Manually Coded Languages (MCLs) are representations of spoken languages in a gestural-visual form; that is, "sign language" versions of spoken languages. Unlike the sign languages that have evolved naturally in Deaf communities, which have distinct spatial grammars, Manually Coded Languages are the invention of hearing people, and follow the grammar of the spoken language — or, more precisely, of the written form of the spoken language. They have been mainly used in deaf education and by sign language interpreters, although they have had some influence on Deaf sign languages where their implementation was widespread. A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speakers thoughts. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... The term hearing or hearing person, from the perspective of mainstream English-language culture, refers to somone whose sense of hearing is at the medical norm. ... Interpreter can mean one of the following: In communication, an interpreter is a person whose role is to facilitate dialogue between two parties that do not use the same language. ...

History

It is unknown when the first attempts were made to represent a spoken language with gesture. Indeed, some have speculated that spoken languages may have evolved from sign languages, and there may be undocumented cases in history when spoken and signed modes of a language existed side by side. It is not uncommon for people to develop gestures to replace words or phrases in contexts where speech is not possible or not permitted, such as in a television studio, but these are usually limited in scope and rarely develop into complete representations of a spoken language. One of the most elaborated examples of this kind of auxiliary manual system is Walpiri Sign Language, a complete signed mode of spoken Warlpiri which was developed by an Indigenous community in central Australia due to cultural proscriptions against speech. Sign language linguists ususally make a distinction between these auxiliary sign languages and Manually Coded Languages; the latter are specifically designed for use in Deaf education, and usually represent the written form of the language. A television studio is an installation in which television or video productions take place, either for live television, for recording live on tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for postproduction. ... The Walpiri language is spoken by Aboriginal communities in the central desert region of Australia, and is also known as WALBIRI, ELPIRA, ILPARA, WAILBRI, WARLPIRI. When in mourning, Walpiri women often do not talk for long periods of time, and a signed mode of the language is used in its... The Warlpiri language is spoken by about 3000 of the Warlpiri people in Australias Northern Territory. ... The Indigenous Australians are the first inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands, continuing their presence during European settlement. ... Central Australia is a term used to describe the area of land surrounding and including Alice Springs in Australia. ...

In seventh century England, Bede, a Benedictine monk, proposed a system for representing the letters of the Latin alphabet on the fingers. Monastic Sign Languages used throughout medieval Europe used manual alphabets as well as signs, and were capable of representing a written language, if one had enough patience. Aside from the commonly understood rationale of observing "vows of silence", they also served as mnemonics (memory aids) for preachers. These manual alphabets began to be used to teach the deaf children of royalty in 17th century Spain, and can be seen as a kind of proto-Manually Coded Language. Such alphabets are in widespread use today by signing deaf communities for representing words or phrases of the spoken language used in their part of the world. ( 6th century - 7th century - 8th century - other centuries) Events Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is written, and Arabs subjugate Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, North Africa and Central Asia to Islam. ... Bede depicted in an early medieval manuscript Depiction of Bede from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493. ... A Benedictine is a person who follows the Rule of St Benedict. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... A manual alphabet is a system of representing all the letters of an alphabet, using only the hands. ... A vow of silence is a period where you cant speak. ... A mnemonic (pronounced in American English, in British English) is a memory aid. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

The earliest known attempt to develop a complete signed mode of a language which could be used to teach deaf children was by the Abbé de l'Épée, an educator from 18th century France. While the Deaf community already used a sign language (now known as Old French Sign Language), Épée thought it must be primitive, and set about designing a complete visual-gestural system to represent the concepts of religion and law that he wanted to impart to his pupils. His system of signes méthodiques (usually known in English as "Methodical Signs") was quite idiosyncratic, and although it wasn't a strict representation of French, its success laid the groundwork for the "signed spoken languages" of today. The real proliferation of such systems occurred in the latter half of the 20th century, and by the 1980s, Manually Coded Languages were the dominant form of communication used by teachers and interpreters in classrooms with deaf students in many parts of the world. Most sign language "interpreting" seen on television in the 1970s and 1980s would have in fact been a transliteration of a spoken language into a Manually Coded Language. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Old French Sign Language was the language of the Deaf community in Paris in the 18th century. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ... It has been suggested that Interpreter be merged into this article or section. ... Transliteration in a narrow sense is a mapping from one system of writing into another. ...

