| Mapuche |
 | | | Total population | | ca. 900,000 Image File history File links Incubator-notext. ...
Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ...
Incubator logo The Wikimedia Incubator is a wiki run by Wikimedia Foundation. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (534x800, 86 KB) Summary This photograph was taken by: Gabriel Ortega Berger. ...
| | Regions with significant populations | | Chile, Argentina (Araucania and Patagonia) | | Language(s) | | Mapudungun, Spanish | | Religion(s) | | Own religion plus Christianity (Catholicism and Evangelicalism) | | Related ethnic groups | | Picunche | Mapuche (Mapudungun; Che, "People" + Mapu, "of the Land") are the Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. They were known as Araucanos (Araucanians) by the Spaniards but this is now considered pejorative by the people and the term Mapuche is the one most often used by people in conversation and in the media in Chile and Argentina and is the one preferred by them. Contrary to popular belief, the Quechua word arauco (rebel), is not the root of araucano: it is more likely derived from the placename Arauco, meaning "clayey water" in Mapudungun[1][2]. The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (also called New France) was a micronation founded by a French lawyer and adventurer named Orelie-Antoine de Tounens in southern South America in the mid 19th century. ...
Mapudungun test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapudungun (mapu means earth and dungun means to speak) is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is earth and che means people) people. ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is...
As a Christian ecclesiastical term, Catholic - from the Greek adjective , meaning general or universal [1] - is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as follows: ~Church, (originally) whole body of Christians; ~, belonging to or in accord with (a) this, (b) the church before separation into Greek or Eastern and Latin or...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The word evangelicalism often refers to...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Mapudungun test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapudungun (mapu means earth and dungun means to speak) is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is earth and che means people) people. ...
Native Americans redirects here. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Quechuan languages. ...
Arauco, a coastal province of southern Chile, bounded N., E. and S. by the provinces of Concepcion, Bio-bio, Malleco and Cautin. ...
The Mapuche had an economy based on agriculture; their social organisation consisted of extended families, under the direction of a "lonko" or chief, although in times of war they would unite in larger groupings and elect a "toqui" ('axe-bearer') to lead them. A lonco is a tribal chief of the Mapuches. ...
Toqui is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean people) to those who are chosen as their leader during times of war. ...
The Mapuche are a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups which shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage. Their influence extended between the Aconcagua River and the Argentine pampa. The Mapuche (note that Mapuche can refer to the whole group of Picunches, Huilliches and Mapuches from Araucanía or exclusively to Mapuches from Araucanía) inhabited the valleys between the Itata and Toltén Rivers, as well as the Huilliche, the Lafkenche, and the Pehuenche. The northern Aonikenk, called Patagons by Ferdinand Magellan, were an ethnic group of the pampa regions that made contact with some Mapuche groups, adopting their language and some culture (in what came to be called the Araucanization); they are the Tehuelche. The Aconcagua river rises on the southern slope of the volcano Aconcagua, flows eastward through a broad valley, or bay in the mountains, and enters the Pacific 12 m. ...
AraucanÃa is Chiles ninth administrative region from north to south. ...
Itata River flows in BÃo-BÃo Region, southern Chile. ...
Nueva Toltén is a comuna, city and municipality in the Araucania Region, southern Chile. ...
Huillice is an Araucanian language spoken in Chile. ...
1840s (fanciful) illustration of Patagon chief from near the Straits of Magellan, bedecked in costume of war; from by French explorer Jules Dumont dUrville The Patagones or Patagonian giants are a mythical race of people, who first began to appear in early European accounts of the then little-known...
For the Presidential railcar named Ferdinand Magellan, see Ferdinand Magellan Railcar. ...
The Araucanization (Spanish: Araucanización) was the process of expansion of Mapuche culture and language into the patagonic plains. ...
Patagonian camp, 1838 Tehuelches is the collective name of the native tribes of Patagonia. ...
