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The Manusmriti (Sanskrit मनुस्मृति), translated Laws of Manu is regarded as an important work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharmasastra; and is a part of the Shruti literature. It contains laws, rules and codes of conduct to be applied by individuals, communities and nations. Some of these laws codify the Hindu caste system and discuss the "stages of life for a twice-born man". It explains itself as a discourse given by Sage Manu to rishis having begged him to enlighten them on the topic. Image File history File links Example. ... The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas (writing systems) used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria, and to an extent, Korea. ... Hindu law is a general term for the legal system—including philosophy of law and legal procedure—which existed in traditional India and was therefore coterminous with the institutions of the Hindu religion as they related to law in society. ... Smriti (Sanskrit स्मॄति, that which is remembered) refers to a specific canon of Hindu religious scripture. ... The Dharmashastra is a volume of Hindu legal texts, covering moral, ethical and social laws. ... Shruti (Sanskrit श्रुति, what is heard) is a canon of Hindu scriptures. ... Weighing scales represent the way law balances peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... In law, codification is the process of collecting and restating the law of a jurisdiction in certain areas, usually by subject, forming the legal code. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The stages of life for a twice-born man are discussed in the Hindu Manusmriti. ... In Hindu mythology, Manu is a title accorded the progenitor of humankind, first king to rule this earth, the Indian Noah who saves mankind from flood from the universal flood. ...

The book is ascribed to Manu, according to the Hindu mythology, the forefather of all humans. Certain historians believe it to have been written down around 200 B.C.E. under the reign of Pusyamitra Sunga of Sangha clan, who is alleged to have persecuted many Buddhists, to regulate a code of conduct consolidating Hinduism. According to Concise Britannica, Manu Smriti's present form is dated to the 1st Century A.D.^[1] In Hindu mythology, Manu is a title accorded the progenitor of humankind, first king to rule this earth, the Indian Noah who saves mankind from flood from the universal flood. ... Hindu mythology is a term used by modern scholarship for a large body of Indian literature that details the lives and times of legendary personalities, deities and divine incarnations on earth interspersed with often large sections of philosophical and ethical discourse. ... Pusyamitra Sunga (also Pushyamitra Shunga) was the founder of the Indian Sunga dynasty (185-78 BCE). ... Hinduism (Sanskrit: , , also known as , ) is a religion that originated on the Indian subcontinent. ...

It is one of the most controversial works of Hindu literature owing to its alleged discrimination of women and shudras (based upon western translations). Hindu scholars have however argued that the revelance or awareness of the scripture was not considerable until the British brought it into the limelight as an important Hindu scripture. It is however agreed upon that the scripture doesn't sanction support for outcastes such as Dalits or Chandaals, but bears caste discrimination of Shudras.
There are 2,031 verses (laws) of Manusmrti. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In South Asias caste system, an untouchable, dalit, or achuta is a person outside of the four castes, and considered below them. ...

Quotations from the Manusmriti

The interpretations of Hindu scriptures especially Manusmriti and Shruti are known to be greatly contrasting, where western interpretation tend to deviate towards racial and gender discrimination, those by Hindu scholars such as Swami Dayananda Saraswati are comparatively egalitarian. It should however be kept in mind while reading manusmriti that the scripture is neither contemporary with modern views nor does it hold itself authority as an eternal law-book. Note that the following verses are interpretations and not direct translations. Shruti (Sanskrit श्रुति, what is heard) is a canon of Hindu scriptures. ... Swami Dayananda Saraswati (स्‍वामी दयानन्‍द सरस्‍वती) (1824 - 1883) is an important Hindu religious scholar born in Gujarat, India. ...