The emerging recognition of sign languages in recent times has curbed the growth of Manually Coded Languages, and in many places, interpreting and educational services now favor the use of the natural sign languages of the Deaf community. In some parts of the world, MCLs continue to be developed and supported by state institutions; a contemporary example is Arabic Sign Language. Some MCL systems (such as the Paget Gorman Sign System) have survived by shifting their focus from deaf education to people with other kinds of communication needs.

Criticisms

The use of MCLs is controversial, and has been opposed since Épée's time by "oralists" who believe Deaf people should speak, lipread and use hearing aids rather than sign — and on the other side, from defenders of Deaf culture who resist attempts to supplant their community language with the language of the dominant (Hearing) culture. Members of the signing Deaf community usually find MCLs "unnatural" and "cumbersome", but elements of these systems have also had an influence on deaf sign languages (see Contact Sign). Oralism is a philosophy of deaf education which asserts that instruction of students should primarily or exclusively be through the use of lip reading and spoken language (usually along with speech therapy). ... A hearing aid is a device used to help the hard-of-hearing hear sounds better. ... Deaf community and Deaf culture are two phrases used to refer to persons who are culturally Deaf as opposed to those who are deaf from the medical/audiological/pathological perspective. ... -1...

Research in the U.S. have shown that Manually Coded English is usually applied incompletely and inconsistently in classrooms — Hearing teachers tend to "cut corners" by not signing word endings and "function words", possibly because they slow down the pace and distort the phrasing of the teacher's natural speech. The result is a kind of "Pidgin Sign English" which lacks the grammatical complexity of both English and American Sign Language. Manually Coded English is a generic descriptive term for a variety of visual communication methods expressed through the hands which attempt to represent the English language. ... Function words are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. ... American Sign Language (ASL, also Amslan obs. ...

Major approaches

There have been many different approaches to manually coding spoken languages. Some consist of fingerspelling everything, a technique sometimes known in English as the "Rochester method" after Rochester School for the Deaf in New York where it was used from 1878 until the 1940s. While most MCLs are slower than spoken or sign languages, this method is especially so, and in modern times is generally considered not to be accessible to children. However, some deafblind people still communicate primarily using the Rochester Method. Most Manually Coded Languages can accommodate Simultaneous Communication — that is, signing and apeaking at the same time — although the natural pace of speech may need to be slowed down at times. A manual alphabet is a system of representing all the letters of an alphabet, using only the hands. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 27th 141,205 km² 455 km 530 km 13. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... // Events and trends World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atomic bomb. ... Deafblindness (or deaf-blindness) is the condition of a person who is both deaf and blind. ... Simultaneous Communication is a technique sometimes developed by deaf, hard-of-hearing or hearing sign language interpreters in which both a spoken language and a manual variant of that language (such as English and Manually Coded English) are used simultaneously by the speaker. ...

A unique system that was widespread in British deaf education from the 1960s to the 1980s is the Paget Gorman Sign System. Developed in Britain 1930s, it uses 37 basic signs and 21 standard hand postures to represent a large vocabulary of English words, word endings and verb tenses. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. ...

Signed spoken languages

These systems ("Signed English", "Signed German" and so on) were the vehicle for the world-wide explosion of MCLs in deaf education in the second half of the 20th century, and are what is generally meant by the phrase "Manually Coded Language" today. They aim to be a word-for-word representation of the written form of a spoken language, and accordingly require the development of an enormous vocabulary. They usually achieve this by taking signs ("lexicon") from the local deaf sign language as a base, then adding specially-created signs for words and word endings that don't exist in the deaf sign language, often using "initialisations", and filling in any gaps with fingerspelling. Thus "Signed English" in America (based on ASL) has a lexicon quite different to "Signed English" in Britain (based on BSL), as well as the Signed Englishes of Ireland, Australasia and South Africa. Various attempts to develop a signed mode of the English language have been developed for use in deaf education. ... A lexicon is usually a list of words together with additional word-specific information, i. ... A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speakers thoughts. ... A manual alphabet is a system of representing all the letters of an alphabet, using only the hands. ... American Sign Language (ASL, also Amslan obs. ... British sign language (BSL) is the sign language used in the United Kingdom (UK). ...