History
Origin
 Huamán Poma de Ayala's picture about the confrontation between the Incas (left) and the Mapuches (right) The origin of the Mapuche is not clear. The Mapuche language Mapudungun, has been classified by some authorities as being related to the Penutian languages of North America. Others group it among the Andean languages (Greenberg 1987, Key 1978), and yet others postulate an Araucanian-Mayan relationship (Stark 1970, Hamp 1971); Croese (1989, 1991) has advanced the hypothesis that it is related to Arawak. A recent study found by analysing their DNA that Mapuche pre-columbian chickens came from Polynesia;[1][2][3][4] this suggests contact between the Mapuche and Polynesia, since Polynesian chickens could not have travelled by themselves into the Americas. One of the earliest sites of human occupation in the Americas, Monte Verde, lies within what was later to become Huilliche territory, although there is currently no demonstrated link between the Monte Verde people and the Mapuche. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 452 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (547 × 726 pixel, file size: 89 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From Chiles national library. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 452 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (547 × 726 pixel, file size: 89 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From Chiles national library. ...
Inca redirects here. ...
Mapudungun test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapudungun (mapu means earth and dungun means to speak) is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is earth and che means people) people. ...
The Penutian is a phylum (or stock) of language families that include many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California. ...
The adjective Mayan is sometimes used to refer to the indigenous peoples of parts of Mexico and Central America, their culture, language, and history. ...
Arowak woman (John Gabriel Stedman) The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for cassava flour), was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in the West Indies. ...
The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Carving from the ridgepole of a MÄori house, ca 1840 Polynesia (from Greek: πολÏÏ‚ many, νῆσος island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ...
Monte Verde is an archaeological site in south-central Chile, which is suspected to date 12,500 years before present, making it one of the earliest inhabited sites in the Americas. ...
Huillice is an Araucanian language spoken in Chile. ...
War of Arauco - Main article: Arauco War
The Mapuche successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organisation. The Arauco War was a long conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people of the region of AraucanÃa, of modern Chile. ...
For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ...
They fought against the Spaniards for over 300 years. Initial conquests of land by Spain in the late 16th century were repelled by the Mapuche, so effectively that there were areas to which Europeans did not return until late in the 19th century. One of the main geographical boundaries was the Bío-Bío River, which the Mapuche used as a natural barrier to Spanish and Chilean incursion. The 300 years were not uniformly a period of hostility, but often allowed substantial trade and interchange between Mapuche and Spaniards or Chileans. Nevertheless, the long Mapuche resistance has become primarily known as the War of Arauco, and is immortalized in Alonso de Ercilla's epic poem La Araucana. The BÃo-BÃo at Concepción close to where it meets the sea The Bio-Bio River is a river in Chile. ...
Look up Trade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Trade centers on the exchange of goods and/or services. ...
The Arauco War was a long conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people of the region of AraucanÃa, of modern Chile. ...
Alonso de Ercilla (1533 - 1594) was a Basque nobleman from Spain, and author of epic poem La Araucana. ...
La Araucana is an epic poem in Spanish about the Spanish conquest of Chile, by Alonso de Ercilla; it is also known in English as The Araucaniad. ...
When Chile revolted from the Spanish crown, some Mapuche chiefs sided with the colonists; most, however, regarded the matter with indifference. This lack of concern shows how the Mapuche perceived that they were their own people on their own land, and did not realize the potential threat the colonists would pose to their culture. After Chile's independence from Spain, the Mapuche coexisted and traded with their neighbours, who prudently remained north of the Bío-Bío River, although clashes occurred frequently.
Occupation of the Araucanía - Main article: Occupation of the Araucanía
Chilean population pressures increased on the Mapuche borders, and by the 1880s Chile extended both to the north and to the south of the Mapuche heartlands. Further, Chile in the 1880s, as a result of its preparation for and its victory in the War of the Pacific against Bolivia and Peru, found itself with a large standing army and a relatively modern arsenal for the period. Finally, in the mid- to late-1880s, partially on the pretext of crushing a French adventurer, Orelie-Antoine de Tounens, who had declared himself King of Araucania, Chile overwhelmed the Mapuche in the course of the so-called "pacification of the Araucanía". Map showing the old and the new frontier established by 1870 The Occupation of the Araucania (1861-1883) were a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetration by the Chilean Army and settlers that lead to the incorporation of the AraucanÃa to the national territory. ...
Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan BuendÃa Andrés Cáceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Juan Williams Strength Peru-Bolivian Army 7,000 soldiers in 1878 Peruvian Navy 2 ironclad, 1 corvette, 1 gunboat Army of Chile 4,000 soldiers in...
