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Almost all substantial UNIX and Unix-like operating systems have extensive documentation known as man pages (short for "manual pages"). The Unix command used to display them is man. Each page is a self-contained document. Image File history File links Unix_manual. ...
Image File history File links Unix_manual. ...
Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ...
Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ...
An operating system (OS) is a computer program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer. ...
Usage
To read a page from the manual, one can use the command man <page_name> at a shell prompt, for example, "man ftp". Pages are traditionally referred to using the notation "name(section)", for example, ftp(1). In computing, a shell is a piece of software that provides an interface for users (command line interpreter). ...
The same page name may appear in more than one section of the manual. This can occur when the names of system calls, user commands, or macro packages conflict. Two examples are man(1) and man(7), or exit(1) and exit(3). The syntax for accessing the non-default manual section varies between different man implementations. On Linux and *BSD, for example, the syntax for reading printf(3) is In computing, a system call is the mechanism used by an application program to request service from the operating system, or more specifically, the operating system kernel. ...
In computing, a command is a directive to a computer program acting as an interpreter of some kind, in order to perform a specific task. ...
The troff typesetting system includes sets of commands called macros that are run before starting to process the document. ...
man 3 printf The UNIX Programmer's Manual was first published on November 3, 1971. However, online man pages were not available until the release of the 7th Edition in 1979. At the time, the availability of online documentation through the manual page system was regarded as a great advance. To this day, virtually every Unix command line application comes with its man page, and many Unix users perceive a lack of man pages as a sign of low quality; indeed, some projects, such as Debian, go out of their way to write man pages for programs lacking one. Few alternatives to man have enjoyed much popularity, with the possible exception of the GNU project's "info" system, an early and simple hypertext system. November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining. ...
1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ...
Seventh Edition Unix, also called Version 7 Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system. ...
Debian is a project based around the development of a free, complete operating system based on the work of the GNU Project through the collaboration of volunteers from around the world. ...
GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system - consisting of a kernel, libraries, system utilities, compilers, and end-user application software - composed entirely of free software. ...
GNU Texinfo is a free computer program for generating documentation in multiple formats from a single source file. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
However, the format of a single page for each application, the lack of classification within the sections and the relatively unsophisticated formatting facilities have motivated the development of alternative documentation systems, such as the previously mentioned info system
Most Unix GUI applications (particularly those built using the GNOME and KDE development environments) now provide end-user documentation in HTML and include embedded HTML viewers for reading the help within the application. A graphical user interface (or GUI, often pronounced gooey), is a particular case of user interface for interacting with a computer which employs graphical images and widgets in addition to text to represent the information and actions available to the user. ...
A gnome (or Nisse) hiding behind a toadstool. ...
KDE (K Desktop Environment) (IPA: ) is a free software project which aims to be a powerful ecosystem for an easy-to-use desktop environment. ...
HTML, short for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. ...
Usually the man pages are written in English. Translations into other languages can be also available on the system.
The default format of the man pages is troff, with either the macro package man (appearance oriented) or mdoc (semantic oriented). This makes it possible to typeset a man page to PostScript, PDF and various other formats for viewing or printing (although most users still prefer the default terminal interface). Troff is a document processing system developed by AT&T for the Unix operating system. ...
The troff typesetting system includes sets of commands called macros that are run before starting to process the document. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Portable Document Format (PDF) is an open file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 and is now being prepared for submission as an ISO standard[1]. It is for representing two-dimensional documents in a device independent and resolution independent fixed-layout document format. ...
Manual sections The manual is generally split into eight numbered sections, organized as follows (on BSD Unix and Linux): BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ...
Linux (IPA pronunciation: ) is a Unix-like computer operating system family that uses the Linux kernel. ...
Unix System V uses a similar numbering scheme, except section 4 is file formats, section 5 is miscellany and section 7 is special files. In computing, a command is a directive to a computer program acting as an interpreter of some kind, in order to perform a specific task. ...
In computing, a system call is the mechanism used by an application program to request service from the operating system, or more specifically, the operating system kernel. ...
A C library is a collection of libraries used in programming with the C programming language. ...
A device file or special file is an interface for a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file. ...
Windows XP loading drivers during a Safe Mode bootup A device driver, or a software driver is a specific type of computer software, typically developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. ...
A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a computer file. ...
A computer game is a game composed of a computer-controlled virtual universe that players interact with in order to achieve a defined goal or set of goals. ...
A screensaver is a computer program originally designed to conserve the image quality of computer displays by blanking the screen or filling them with moving images or patterns when the computers are not in use. ...
In computing, a command is a directive to a computer program acting as an interpreter of some kind, in order to perform a specific task. ...