Cued Speech

Another widespread approach, Cued Speech, is a visual representation of the phonemes (sounds) of a spoken language. As the entire set of phonemes for a spoken language is small (English has 35 to 45, depending on the dialect), the system is relatvely easy to adapt for other languages. As of 2006, 60 languages or dialects have Cued Speech systems, though many are not in use or in marginal use. Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... In human language, a phoneme is a set of phones (speech sounds or sign elements) that are cognitively equivalent. ... A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ... 2006 (MMVI in Roman) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Cued Speech can be seen as a manual supplement to lipreading. A small number of handshapes (representing consonants) and locations near the mouth (representing vowels) differentiate between sounds not distinguishable from on the lips; in tonal languages, the inclination and movement of the hand follows the tone. When viewed together with lip patterns, the gestures render all phonemes of the spoken language intelligible visually. Lip reading is a technique of understanding spoken language without hearing its sounds. ... A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by an open configuration of the vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure above the glottis. ... It has been suggested that Tonal language be merged into this article or section. ... In human language, a phoneme is a set of phones (speech sounds or sign elements) that are cognitively equivalent. ...

Cued Speech is not traditionally referred to as a Manually Coded Language; although it was developed with the same aims as the Signed Spoken Languages, to improve English language literacy in Deaf children, it follows the sounds rather than the written form of the spoken language. Thus, speakers with different accents will "cue" differently.

List of manually coded languages

• Afrikaans: Signed Afrikaans; Cued Speech (Afrikaans)
• Alu (Thailand): Cued Speech (Alu)
• Arabic: Arabic Sign Language; Cued Speech (Arabic)
• Bahasa Melayu: see Malay.
• Bengali: Cued Speech (Bengali)
• Byelorussian: Cued Speech (Byelorussian)
• Chinese:
  • Cantonese: Cued Speech (Cantonese (Chinese))
  • Wenfa Shouyu (Signed Mandarin (Taiwan)); Cued Speech (Mandarin)
• Catalan: Cued Speech (Catalan)
• Croatian: Cued Speech (Croatian-Serbian)
• Czech: Cued Speech (Czech)
• Danish: Signed Danish; Cued Speech (Danish)
• Dutch: Cued Speech (Dutch)
  • Netherlandic Dutch: Signed Dutch (Netherlands); Sign Supported Dutch
  • Flemish: Vlamisch met Gebaren ("Signed Dutch (Belguim)")
• English (see Manually Coded English): The "Rochester Method" — (different manual alphabets are used in different regions).
  • American English: American Signed English; Seeing Essential English (SEE1); Signing Exact English (SEE2); Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE); Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE); Cued Speech (American English)
  • Australian English: Australasian Signed English; Cued Speech (Australian English)
  • British English: British Signed English; Sign Supported Speech (SSS) or Sign Supported English (SSE) (speaking English with key-word signing); Cued Speech (British, Standard Southern); Paget Gorman Signed Speech (PGSS).
  • Hiberno-English (Ireland): Signed English (Ireland)
  • Scottish English: Cued Speech (Scottish English)
  • South African English: Cued Speech (South African English)
  • Trinidadian Creole English and Tobagonian Creole English: Cued Speech (Trinidad-Tobago (English))
• Esperanto: Signuno
• Filipino: Cued Speech (Filipino-Tagalog)
• Finnish: Signed Finnish; Cued Speech (Finnish and Finnish-Swedish)
• Flemish: see Dutch (Belgium).
• French:
  • Belgian French: Signed French (Belgium)
  • Canadian French: Signed French (Canada); Cued Speech (French-Canadian)
  • Standard French (France): le Français Signé (Signed French, France); Cued Speech (French) ("Langage parlé complété", LPC)
• German:
  • Standard German: Signed German - Lautsprachbegleitende(r) Gebärden or Lautbegleitende Gebärden (LBG, "Speech accompanied signs"); Cued Speech (German) ("Phonembestimmes Manualsystem", Phonemic Manual System)
  • Swiss German: Cued Speech (Swiss German)
• Greek: Cued Speech (Greek)
• Gujarati: Cued Speech (Gujarati)
• Hawaiian: Cued Speech (Hawaiian)
• Hebrew: Signed Hebrew; Cued Speech
• Hindi-Urdu: Indian Signing System (ISS) (vocabulary taken from ISL, adapted for various Indian languages)
  • Hindi: Cued Speech (Hindi)
  • Urdu: Signed Urdu
• Hungarian: Cued Speech (Hungarian)
• Igbo: Cued Speech (Igbo)
• Indonesian: Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia (SIBI, "Signed Indonesian"); Cued Speech (Indonesian)
• Italian: Cued Speech (Italian)
• Japanese: Signed Japanese (also known as Manually Coded Japanese, Simultaneous Methodic Signs); Cued Speech
• Kituba (Kongo-based creole): Cued Speech (Kiluba-Kituba)
• Korean: Cued Speech (Korean)
• Lingala: Cued Speech (Lingala)
• Luba-Katanga: Cued Speech (Kiluba-Kituba)
• Malagasy: Cued Speech (Malagasy)
• Malay: Bahasa Malaysia Kod Tangan (BMKT) (Manually Coded Malay)
• Malayalam: Cued Speech (Malayalam)
• Mandarin: See Chinese.
• Marathi: Cued Speech
• Navajo: Cued Speech
• Norwegian: SIgned Norwegian
• Oriya: Cued Speech
• Polish: System Językowo-Migowy (SJM) (Signed Polish); Signing Exact Polish; Cued Speech
• Portuguese: Signed Portuguese
  • Brazilian Portuguese: Cued Speech (Brazilian)
  • European Portuguese: Cued Speech (European) (Português Falado Complementado)
• Russian: Signed Russian
• Serbian: Cued Speech (Croatian-Serbian)
• Shona: Cued Speech (Shona)
• Spanish: Signed Spanish; Cued Speech (Spanish) (Método Oral Complementado, MOC)
• Swahili: Cued Speech (Swahili)
• Swedish: Tecknad svenska, ("Signed Swedish"), developed in the 1970s but now largely out of use; Cued Speech (Swedish)
• Tagalog: Cued Speech (Filipino-Tagalog)
• Telegu: Cued Speech (Telegu)
• Thai: Cued Speech (Thai)
• Tshiluba: Cued Speech (Tshiluba)
• Turkish: Cued Speech (Turkish)
• Urdu: see Hindi-Urdu.
• Warlpiri (Australia): Warlpiri Sign Language

Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia with smaller numbers of speakers in Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and Zambia. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Arabic (; , less formally, ) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... The Malay language, also known locally as Bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people who are native to the Malay peninsula, southern Thailand, Singapore and parts of Sumatra. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Belarusian is the language of the Belarusian nation. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cantonese generally refers to people or things associated with Guangdong Province, Hong Kong or Macau in China. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Catalan (Català) or Valencian (Valencià) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra and co-official in several regions of Spain. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... The term Flemish language can designate: the official language of Flanders, which is Dutch with only very small variations; any of the regional dialects of Dutch spoken in Belgium; these are more different from Dutch than the official language of Flanders; one of these dialects, the West Flemish. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Manually Coded English is a generic descriptive term for a variety of visual communication methods expressed through the hands which attempt to represent the English language. ... A manual alphabet is a system of representing all the letters of an alphabet, using only the hands. ... American English (AmE) is the dialect of the English language used mostly in the United States of America. ... Various attempts to develop a signed mode of the English language have been developed for use in deaf education. ... Signing Exact English (SEE) is a system of sign language that strives to be an exact representation of English. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Australian English (AuE) is the form of the English language used in Australia. ... Various attempts to develop a signed mode of the English language have been developed for use in deaf education. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... British English (BrE) is a term used to differentiate the form of the English language used in the United Kingdom from other forms of the English language used elsewhere. ... Various attempts to develop a signed mode of the English language have been developed for use in deaf education. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Various attempts to develop a signed mode of the English language have been developed for use in deaf education. ... Scottish English is taken by some to include Scots and by others to exclude it. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... South African English is a dialect of English spoken in South Africa and to some extent, in neighbouring countries with a large number of Anglo-Africans living in them, such as Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Trinidadian Creole English is a dialect of Creole English which is the general spoken language in Trinidad. ... Tobagonian Creole English is a dialect of Creole English which is the general spoken language in Tobago. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Look up Esperanto in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Signuno alphabet & numerals Signuno is signed Esperanto, derived from Gestuno roots and Esperanto morphology by an anonymous author. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... The term Flemish language can designate: the official language of Flanders, which is Dutch with only very small variations; any of the regional dialects of Dutch spoken in Belgium; these are more different from Dutch than the official language of Flanders; one of these dialects, the West Flemish. ... Belgian French is the variety of French spoken by the french speakers of Belgium, alongside related minority regional languages like the Walloon language, the Picard language, Champenois and Gaumais. ... French is one of Canadas two official languages; the other is English and is the language of the majority (see Canadian English). ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizerdütsch, Schwyzertütsch, Schwizertitsch) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujarātī; also sometimes Gujrati) is one of the 22 official language and 14 regional languages spoken in India. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Hawaiian is the ancestral language of the indigenous people of the Hawaiian Islands, the Hawaiians, a Polynesian people. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Hebrew (עִבְרִית ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than 7 million people, mainly in Israel, the West Bank, the United States and by Jewish communities around the world. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Hindustani is a term used by linguists to describe several closely related idioms in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. ... Hindi (हिन्दी) is a language spoken mainly in North and Central India. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Urdu () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family which developed under Persian, Turkish, and Arabic influence in South Asia during the time of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Igbo (also known, less commonly, as Ibo; Ndi Igbo in Igbo) is a language spoken in Nigeria by around 18 million speakers (the Igbo), especially in the southeastern region once identified as Biafra. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Kongo or Kikongo is the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo and Angola. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Lingala is a Bantu language spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) and a large part of the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), as well as to some degree in Angola and the Central African Republic. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Not to be confused with the Malayalam language, spoken in India. ... Kod Tangan Bahasa Malaysia (KTBM), or Manually Coded Malay, is the only form of sign language recognised by the government in Malaysia as the language of communication for the Deaf. ... Malayalam (മലയാളം) is the language of the state of Kerala, in southern India. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Navajo (also Navaho) (in Navajo: Diné bizaad) is an Athabaskan language (of Na-Dené stock) spoken in the southwest United States by the Navajo people (Diné). It is geographically and linguistically one of the Southern Athabaskan languages (the majority of Athabaskan languages are spoken in northwest Canada and Alaska). ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Oriya (ଓଡ଼ିଆ ) is one of the Indian languages mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa, though there are also significant Oriya-speaking populations in other linguistic regions, such as the Medinpur district of West Bengal and Saraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Brazilian Portuguese is a collective name for the varieties of the Portuguese language written and spoken by virtually all the 180 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a couple million Brazilian immigrants and temporary workers in other countries, mainly in Canada, United States, Portugal, Paraguay and Japan. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... European Portuguese (EP) is the form of the Portuguese language used in Portugal. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... The Serbian language is one of the standard versions of the Štokavian dialect (former standard was known as Serbo-Croatian language). ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Shona (or ChiShona) is a native language of Zimbabwe; the term is also used to identify those Kintu speaking peoples in Southern Africa who speak one of the Shona languages. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... This article is about the language. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Tagalog (pronunciation: ) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Telugu (తెలుగు) belongs to the Dravidian language family and is the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Contents // Categories: Bantu languages | Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | Language stubs ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Cued Speech is a manual system invented by Dr. R. Orin Cornett which, disambiguates spoken language at the level of the phoneme. ... Urdu () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family which developed under Persian, Turkish, and Arabic influence in South Asia during the time of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ... The Warlpiri language is spoken by about 3000 of the Warlpiri people in Australias Northern Territory. ... The Warlpiri language is spoken by the Warlpiri Aboriginal community in the central desert region of Australia, and is also known as WALBIRI, ELPIRA, ILPARA, WAILBRI and WALPIRI. When in mourning, Warlpiri women often do not talk for long periods of time, and a signed mode of the language is...

