Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal

Mangrove are woody trees or shrubs that grow in coastal habitats or mangal (Hogarth, 1999), for which the term mangrove swamp also would apply. Mangrove plants occupy shallow water and intertidal zones in tropical and subtropical coastal regions, usually where protected from direct wave action, and thus characterized by muddy or fine sediment substrata. Mangrove swamp, partly underwater image showing the root system. ... Mangrove swamp, partly underwater image showing the root system. ... Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid. ...

The mangal is often considered a type of biome. Mangrove habitat is exclusively tropical and tidal, and therefore having soil or sediment that is water-logged and saline or of variable salinity. Areas where mangal occurs includes estuaries and marine shorelines. A wide variety of plant species can be found in mangrove habitat, but some 54 species in 20 genera, belonging to 16 families constitute the "true mangroves" — species that occur almost exclusively in mangrove habitats and rarely elsewhere (Hogarth, 1999). In ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities well adapted to the regions physical environment. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... The tide is the regular rising and falling of the oceans surface caused by changes in gravitational forces external to the Earth. ... Jump to: navigation, search For the heavy metal band see Soil (band) Soil is unconsolidated rock particles on the surface of the earth, mixed with organic matter from plant decay. ... Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid. ... Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. ... Jump to: navigation, search Estuaries and coastal waters are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing numerous ecological, economic, cultural, and aesthetic benefits and services. ...

The roots of the mangrove plants stabilize the sand and mud. In areas of the world where mangroves have been removed for development purposes, the coastline has been subject to rapid erosion. They also provide a habitat for wildlife and serve as a natural buffer to strong winds and waves produced by cyclones. In Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, and India, mangrove plantations are grown in coastal regions for this purpose. They can protect against tsunamis. Jump to: navigation, search Look up Erosion on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, USA. Erosion is the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock, and so forth) by the agents of wind, water, ice, movement in response to gravity, or living... This article is about the meteorological phenomenon. ... Jump to: navigation, search The tsunami that struck Malé in the Maldives on December 26, 2004. ...

The mangrove species, Sonneratia, growing on the landward margin of the reef flat on Yap and showing abundant pneumatophores

Download high resolution version (900x692, 339 KB)Mangrove (Sonneratia ?alba) trees and pneumatophores on the coast of Yap. ... Download high resolution version (900x692, 339 KB)Mangrove (Sonneratia ?alba) trees and pneumatophores on the coast of Yap. ... Map of Yap Yap is an island in the Caroline Islands of the western Pacific Ocean, the westernmost state of the Federated States of Micronesia. ...

Species of mangroves

The following listing (after Tomlinson, 1986) gives the number of species of mangroves in each listed plant genus and family.

Major components

Family Avicenniaceae

• Avicennia – 9

Family Combretaceae

• Laguncularia – 1
• Lumnitzera – 2

Family Arecaceae

• Nypa – 1

Family Rhizophoraceae

• Bruguiera – 6
• Ceriops – 2
• Kandelia – 1
• Rhizophora – 8

Family Sonneratiaceae

• Sonneratia – 5

Mangrove swamps are a characteristic for the tropical and subtropical coasts. ... Genera Anogeissus Buchenavia Bucida Calopyxis Calycopteris Combretum Conocarpus Dansiea Guiera Laguncularia Lumnitzera Macropteranthes Melostemon Pteleopsis Quisqualis Strephonema Terminalia Terminaliopsis Thiloa Combretaceae is a family of flowering plants. ... Jump to: navigation, search Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (also known as Palmae), the Palm Family, is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the monocot order, Arecales. ... Binomial name Nypa fruticans Wurmb Nypa fruticans , known as the Attap Palm (Singapore) and Mangrove Palm or Nipah palm (Malaysia), is the only palm considered a mangrove. ... Rhizophoraceae Categories: Stub | Plant families ...