Education

Part of a series on Hindu scriptures
Vedas
Rigveda · Yajurveda
Samaveda · Atharvaveda
Vedic divisions
Samhita · Brahmana
Aranyaka  · Upanishad
Upanishads
Aitareya  · Bṛhadāraṇyaka
Īṣa  · Taittirīya · Chāndogya
Kena  · Muṇḍaka
Māṇḍūkya  ·Praśna
Vedanga
Shiksha · Chandas
Vyakarana · Nirukta
Jyotisha · Kalpa
Itihasa
Mahabharata · Ramayana
Other scriptures
Smriti · Purana
Bhagavad Gita · Sutra
Pancharatra · Tantra
Kumara Vyasa Bharata · Stotra
Hanuman Chalisa · Ramacharitamanas
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"A student should observe Brahmacharya and study the Vedas with their subsidiary subjects for 9, 18, 36 years, or until they are completely mastered" (III: 1) Hindu scripture is overwhelmingly written in Sanskrit. ... Image File history File links Aum. ... The Vedas (Sanskrit: वेद) are the main scriptural texts of Hinduism, also known as the Sanatana Dharma, and are a large corpus of texts originating in Ancient India. ... The Rigveda (Sanskrit: , a tatpurusha compound of praise, verse and knowledge) is a collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns dedicated to the gods. ... The Yajurveda (Sanskrit , a tatpurusha compound of sacrifice + veda knowledge) is one of the four Hindu Vedas. ... The Samaveda (Sanskrit: सामवेद, sāmaveda, a tatpurusha compound of ritual chant + knowledge ), is third in the usual order of enumeration of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures. ... The Atharvaveda (Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद, , a tatpurusha compound of , a type of priest, and meaning knowledge) is a sacred text of Hinduism, and one of the four Vedas, often called the fourth Veda. According to tradition, the Atharvaveda was mainly composed by two groups of rishis known as the Bhrigus and the... The Samhita (Sanskrit: joined or collected) is the basic text of each of the Vedas, comprising collections of hymns and ritual texts. ... The Brahmana (Sanskrit ब्राह्मण) are part of the Hindu Shruti; They are composed in Vedic Sanskrit, and the period of their composition is sometimes referred to as the Brahmanic period or age (approximately between 900 BC and 500 BC). ... The Aranyakas (Sanskrit आरण्यक, Forest Books, Forest Treatises) are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures are sometimes argued to be part of either the Brahmanas or Upanishads. ... The Upanishads (Devanagari: उपनिषद्, ; also known as and ) are part of the Vedas and form the Hindu scriptures which primarily discuss philosophy, meditation and nature of God; they form the core spiritual thought of Vedantic Hinduism. ... The Aitareya Upanishad is one of the older, primary Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. ... The Upanishad is one of the older, primary (mukhya) Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. ... The Isha Upanishad (IAST or ), also known as the Ishavasya () Upanishad, is one of the smaller Upanishads but is probably the most often quoted. ... The Taittiriya Upanishad is one of the Upanishads associated to the taittiriya samhita of the Black Yajurveda. ... The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the main ten Upanishads of Hinduism. ... The Kena Upanishad (), is one of the older, primary Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. ... Mundaka Upanishad is an Upanishad of the Atharva Veda. ... MāndÅ«kya Upanishad is one of the shortest Upanishads, that form the speculative metaphysical parts of the Hindu texts, the Vedas. ... Prashna Upanishad (IAST ) is one of the older, primary Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. ... The Vedanga (IAST , member of the Veda) are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas. ... Shiksha is an NGO devoted to improving the standards of education in New Delhi and its neighbouring regions. ... The verses of the Vedas have a variety of different meters. ... The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of , is one of the six Vedanga disciplines. ... Nirukta is Vedic glossary of difficult words. ... Jyotisha (, in Hindi and English usage Jyotish) is the Hindu system of astrology, one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, and regarded as one of the oldest schools of ancient astrology to have had an independent origin, affecting all other schools in and around India. ... Kalpa is one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, treating ritual. ... Itihasa (Sanskrit: इतिहास - itihāsa in IAST notation, literally meaning that which happened) is the word for History. ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ), is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... The (DevanāgarÄ«: ) is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and is an important part of the Hindu canon (smá¹›ti). ... Smriti (Sanskrit स्मॄति, that which is remembered) refers to a specific canon of Hindu religious scripture. ... Purana (Sanskrit पुराण, purāṇa, meaning ancient or old) is the name of a genre (or a group of related genres) of Indian written literature (as distinct from oral literature). ... Bhagavad Gīta भगवद्गीता, composed ca the fifth - second centuries BC, is part of the epic poem Mahabharata, located in the Bhisma-Parva chapters 23–40. ... SÅ«tra (sex) (Sanskrit) or Sutta (Pāli) literally means a rope or thread that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual. ... Pañcaratra is an pre-Puranic form of Hinduism, which equated Narayana with Vishnu. ... The Tantra (Looms or Weavings), refer to numerous and varied scriptures pertaining to any of several esoteric traditions rooted in Hindu and Buddhist philosophy. ... Kumara Vyasa is one of the most famous poets in the Kannada language, spoken in the state of Karnataka, India. ... Stotras are Hindu prayers that praise aspects of God, such as Devi, Siva, or Vishnu. ... Hanuman Chalisa (Forty chaupais on Hanuman) is Tulsidas most famous and read piece of literature apart from the Ramacharitamanasa, a poem primarily praising Hanuman. ... ÅšrÄ« Rāmcaritmānas (Hindi: रामचरितमानस) is an epic poem composed by the great 16th-century Indian poet, Goswami Tulsidas (c. ... Brahmacharya (pronounced /brÊŒmatʃərɪə/) is a Sanskrit word. ...

