziwill, children of the sister-in-law of President John F. Kennedy are both descendants of King Mandred through their father Prince Stanislaw Radziwill. Members of the Lamagna and Levey families including businessman and two-time Democratic congressional candidate Dal LaMagna and his nephew, conservative political activist Seth Levey, are also descended from Manfred. Dal LaMagna is a progressive political activist in Washington state. ...

In the Divine Comedy Dante meets Manfred outside the gates of Purgatory, where the spirit explains that, although he repented of his sins in articulo mortis, he must atone for his contumacy by waiting thirty years for each year he lived as an excommunicate, before being admitted to Purgatory proper. Dante shown holding a copy of The Divine Comedy, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, in Michelinos fresco. ... Purgatory commonly refers to a doctrine in the Roman Catholic Church, which posits that those who die in a state of grace undergo a purification in order to achieve the holiness necessary to enter heaven. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Death. ...

Manfred forms the subject of dramas by E.B.S. Raupach, O. Marbach and F.W. Roggee. Three letters written by Manfred are published by J. B. Carusius in Bibliotheca hislorica regni Siciliae (Palermo, 1732). Ernst Benjamin Salomo Raupach (May 21, 1784 - March 18, 1852), German dramatist, was born at Straupitz, near Liegnitz in Silesia, a son of the village pastor. ...

Portrait of Conradin from the Codex Manesse (Folio 7r). ... The following is a list of monarchs of Naples and Sicily: See also: List of Counts of Apulia and Calabria Hauteville Counts of Sicily, 1071-1130 Roger I 1071-1101 Simon 1101-1105 Roger II 1105-1130 Hauteville Kings of Sicily, 1130-1198 Roger II 1130-1154 William I 1154... Charles I (March 1227 (or 1226) - January 7, 1285) was the posthumous (or born ten months before fathers death: sources suggest two possible birth years) son of King Louis VIII of France by Blanche of Castile. ...

References

• Momigliano, Eucardio (1963). Manfredi. Milan: Dell'Oglio.

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.