See also

• Contact sign — A mixed language arising from contact between a spoken or manually coded language and a deaf sign language.
• Manual alphabet — a means of representing the written alphabet of a spoken language, but often a central part of natural sign languages.
• Manually Coded English
• Makaton

-1... A mixed language is a language that arises when two languages are in contact and there is a high degree of bilingualism among speakers. ... A manual alphabet is a system of representing all the letters of an alphabet, using only the hands. ... Manually Coded English is a generic descriptive term for a variety of visual communication methods expressed through the hands which attempt to represent the English language. ... Makaton (trademark) is a system of communication based on a combination of spoken words, sign language vocabulary (originally adapted from British Sign Language), and graphic symbols. ...

References

• ISO 639-2 codes for "signed spoken languages" (eg. Ethnologue Table C)
• Cued Speech languages - list of languages and dialects that have Cued Speech systems
• Sign Languages and Codes of the World by Region and by Name - Gallaudet University library online
• Rehab Council of India
• Kluwin, T. (l981). The grammaticality of manual representation of English in classroom settings. American Annals of the Deaf, 126, 417-421.
• Marmor, G. & Pettito, L. (l979). Simultaneous communication in the classroom: How well is English grammar represented? Sign Language Studies, 23, 99-136.
• Woodward, J. & Allen, T. (l988). Classroom use of artificial sign systems by teachers. Sign Language Studies, 61, 405-418.