"A wise man would do well to practise both Yamas(abstentions) and Niyamas(observances) and He who practices one without the other, never makes any progress, on the contrary he simply degenerates, in other words, leads a degraded life in this world." (IV: 204) Ten Traditional Yamas or Codes of Conduct The Yamas are codified as the restraints in numerous scriptures including the Shandilya and Varuha Upanishads, Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Gorakshanatha, the Tirumantiram of Tirumular and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. ... Niyama (Sanskrit: िनयम) is a set of behaviors codified as the observances in numerous scriptures including the Shandilya and Varuha Upanishads, Hatha Yoga Pradipika by Gorakshanatha, the Tirumantiram of Tirumular and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. ...

"A man of low character can never succeed in acquiring knowledge of the Veda; in keeping up his vows of celibacy, truthfulness, etc.; nor in fulfilling his duties towards duties towards man and God, keeping control over his passions and desires, being steadfast in his devotion to truth and righteousness, and performing good deeds." (II: 97)

"Both state and society should make it compulsory upon all to send their children (both male and female) to school after the 5th or 8th year. It should be made a penal offence to keep a child at home after that age." (VII: 152)

Marriage

"Let a maid wait for three years after she is marriageable (has begun to menstruate) and then let her choose for herself a husband, who is her equal." (IX: 90)

"Let a student who has not violated his vows of Brahmacharya and has conducted himself righteously according to the advice of his preceptor, enter married life after he has studied with their subsidiary sciences, the four Vedaas, three Vedas, two Vedas, or atleast one Veda." (III: 2)

Let a twice-born man after having obtained the consent of his teacher and taken the ceremonial bath, return home and espouse a maid, of his own Class, endowed with excellent qualities." (III: 4)

"It is better that men and women should remain single till death rather than marry unsuitables (i.e, incompatible qualities, characteristics and temperaments)." (IX: 89)

"Marriage is of eight kinds - brahma(mutual consent of both the bride and groom), deva(gift of richly adorned daughter to an officiating priest of a great yajna), arsha(daughter in lieu of consideration given by the groom), prajapathi(mutual consent of families), asura(marriage upon bribing of the bride and groom), gandharva(intercourse of maiden and her lover out of sexual desire), rakshasa(forceful abduction of bride), pisacha(where bride is intoxicated, sleeping, mentally disordered), in the order of piety of the marriage." (III: 21 to 34)

The Varna System

"Studying and teaching (vedas), performing and assisting in Yajna, giving alms and receiving gifts - these six are duties of a Brahmin." (I: 88) In Hinduism, Yajña यज्ञ (Sanskrit yajñá worship, prayer, praise; offering, oblation, sacrifice) is a Vedic ritual of sacrifice performed to please the Devas, or sometimes to the Supreme Spirit Brahman. ...