In Unix and other computer multitasking operating systems, a daemon is a computer program that runs in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user; they are usually instantiated as processes. ...
AT&T UNIX System V was one of the versions of the UNIX operating system. ...
On some systems some of the following sections are available:
The sections are further subdivided by means of a suffix letter, such that section 3C is for C library calls, 3M is for the math library, and so on. A consequence of this is that section 8 (system administration commands) is sometimes relegated to the 1M subsection of the main commands section. Some subsection suffixes have a general meaning across sections: A C library is a collection of libraries used in programming with the C programming language. ...
This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ...
In computer science, the kernel is the fundamental part of an operating system. ...
Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced like tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ...
In computing, Tk is an open source, cross-platform widget toolkit, that is, a library of basic elements for building a graphical user interface (GUI). ...
KDE 3. ...
The manual pages are stored as nroff source files. Most versions of man cache the formatted versions of the last several pages viewed. POSIX or Portable Operating System Interface for uniX is the collective name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API) for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system. ...
KDE 3. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
For an example of a man page see chmod. To see other options you can use with command man, enter the command man man. The chmod command (abbreviated from change mode) is a shell command in Unix and Unix-like environments. ...
Layout All man pages follow a common layout that is optimized for presentation on a simple ASCII text display - possibly without any form of highlighting or font control. The following sections headings are almost always present and are always in this order: There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ...
- NAME - The name of the command or function, followed by a one-line description of what it does.
- SYNOPSIS - In the case of a command, you get a formal description of how to run it and what command line options it takes. For program functions, a list of the parameters the function takes and which header file contains its definition. For experienced users, this may be all the documentation they need.
- DESCRIPTION - A textual description of the functioning of the command or function.
- EXAMPLES - Some examples of common usage.
- SEE ALSO - A list of related commands or functions.
Other sections may be present - but these are not well standardized across man pages. Common examples include: OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, ENVIRONMENT, KNOWN BUGS, FILES, AUTHOR, REPORTING BUGS and COPYRIGHT.
See also This is a list of Unix programs. ...
This is a list of Plan 9 programs. ...
info is a command line utility initially written for use with GNU/Linux and then ported to other Unix-like operating systems. ...
It has been suggested that UTFSF be merged into this article or section. ...
External links - Unix Programmer's Manual of November 3, 1971
man(1): format and display the on-line manual pages – Linux man page on die.net Linux (IPA pronunciation: ) is a Unix-like computer operating system family that uses the Linux kernel. ...
Repositories of manual pages This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL. Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ...
A command line interface or CLI is a method of interacting with a computer by giving it lines of textual commands (that is, a sequence of characters) either from keyboard input or from a script. ...
This is a list of Unix programs. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
The chdir or cd command (change directory) in the Unix and DOS operating systems, is used to change the current working directory. ...
The chmod command (abbreviated from change mode) is a shell command in Unix and Unix-like environments. ...
chown is a Unix command used to change the recorded owner of a computer file. ...
The chgrp command is used by unprivileged users on Unix-like systems to change the group associated with a file. ...
cp is the command entered in a Unix shell to copy a file from one place to another, possibly on a different filesystem. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
file is a program originated in Unix that runs under the shell (command-line) to determine the file type heuristically instead of other simpler ways to classify it, like with file extensions, MIMEs, etc. ...
The system utility fsck (for file system check or file system consistency check) is a tool for checking the consistency of a file system in the Unix system and clones thereof. ...
The ln command is used on Unix-like systems to create links between files. ...
LS may refer to: .ls, the Internet top-level domain for Lesotho Jet2. ...
lsof is a command found in almost any Unix system that reports open files by processes of a Operating System. ...
The mkdir command in the Unix operating system is used to make a new directory. ...
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MV can stand for: MV Mercury-vapor lamp Maldives (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 top level domain country code) MV is the IATA code for Armenian International Airways Marthas Vineyard Merchant vessel, a class of ship used in commercial or public transportation operations. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
split is a Unix utility most commonly used to split a file into one or more other files. ...
touch is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used for changing the date and timestamp on a file, but is also often used for creating an empty file. ...
The at command is used to schedule commands to be executed once at a particular time in the future. ...
A chroot on Unix operating systems is an operation which changes the root directory. ...
The correct title of this article is . ...
Wikibooks has more about this subject: kill In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, kill is a command used to send simple messages to processes running on the system. ...
killall is a command line utility initially written for use with the GNU/Linux operating systems. ...
nice (IPA pronunciation: ) is a command found on UNIX and other POSIX-like operating systems such as Linux. ...
pgrep is a command line utility initially written for use with the Solaris 7 operating systems and then ported to GNU/Linux. ...
pidof is a Linux utility that returns the process ID (PID) of a running process. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
sleep is an instruction for a computer that delays execution for a specified period of time. ...