Orelie-Antoine I, would-be-King of Araucania and Patagonia. ...
Map showing the old and the new frontier established by 1870 The Occupation of the Araucania (1861–1883) were a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetration by the Chilean Army and settlers that lead to the incorporation of the AraucanÃa to the Chilean national territory. ...
 Vintage engraving of Mapuche Using a combination of force and diplomacy, Chile's government obliged some Mapuche leaders to sign a treaty absorbing the Araucanian territories into Chile. The immediate impact of the war was widespread starvation and disease. It has been claimed that the Mapuche population dropped from a total of half a million to 25,000 within a generation[3], though the latter figure has been called an exaggeration by several authorities. In the post-conquest period, however, there were internment of a significant percentage of the Mapuche, the wholesale destruction of the Mapuche herding, agricultural and trading economies, the wholesale looting of Mapuche property (real and personal - including a large amount of silver jewelry to replenish the Chilean national coffers), and the creation and institutionalization of a system of reserves called reducciones along lines similar to North American reservation systems. Subsequent generations of Mapuche live in extreme poverty as a direct result of being conquered and expropriated. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 453 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1181 × 1562 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 453 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1181 × 1562 pixel, file size: 1. ...
This article is about extreme malnutrition. ...
This article is about the medical term. ...
Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ...
Reductions (known as Reducciones de Indios or simply Reducciones in Spanish) were towns founded by the Spanish colonizers of the New World with the purpose of assimilating indigenous populations into European culture and religion. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Recent history Mapuche descendants now live across southern Chile and Argentina; some maintain their traditions and continue living from agriculture, but a growing majority have migrated to cities in search of better economic opportunities. Chile's region IX continues to have a rural population made up of approximately 80%; there are also substantial Mapuche populations in regions X, VIII, and VII. AraucanÃa is Chiles ninth administrative region from north to south. ...
Los Lagos (Spanish The lakes) is Chiles tenth administrative region from north to south. ...
BÃo-BÃo is Chiles eighth administrative region from north to south. ...
Maule is Chiles seventh administrative region from north to south. ...
In recent years, there has been an attempt by the Chilean government to redress some of the inequities of the past, by, for example, validating the Mapudungun language and culture by including them in the curriculum of elementary schools around Temuco. Nevertheless, land disputes and violent interactions do continue in some Mapuche areas, particularly in the northern sections of the IX region between and around Traiguén and Lumaco - where a history of conflict continues into the present. Temuco Temuco, which in the mapudungun language means temu water, herbal tree used by Mapuches to cure diseases, is the capital of the IX región (la AraucanÃa), Chile, and is located 670kms south of Santiago. ...
Representatives from Mapuche organisations joined the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation (UNPO) seeking recognition and protection for their cultural and land rights. Logo of the UNPO The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is a democratic, international organization. ...
Though Japanese and Swiss interests are active in the region that Chileans call "Araucanía" and the Mapuche call "Ngulu Mapu", both of the main forestry companies are Chilean-owned. On land the Mapuche claim is theirs, the firms have planted hundreds of thousands of acres with Monterey pine and eucalyptus trees, species that are not native to the region and that consume large amounts of water and fertilizer.
Chilean exports of wood to the United States, almost all of which come from this southern region, are about $600 million a year and rising. Though an international campaign led by the conservation group Forest Ethics resulted in the Home Depot chain and other leading wood importers agreeing to revise their purchasing policies, to "provide for the protection of native forests in Chile," some Mapuche leaders were not satisfied.
In an effort to defuse tensions, a special government body, the Commission for Historical Truth and New Treatment, issued a report in 2003 calling for drastic changes in Chile's treatment of its indigenous people, more than 80 percent of whom are Mapuche. The recommendations included the formal recognition of political and "territorial" rights for aboriginal peoples, as well as efforts to promote their cultural identity.
In recent years Mapuche activists have been prosecuted under counter-terrorism legislation originally introduced by Pinochet. The law allows prosecutors to withhold evidence from the defence for up to six months, and to conceal the identity of witnesses, who may give evidence in court behind screens. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was President of Chile as a military dictator [2] from 1974 to 1990, and head of the military junta from 1973 to 1974. ...