Minor components

Family Bombacaceae

• Camptostemon – 2

Family Euphorbiaceae

• Excoecaria – 2

Family Lythraceae

• Pemphis – 1

Family Meliaceae

• Xylocarpus – 2

Family Myrsinaceae

• Aegiceras – 2

Family Myrtaceae

• Osbornia – 1

Family Pellicieraceae

• Pelliciera – 1

Family Plumbaginaceae

• Aegialitis – 2

Family Pteridaceae

• Acrostichum – 3

Family Rubiaceae

• Scyphiphora – 1

Family Sterculiaceae

• Heritiera – 3

Adansonia – Baobab Bombax – Silk_cotton tree Ceiba – Kapok Durio – Durian Ochroma – Balsa The Bombacaceae is a family of tropical trees in the order Malvales, closely related to the mallow family (Malvaceae), and often included in it, being distinguishable from that family only by the smooth pollen, and larger mature tree stature. ... Genera See text Ref: Euphorbiaceae in The Families of Flowering Plants, as of 2002-07-13 The Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) is a large family of flowering plants with 280 genera and around 6000 species. ... Genera Adenaria Ammannia Capuronia Crenea Cuphea Decodon Didiplis Diplusodon Galpinia Ginoria Haitia Heimia Hionanthera Koehneria Lafoensia Lagerstroemia Lawsonia Lourtella Lythrum Nesaea Pehria Pemphis Peplis Physocalymma Pleurophora Punica Rotala Tetrataxis Woodfordia Lythraceae is a family of flowering plants. ... Genera See text The Meliaceae, or the Mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly tropical trees and shrubs in the order Sapindales, characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules and by syncarpous, usually bisexual flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes, or clusters. ... Genera See text Myrsinaceae, or the Myrsine family, is a rather large family from the order Ericales. ... Genera 130; see list The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. ... Genera (examples) Armeria Ceratostigma Limonium Plumbago The Plumbaginaceae are a family of flowering plants that includes a number of popular garden species, which are grown world wide for their attractive flowers. ... Genera See text The Rubiaceae are a family of dicotyledon plants, variously called the madder, bedstraw, or coffee family. ... Genera Abelmoschus - Okra Abutilon - Abutilon Adansonia – Baobab Alcea - Hollyhock Althaea - Marsh mallow Bombax – Silk-cotton tree Callirhoe - Poppy mallow Ceiba – Kapok Chiranthodendron – Mexican Hand Tree Cola - Kola nut Corchorus - Jute Durio – Durian Fremontodendron – Flannelbush Gaya – Gaya Gossypium - Cotton plant Hibiscus - Hibiscus Hoheria – Lacebark Kosteletzkya - Saltmarsh mallow Lavatera - Tree mallow or...

Mangrove ecoregions

Afrotropic ecozone
The Afrotropic Ecozone is Africa south of the Sahara Desert. ...

• Central African mangroves (Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria)
• East African mangroves (Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania)
  Guinean mangroves (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire)
• Madagascar mangroves (Madagascar)
• Southern Africa mangroves (Mozambique, South Africa)

Australasia ecozone
The Australasian ecozone includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (including Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Papua), and the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago, including the island of Sulawesi, the Moluccan islands (the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku) and islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba...

• New Guinea mangroves (Indonesia)

Indomalaya ecozone
The Indomalaya Ecozone was previously called the Oriental region. ...

• Chorao Island mangroves (India)
• Godavari-Krishna mangroves (India)
  
• Indochina mangroves (Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam)
• Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves (Pakistan)
• Myanmar coast mangroves (India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand)
• Pichavaram mangroves (Tamil Nadu-India)
• Sunda Shelf mangroves (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia)
• Sundarbans mangroves (Bangladesh, India)

Neotropic ecozone
Pichavaram is located 51 km north east of Chidambaram, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, between latitude 11°20 to 11°30 north and longitudes 79°45 to 79°55 east. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... The mangrove-dominated Ganges delta – the Sundarbans - is a complex ecosystem comprising one of the three largest single tract mangrove forests of the world (Blasco 1975). ... The Neotropic ecozone is a terrestrial ecoregion which includes South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. ...