This article is about a Unix command. ...
In many Unix-like operating systems, the top command produces a constantly-updated list of all resident processes, listed in order of CPU usage. ...
Pause for NUMBER seconds. ...
In Unix, watch runs the specified command repeatedly and displays the output on stdout so you can watch it change over time. ...
env is a shell utility for Unix-like operating systems (including Linux). ...
In computer networking, the Name/Finger protocol and the Finger user information protocol are simple network protocols for the exchange of human-oriented status and user information. ...
In computer software, id is a program in Unix operating systems that prints the uid of the account of which the program is executed by. ...
mesg is a Unix command that sets or reports the permission other users have to write to your terminal using the talk and write commands. ...
passwd is a tool on most Unix and Linux systems used to change a users password. ...
The Unix su (substitute user) command is used to assume the login shell of another user without logging out. ...
sudo (superuser do) is a program in Unix, Linux, and similar operating systems such as Mac OS X that allows users to run programs in the guise of another user (normally in the guise of the systems superuser). ...
In computer software, uname is a program in Unix operating systems that prints the name, version and other details about the running operating system. ...
Uptime is a measure of the time a computer system has been up and running. ...
The command w on many Unix-like operating systems provides a quick summary of every user logged into a computer, what that user is currently doing, and what load all the activity is imposing on the computer itself. ...
wall is a Unix command line utility. ...
who is a Unix-command which creates almost the same output as the Unix-command w; it shows you users currently logged in a system. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
write can refer to several Unix commands. ...
AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams. ...
cut is a Unix command which is typically used to extract a certain range of characters from a line, usually from a file. ...
In computing, diff is a file comparison utility that outputs the differences between two files. ...
ex, short for EXtended, is a line editor for Unix systems. ...
head is a program that shows the first 10 lines by default of a file or piped data, on Unix and Unix-like systems. ...
iconv is a computer program and a standardized API used to convert between different character encodings. ...
join is a command in Unix-like operating systems. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
Example output of the more command. ...
Paste is a Unix utility tool which is used to join files horizontally (parallel merging), e. ...
The correct title of this article is . ...
sort is a standard Unix command line program that prints the lines of its input in sorted order. ...
tail is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the last few lines of a text file or piped data. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
uniq is a Unix utility which, when fed a text file, outputs the file with adjacent identical lines collapsed to one. ...
wc (short for word count) is a command in Unix-like operating systems. ...
xargs is a command of the Unix and most Unix-like operating system which eases passing command output to another command as command line arguments. ...
In computing, a shell is a piece of software that provides an interface for users (command line interpreter). ...
echo is a command in Unix (and by extension, its descendants, such as Linux) and MS-DOS that places a string on the terminal. ...
expr is a command line Unix utility which evaluates an expression and outputs the corresponding value. ...
Several programming languages implement a printf function, to output a formatted string. ...
unset is a Unix shell command. ...
The Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) is a modularised computer printing system for Unix-like operating systems that allows computers to act as powerful print servers. ...
inetd is a daemon on many Unix systems that manages Internet services. ...
Screenshot of netstat in Windows XP Professional netstat is a command-line tool that displays a list of the active network connections the computer currently has, both incoming and outgoing. ...
ping in a Windows 2000 command window ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network. ...
In computing, rlogin is a Unix software utility that allows users to log in on another host via a network, communicating via TCP port 513. ...
tracert in action on Windows XP. traceroute, or tracepath on modern Linux systems, tracert on Windows operating system, is a TCP/IP utility which allows the user to determine the route packets take to reach a particular host. ...
For the EP by Hidden in Plain View, see Find (EP) The find program is a search utility, mostly found on Unix-like platforms. ...
grep is a command line utility that was originally written for use with the Unix operating system. ...
In computer software, strings is a program in Unix-like operating systems that prints the strings found in an executable. ...
The banner program displays a large ASCII art version of input text. ...
bc is an arbitrary precision calculator language with syntax similar to the C programming language. ...
cal is a standard program on Unix that prints an ASCII calendar of the given month or year. ...
size is a command line utility originally written for use with the Unix-like operating systems. ...
yes is a Unix command. ...
The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (FOLDOC) is an online, searchable encyclopedic dictionary of computing subjects. ...
GNU logo (similar in appearance to a gnu) The GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL or simply GFDL) is a copyleft license for free content, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. ...
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