Culture According to genetic studies, most Chilean Mapuche possess some non-aboriginal ancestry, and over 60% of Chile's non-aboriginal population possess Native American ancestry, in varying degrees, although until recently very few Chileans would admit their Native American admixture. There were 604,349 Mapuche according to the census of 2002, making up approximately 4% of the Chilean population, while an estimated 300,000 live on the other side of the Andes in Argentina. Due to the loss of their lands, many Mapuche now live in impoverished conditions in large cities such as Santiago. See also: Demographics of Chile. Mapuche resistance continues, especially against the large forestry companies exploiting traditional lands. Pinochet-era anti-terrorism laws have frequently been used in recent years against certain community leaders and Mapuche political activists. In Argentina the own community mapuche defers much from the census made by the INDEC and esteem that the population mapuche in Argentina is of 500,000 people [5]. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Mapuches. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Mapuches. ...
Native Americans redirects here. ...
This article is about the mountain system in South America. ...
Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: , Region Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government - Mayor Raúl AlcaÃno Lihn Area 1 - City 22. ...
Population of Chile from 1950, projected up to 2050 (INE) Chile has a population of over 16 million people. ...
A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ...
General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte1 (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ...
Terrorist redirects here. ...
At the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Mapuche were capable of sufficiently organizing themselves to create a network of forts and complex defensive buildings but also ceremonial constructions such as some mounds recently discovered near Purén.[4] They quickly adopted metal-working and horseback-riding from the Europeans, along with the cultivation of wheat and sheep. In the long 300 year coexistence between the Spanish colonies and the relatively well-delineated autonomous Mapuche regions, the Mapuche also developed a strong tradition of trading with the Spanish/Chileans. It is this which lies at the heart of the Mapuche silver-working tradition, for it was from the large and widely-dispersed quantity of Spanish and Chilean silver coins that the Mapuche wrought their elaborate jewelry, head bands, etc. Look up mound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. ...
horse, see Horse (disambiguation). ...
Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ...
Species See text. ...
Mapuche languages -
Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and to a smaller extent in Argentina. They have two branches: Huilliche and Mapudungun. Although not related, there is some discernible lexical influence from Quechua. It is estimated that only about 200,000 full-fluency speakers remain in Chile, and the language still receives only token support in the educational system. In recent years it has started to be taught in rural schools of Bio-Bio, Araucanía and Los Lagos Regions. Mapudungun test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapudungun (mapu means earth and dungun means to speak) is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is earth and che means people) people. ...
Huilliche language is an Araucanian language spoken by about 2,000 (1982) in Chile by the ethnic Huilliche people. ...
Mapudungun test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapudungun (mapu means earth and dungun means to speak) is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche (mapu is earth and che means people) people. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Quechuan languages. ...
BÃo-BÃo is Chiles eighth administrative region from north to south. ...
AraucanÃa is Chiles ninth administrative region from north to south. ...
Los Lagos (Spanish The lakes) is Chiles tenth administrative region from north to south. ...
Mythology and beliefs -
Central to Mapuche belief is the role of the "Machi" (Shaman). It is usually filled by a woman, following an apprenticeship with an older Machi, and has many of the characteristics typical of shamans. The Machi performs ceremonies for curing diseases, warding off evil, influencing weather, harvests, social interactions and dreamwork. Machis often have extensive knowledge of Chilean medicinal herbs, though as biodiversity in the Chilean countryside has declined due to commercial agriculture and forestry, the dissemination of such knowledge has also declined but is in revival. Machis, also, have an extensive knowledge of sacred stones and the sacred animals. In the mythology and beliefs of the Mapuche people, the Machi (Shaman), a role usually filled by older women, is an extremely important part of the Mapuche culture, even today and in parallel with Christianity. ...
For other uses, see Believe. ...
A Machi is a shaman or (usually) a good witch in the Mapuche culture of South America; and is also an important character and the Mapuche mythology. ...
The shaman is an intellectual and spiritual figure who is regarded as possessing power and influence on other peoples in the tribe and performs several functions, primarily that of a healer ( medicine man). The shaman provides medical care, and serves other community needs during crisis times, via supernatural means (means...
Medicinal herbs Achillea millefolium Yarrow Allium sativum Garlic Artemisia absinthium L, Wormwood Sweet sagewort Crataegus spp. ...