"To protect people by perfect justice; to bestow gifts; to perform Homam and other Yajnas; to study the Veda and other scriptures; to abstain from sensual gratification - these are the duties of a Kshatriya" (I: 89) Homam may also refer to star Zeta Pegasi Homam is a specific type of puja in Hinduism. ... In Hinduism, Yajña यज्ञ (Sanskrit yajñá worship, prayer, praise; offering, oblation, sacrifice) is a Vedic ritual of sacrifice performed to please the Devas, or sometimes to the Supreme Spirit Brahman. ...

"To keep herds of cattle, to bestow gifts, To perform Yajnas, to study the Veda and other Shastras(sciences) 5. To lend money on interest 6. To cultivate land,. These are the duties and qualifications of a Vaishya" (I: 90) In Hinduism, Yajña यज्ञ (Sanskrit yajñá worship, prayer, praise; offering, oblation, sacrifice) is a Vedic ritual of sacrifice performed to please the Devas, or sometimes to the Supreme Spirit Brahman. ...

"To serve the twice-born, without showing disrespect, jealousy or conceit. This one thing alone is a Shudra's duty and qualification." (I: 91)

Status of Women

"If the husband does not please his wife, she being unhappy, the whole family is unhappy and miserable; but if the wife be quite contended with her husband, the whole family enjoys felicity." (III: 62)

"Let women be always propitiated (worshipped) by their fathers and brothers, by their husbands and the brothers of their husbands, in other words, they should speak sweetly to them and provide them with good food, nice clothes and ornaments, and thereby keep them happy. Those who seek great prosperity and happiness should never inflict pain on women." (III: 55)

"Where women are honored (worshipped), in that family great men are born; but where they are not honored, there all acts are fruitless. Where women pass their days in misery and sorrow because of the misdeed (such as adultery) of their husbands that family soon entirely perishes, but where they are happy because of the good conduct of their husbands, the family continually prospers." (III: 56,57)

"Let women, therefore, be always honored by being given presents of clothes an ornaments, and supplied with good food at festivals, jubilees and he like occasions, and thereby made happy by those men who are desirous of wealth and prosperity." (III: 59)

Though divorce and remarriage of divorcees is allowed in Manu Smriti, Widow remarriage is sanctioned only if the marriage has not been consummated, otherwise the widow (or widower) are to practice Brahmacharya. If the widow has to continue the family line, they are either to adopt children or apply to a contract called 'niyoga', where a chosen man or a widow fathers children for her (in verse IX: 77). Brahmacharya (pronounced /brʌmatʃərɪə/) is a Sanskrit word. ...

Miscellaneous Verses

"A Dwija as well as his children who, instead of studying the Veda, wastes his time in doing other things soon goes down to the level of a Shoodra(lowest in character)." (II: 168)

"Look down while you walk. Filter your water before you drink it. Speak in accordance with truth. Think well before you act." (VI: 46)

"As skilful driver keeps his horses under control , even so should a wise man keep his senses - which are apt to lead both mind and soul into the pursuit of wicked objects - under complete control." (II: 88)

"Verily, that man alone can achieve his heart's desire who is a master of his senses; he who allows himself to become their slave soon loses his character." (II: 93)

"The Vedaas, the Smrities, the practice of men, good and true, in conformity with the Vedas - the Word of God, and the satisfaction of one's own soul - these undoubtedly, are the four criteria of true religion, which enable one to distinguish between Right and Wrong" (II: 12)

"He is an atheist, and a slanderer of the Vedas, who disparages their teachings, as well as the writings of true teachers in conformity with the Vedas. He should be excluded from good society, aye, even expelled out of the country." (II: 11)