• Alvarado mangroves (Mexico)
• Amapa mangroves (Brazil)
• Bahamian mangroves (Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands)
• Bahia mangroves (Brazil)
• Belizean coast mangroves (Belize)
• Belizean reef mangroves (Belize)
• Bocas del Toro-San Bastimentos Island-San Blas mangroves (Costa Rica, Panama)
• Coastal Venezuelan mangroves (Venezuela)
• Esmeraldes-Pacific Colombia mangroves (Colombia, Ecuador)
• Greater Antilles mangroves (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico)
• Guianan mangroves (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela)
• Gulf of Fonseca mangroves (El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua)
• Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves (Ecuador and Tumbes, Peru)
• Gulf of Panama mangroves (Panama)
• Ilha Grande mangroves (Brazil)
• Lesser Antilles mangroves (Lesser Antilles)
• Magdalena-Santa Marta mangroves (Colombia)
• Manabí mangroves (Ecuador)
• Maranhao mangroves (Brazil)
• Marismas Nacionales-San Blas mangroves (Mexico)
• Mayan Corridor mangroves (Mexico)
• Mexican South Pacific Coast mangroves (Mexico)
• Moist Pacific Coast mangroves (Costa Rica, Panama)
• Mosquitia-Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast mangroves (Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua)
• Northern Dry Pacific Coast mangroves (El Salvador, Guatemala)
• Northern Honduras mangroves (Guatemala, Honduras)
• Pará mangroves (Brazil)
• Petenes mangroves (Mexico)
• Piura mangroves (Peru)
• Ría Lagartos mangroves (Mexico)
• Rio Negro-Rio San Sun mangroves (Costa Rica, Nicaragua)
• Rio Piranhas mangroves (Brazil)
• Rio São Francisco mangroves (Brazil)
• Southern Dry Pacific Coast mangroves (Costa Rica, Nicaragua)
• Tehuantepec-El Manchon mangroves (Mexico)
• Trinidad mangroves (Trinidad and Tobago)
• Usumacinta mangroves (Mexico)

The Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves are an ecoregion located in the Gulf of Guayaquil in South America, in northern Peru and southern Ecuador. ... Tumbes is a city in northwestern Peru. ... The Lesser Antilles are part of the Antilles, which together with the Greater Antilles form the West Indies. ... In ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities well adapted to the regions physical environment. ... Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, also known as tropical rain forests, are a tropical and subtropical biome. ... The tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest biome is located at tropical and subtropical latitudes. ... Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests are a biome located at tropical and subtropical latitudes. ... Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests are a temperate and humid biome. ... Temperate coniferous forests are a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest. ... Jump to: navigation, search Taiga (pronounced , from Russian тайга́) is a biome characterized by its coniferous forests. ... Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands are a biome, generally located at subtropical and tropical latitudes. ... Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands is a group of biomes in which the climate is temperate to semi-arid. ... Flooded grasslands and savannas are a biome, generally located at subtropical and tropical latitudes, where flooding is very frequent. ... Montane grasslands and shrublands is biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund. ... In physical geography, tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. ... Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub is a temperate biome, characterized by hot-dry summers and mild and rainy winters. ... Deserts and xeric shrublands is a biome characterized by a dry climate. ... Ecozone is a classification system of the world first proposed by Miklos Udvardy under the name biogeographical realms for conservation purposes. ... The Afrotropic Ecozone is Africa south of the Sahara Desert. ... Antarctica is one of eight terrestrial ecozones. ... The Australasian ecozone includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (including Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Papua), and the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago, including the island of Sulawesi, the Moluccan islands (the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku) and islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba... The Indomalaya Ecozone was previously called the Oriental region. ... The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earths land surface. ... The Neotropic ecozone is a terrestrial ecoregion which includes South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. ... Oceania is the smallest of the worlds terrestrial ecozones, and unique in not including any continental land mass. ... The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight ecozones dividing the Earth surface (see map). ...

Reference

• Hogarth, Peter J. 1999. The Biology of Mangroves. Oxford Univ. Press. 228 p. ISBN 0198502222
• Thanikaimoni, G. 1986. Mangrove Palynology. UNDP/UNESCO and the French Institute of Pondicherry, 104 p. ISSN 0073-8336 (E).
• Tomlinson, P. B. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
• tsunami protection

Ganapathi Thanikaimoni (January 1, 1938 – September 6, 1986), often referred to as Thani was widely known for his manifold contributions to the science of palynology. ... The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world. ... Jump to: navigation, search UNESCO logo The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO, is a specialized agency of the United Nations system established in 1945. ... Jump to: navigation, search Poduke or Arikamedu the most ancient Tamil city visit http://www. ...

External link

• The story of the UNESCO Mangrove Programme
• WWF article about the mangrove biome
• East African Mangroves
• Coastal wetland and shoreline change mapping of Pichavaram, south east coast of India using Satellite data
• Status of Indian Mangroves: Pollution Status of Pichavaram Mangrove, Southeast Coast of India
• Mangrove Action Project - Advocacy group devoted conservation, restoration and sustainable management of mangroves & related coastal ecosystems