The most important beliefs of the Mapuche are expressed in the tale Trentren Vilu y Caicai Vilu, and manifest in the Ngens and Pillans spirits, the Kalku and Wekufe (evil/illness) spirits, the Chonchon, the Piuchen, the Nguruvilu) and La Calchona. The Ngen are spirits of the nature in the mapuche mythology. ...
The Pillan (of the language mapudungun and Spanish Pillán) is a powerful and respected masculine spirit in the Mapuche mythology. ...
Kalku or Calcu, in Chilean folklore and the Mapuche mythology, is a witch or shaman, usually an evil one, but not necessarily. ...
The Wekufe (In the language of Mapudungun huecufü: that means “being who is outsideâ€) is an important type of harmful spirit ordemon present in the Mapuche mythology. ...
The Chonchon, (of the language mapudungun and Spanish Chonchón) is a creature (considered a mythical bird) of the Mapuche mythology, and later also it presents in the Chilean folk myth and in southern Argentina. ...
The Peuchen is a creature from the Mapuche and Chilota mythology pertaining to southern Chile, a much feared shapeshifting creature which could instantly change to an some animal form. ...
The Nguruvilu (also: Guirivilo, Guruvilu, Ñuruvilu, Ñirivilu, Ñivivilu, Ñirivilo o Nirivilo), of the language mapudungun, ngürü: fox, and filu: snake, fox snake; is a creature in the Mapuche mythology of Chile. ...
An equally important part of Mapuche belief and society is the remembered history of independence and resistance from 1540 (Spanish and then Chileans) and of the treaty with the Chilean government in the 1870s. In that perception, it is important to include not exclude Mapuches in the Chilean culture. Having said that, memories, stories, and beliefs, often very local and particularized, are a significant part of the Mapuche traditional culture. To varying degrees, this history of resistance continues to this day amongst the Mapuche, though at the same time a large majority in Chile would also strongly include themselves as Chilean similarly to a large majority in Argentina including themselves as Argentines.
References - ^ Mapuche o Araucano (Spanish)
- ^ Antecedentes históricos del pueblo araucano (Spanish)
- ^ Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide, 109.
- ^ Dillehay, Tom, Monuments, Empires, and Resistance: The Araucanian Polity and Ritual Narratives (Cambridge University Press, Washington, 2007)
Tom Dillehay is an American anthropologist who is the anthropology department chair at Vanderbilt University. ...
Further reading - Language of the land : the Mapuche in Argentina and Chile, 2007, ISBN 9788791563379
- When a flower is reborn : the life and times of a Mapuche feminist, 2002, ISBN 0822329344
- Courage tastes of blood : the Mapuche community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean state, 1906-2001, 2005, ISBN 0822335859
- Neoliberal economics, democratic transition, and Mapuche demands for rights in Chile, 2006, ISBN 0813029384
- Shamans of the foye tree : gender, power, and healing among Chilean Mapuche, 2007, ISBN 9780292716582
- A grammar of Mapuche, 2007, ISBN 9783110195583
- Mapuche Dreamwork: http://www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Gallery/nakashima/index.html
See also AraucanÃa is Chiles ninth administrative region from north to south. ...
The Araucanization (Spanish: Araucanización) was the process of expansion of Mapuche culture and language into the patagonic plains. ...
Species See text. ...
The Arauco War was a long conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people of the region of AraucanÃa, of modern Chile. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Caupolican was a leader of the Mapuche people of Chile, who decided to choose a supreme war leader in response to the Spanish threat. ...
Colocolo was an American tribal chief (cacique lonco). He was the head of the native Araucanian forces against the Spanish colonization in Chile. ...
Galvarino is a Chilean municipality (comuna), part of CautÃn Province, on IX Region of AraucanÃa. ...
The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (also called New France) was a self-proclaimed independent state or micronation founded by a French lawyer and adventurer named Orelie-Antoine de Tounens in southern South America in the mid 19th century. ...
For the volcano in Chile, see Lautaro (volcano). ...
Mapuche International Link (MIL) is an organization which campaigns on behalf of the Mapuche people of southern Chile and Argentinia. ...
Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contacts were interactions between the indigenous peoples of the Americas and peoples of other continents – Europe, Africa, Asia, or Oceania – before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ...
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
Feeds |
Contact