Criticism and Controversy

Manusmriti is one of the most heavily criticised scriptures of Hinduism, if not the most by colonial scholars, Dalit advocates and Marxists. Manusmriti has been burned by several of these groups^[2]. Manusmriti was quoted, especially by the British Colonial rulers of India as "the law-book" of the Hindus. Many Hindus allege that the colonial rulers, like Robert Clive and Lord Macaulay, found it a useful tool to exploit and suppress Hindus and Hinduism. It should to be noted that most of these accusations are based upon western interpretations (thus debatable), such as 'Sacred Books of the East' by G. Buhler, regarding the status of women and caste discrimination, mainly favouring the Brahmins. It is accused that the generated misconceptions are mainly generated due to quote mining, and are addressed by studying the adjacent quotes. It is also demanded that the critics frequently cite ancient Brahmanic sources should note subsequent developments in Hindu thought, and to consult contemporary Hindu authorities who can explain the role of these sources in normative Hindu beliefs. Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey (September 29, 1725 - November 22, 1774) was the statesman and general who established the empire of British India. ... Thomas Macaulay The Right Honourable Thomas Babington (or Babbington) Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, PC (October 25, 1800 - December 28, 1859) was a nineteenth century British poet, historian and Whig politician. ...

In reply to criticism of Shudras, verses critical of Shudras are proclaimed to be latter interpolations, but not after times of Adi Shankara (7th-8th century CE). The law in Manu Smriti also is biased towards Brahmins(priests) such as concessions of fine and punishment. The stance of Manu Smriti about women is also an issue. While certain verses such as (III - 55, 56, 57, 59, 62) glorify position of women, verses such as (IX - 3, 17) suppress the position and freedom of women. Education of women is also an issue. Verse (IX - 18) (certain interpretations) discourage women from reading vedic scriptures, the verse (II - 240) allows women to read vedic scriptures. Similar contradictory phrases are encountered in relation to child marriage in verses (IX - 94) and (IX - 90).

The main argument however, goes beyond the Smriti and instead pertains to the authority the scripture commands upon Hindus. Though the scripture is known to be rarely used in Indian history, it is believed to have played a great role by British and Communist scholars. It is to be noted that according to Hindu tradition and scriptures, due to Manu Smriti not being a part of Shruti literature i.e., revealed knowledge, it cannot be held authoritative (nor has it been held so), and though a Smriti might be knowledgeable, can be subject to bias and whatever in Smriti is opposed by shruti, it can be rejected according to Hindu scriptures including Manu Smriti as well (II - 12, 13).

When it comes to stance of hereditary caste system, "As the son of Shudra can attain the rank of a Brahmin, the son of Brahmin can attain rank of a shudra. Even so with him who is born of a Vaishya or a Kshatriya" (X: 65) The above verse is believed to sanction support for vocational non-hereditary caste system.

Views pertaining to Manusmriti

Though majorly a source of criticism against Hinduism, it is considered to be an important book whose contents are utilised in sociology, political and historical studies.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in his book "Revolution and Counter-Revolution in India" says that Manusmriti was written by a sage named Brigu during the times of Pushyamitra of Sangha - believed to have persecuted many Buddhists and driven them out of India - had it composed during his rule in order to delegitimise Buddhism. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (April 14, 1891 or 1892 - December 6, 1956) was the most prominent Indian Untouchable leader of the 20th century. ...

When it comes to racial theology, The Varna of Manusmriti has been widely regarded as 'race' by colonial British rulers and has been used for studies like pseudoscientific race analysis and phrenology. The Varna of Manusmriti has been widely regarded as 'class' by Marxist analysts and has been used to justify various postulates on history and civillization. It is believed that 'Dwija'(twice-born) are actually Aryans, while Shudras are Dravidians. This conception relies on Aryan Invasion Theory, which is losing ground on basis of modern research. A 19th century Phrenology chart Phrenology (from Greek: φρήν, phrēn, mind; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (reading bumps). Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall around 1800, and... This article is about the term Aryan. For Arian, a follower of the ancient Christian sect, See Arianism. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Views put forth by authors such as Madhu Kishwar is that the "British resurrected the Manusmriti and used it to frame the "Hindu Civil Code". Prior to colonization, the Manusmriti was nothing more than an obscure text, long-forgotten and rarely used to determine what was acceptable social practice. Because the numerical presence of the Britishers in India was not substantial, the Britishers had to rule largely by proxy. It was important that their agents did not face resistance or rebellion, even in the social realm. Owing to its allegedly repressive and divisive character, the Manusmriti helped in preventing both individual and collective resistance to local authorities, who were typically upper caste and often Brahmin. That the Manusmriti represented an archaic and outdated social code didn't matter." [2] Madhu Kishwar is a notable feminist in India. ...

Another view on the Manusmriti as explained by Subhash C. Sharma[3] [4] is that, since Hinduism is a personal religion, and there is no concept of canon, the Manusmriti can be regarded as an unimportant text and not reflective of the fundamental tenets of the religion. To quote Sharma: Canonical is an adjective derived from canon. ...

"Smritis (e.g. the Manusmriti) generally present a biased and misleading socio-religious view expounded by a number of ancients. Some people still tend to wrongly assume them as being an important part or source of information on Hinduism."

Hinduism, does not have a highly organized ordained hierarchy of clergy (there is no centralized religious figure, though there are many Acharya-s, Baba-s and Guru-s with limited following). A counter-criticism from this website condemns the British colonialists to have made the world to regard the Manu Smriti as the supreme law book of the Hindus, so that they could ridicule the Hindu dharma and denigrate those of Indian origin.

Prominent Hindu figures such as Swami Dayananda Saraswati and Srila Prabhupada however hold the scripture to be authentic and authoritative, while widely appreciated by figures such as Annie Besant, P.D. Ouspensky, Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, Pandurang Shastri Athavale and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Nietszche is noted to have said "Close the Bible and open the Manu Smriti."^[3] Swami Dayananda Saraswati (स्‍वामी दयानन्‍द सरस्‍वती) (1824 - 1883) is an important Hindu religious scholar born in Gujarat, India. ... Srila Prabhupada under a painting of Krishna A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (September 1, 1896–November 14, 1977) was born Abhay Charan De, in Calcutta, West Bengal. ... Annie Besant Plaque on house in Colby Road, London SE19 where Annie Besant lived in 1874. ... P.D. Ouspensky Peter D. Ouspensky (March 5, 1878, Moscow - October 2, 1947, Lyne Place, Surrey, England), (Pyotr Demianovich Ouspenskii, also Uspenskii or Uspensky) was a Russian philosopher with an analytic and mystical bent who combined geometry and psychology in his discussion of higher dimensions of existence. ... Swami Vivekananda (Bengali: স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ Shami Bibekanondo), whose pre-monastic name was Narendranath Dutta (নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত Nôrendronath Dotto) (January 12, 1863 - July 4, 1902) was one of the most famous and influential spiritual leaders of the Vedanta philosophy. ... Rabindranath Tagore in Kolkata, c. ... Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (September 5, 1888 – April 17, 1975) is best known as the man who introduced the thinking of western idealist philosophers into Indian thought. ... Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 - August 25, 1900) was a highly influential German philosopher. ...

References

• Sacred Books of the East, The Laws of Manu, translation by G. Buhler, vol. xxv, Oxford (1886)
• Light of Truth (Satyarth Prakash) by Swami Dayananda Saraswati

See also

• Backward-caste Hindu Saints
• Backward-caste Hindu Warriors

// Hinduism is religion founded 5,000 years ago with traditions dating back 10,000 years. ... // Ahilyabai Holkar - Daugther in Law of Malhar Rao, the Holkars were from the tribal Dhangar caste of Maharashtra. ...

External links

• The Laws of Manu translation by G. Buhler, vol. xxv, Oxford (1886)
• Light of Truth by Swami Dayananda Saraswati