The Most Reverend Dr. Marcel-François Lefebvre (November 29, 1905–March 25, 1991), better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French Roman Catholic bishop. Following a career as a missionary in Africa with the Holy Ghost Fathers, he took the lead in opposing the changes within the Church associated with the Second Vatican Council (see Traditionalist Catholic). is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic... The Congregation of the Holy Spirit and Immaculate Heart of Mary (known more simply as the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, or in Latin, Congregatio Sancti Spiriti (CSSp) is a Roman Catholic congregation of priests. ... The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ... A traditionalist Catholic is a Roman Catholic who believes that there should be a restoration of the liturgical forms, public and private devotions, and presentation of Catholic teachings that prevailed in the Catholic Church just before the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). ...

In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), which continues to be the world's largest Traditionalist Catholic priestly society. In 1988, Lefebvre consecrated four bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. He took this step against the orders of Pope John Paul II, and the Holy See accordingly declared the following day that he had incurred the penalty of excommunication from the Catholic Church (see, below, Ecône Consecrations). The canonical validity of this declaration is strongly disputed by Lefebvre's supporters.^{[citation needed]} Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Archbishop LefebvreFounder of the Society of St. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      This article is about a title... Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... The Most Reverend Dr. Marcel-François Lefebvre (November 29, 1905–March 25, 1991), better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French Roman Catholic bishop. ...

Early life and ministry

In April, 1967 Archbishop Lefebvre was warmly received by Padre Pio,^[1] whom Lefebvre wished to consult on a proposed general chapter of the Holy Ghost Fathers.

Marcel Lefebvre was born in Tourcoing, Nord,^[2] the second son and third child^[3] of factory-owner René Lefebvre,^[4] who died in 1944 in the Nazi concentration camp at Sonnenburg (in East Brandenburg, Germany),^[5] where he had been imprisoned by the Gestapo because of his work for the French Resistance and British Intelligence.^[6] Marcel's mother and René sr.'s wife was Gabrielle Wattin, who died in 1938.^[7] Image File history File linksMetadata Padre_Pio_kissing_the_sacred_ring. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Padre_Pio_kissing_the_sacred_ring. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Pater Pio Saint Pater Pio (or Padre Pio) (May 25, 1887 - September 23, 1968) was an Italian priest who had stigmata for many years. ... Tourcoing (Dutch: ) is a city and commune of northern France, in the Nord département, located near the cities of Lille and Roubaix and the Belgian border. ... Extent of Dutch in the Arrondissement of Dunkirk, 1874 and 1972 Nord (English: ) is a department in the far north of France. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... SulÄ™cin County (in Polish powiat sulÄ™ciÅ„ski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government in the Lubusz Voivodeship in Poland, created on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Local Government Reorganization Act of 1998. ... East Brandenburg or Neumark Brandenburg was the name of historical region. ... The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: “secret state police”) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), more commonly known as MI6 (originally Military Intelligence [section] 6), or Her Majestys Secret Service or just the Secret Service, is the British external security agency. ...

His parents were devout Catholics who brought their children to daily Mass.^[8] His father was also an outspoken monarchist^[9] who ran a spy-ring for British Intelligence when Tourcoing was occupied by the Germans during World War I.^[10] A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), more commonly known as MI6 (originally Military Intelligence [section] 6), or Her Majestys Secret Service or just the Secret Service, is the British external security agency. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

In 1923 Lefebvre began studies for the priesthood; at the insistence of his father he went to the French Seminary in Rome.^[11] He would later credit his conservative views to the rector, a Breton priest named Father Henri Le Floch.^[12] His studies were interrupted in 1926 and 1927 when he did his military service.^[13] On May 25, 1929 he was ordained deacon by Cardinal Basilio Pompilj in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome.^[14] On September 21, 1929 he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop (soon to be Cardinal) Achille Liénart in Lille,^[15] the diocese in which he was incardinated.^[16] After ordination, he continued his studies in Rome, completing a doctorate in theology in July 1930.^[17] Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings, but all of them indicate someone who is in charge of something. ... The Bretons are a distinct celtic ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Father Henri Le Floch was the rector of the French Seminary (Collège Français) in Rome in the early 20th century until the late 1920s. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ordination is the process in which clergy become authorized by their religious denomination and/or seminary to perform religious rituals and ceremonies. ... Deacon is a role in the Christian Church which is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. ... Basilio Cardinal Pompilj (April 16, 1858—May 5, 1931) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The late Baroque façade of the Basilica of St. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Cardinal Achille Liénart was the Archbishop of Lille and later a cardinal involved in the Second Vatican Council. ... New city flag Traditional coat of arms Motto: – Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Nord-Pas de Calais Department Nord (59) Intercommunality Urban Community of Lille Métropole Mayor Martine Aubry  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land area¹ 39. ... Incardinated This term is used in the Catholic Church term to describe the jurisdiction a Priest receives from his Bishop, that allows him to practice in public ministry. ...

In August 1930 Cardinal Liénart assigned Lefebvre to be assistant curate in a parish in Lomme, a suburb of Lille.^[18] Even before this, Lefebvre had already asked to be released for missionary duties as a member of the Holy Ghost Fathers. But the cardinal insisted that he consider this for a year while he engaged in parish work in the diocese of Lille.^[19] In July 1931 Liénart released Lefebvre from the diocese.^[20] In September Lefebvre entered the novitiate of the Holy Ghost Fathers at Orly.^[21] A year later on September 8, 1932 he took simple vows for a period of three years.^[22] The Congregation of the Holy Spirit and Immaculate Heart of Mary (known more simply as the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, or in Latin, Congregatio Sancti Spiriti (CSSp) is a Roman Catholic congregation of priests. ... A novitiate (also called a novice) is a member of a religious order who has not yet taken his/her vows. ... ORLY? is a commune in the southern suburbs of YA RLY!, France. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Lefebvre's first assignment as a Holy Ghost Father was as a professor at St. John's Seminary in Libreville, Gabon.^[23] In 1934 he was made rector of the seminary.^[24] On September 28, 1935 he made his perpetual vows. He served as superior of a number of missions of the Holy Ghost Fathers in Gabon.^[25] In October 1945 Lefebvre was ordered by the superior general to return to France and take up new duties as rector of the Holy Ghost Fathers seminary in Mortain.^[26] Libreville (population 578,156 January 1, 2005) is the capital and largest city of Gabon. ... is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Mortain is a small town and commune in the Manche département, France. ...

Bishop in Africa

Lefebvre's return to France was not to last long. On June 12, 1947 Pope Pius XII appointed him Vicar Apostolic of Dakar in Senegal;^[27] he received the titular episcopal see of Anthedon^[28] (El Blakiyeh near Gaza in Palestine). On September 18, 1947 he was consecrated a bishop in his family's parish church in Tourcoing by Cardinal Liénart (who had previously ordained him a priest); as co-consecrators acted the bishops Jean-Baptiste Fauret, C.S.Sp. and Alfred-Jean-Félix Ancel.^[29][30] is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City, from March 2, 1939 until his death. ... Apostolic vicariate is a particular church of the Roman Catholic Church for non-Catholic or missionary regions and countries which do not have a diocese yet. ... The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar {Latin: Dakaren(sis)} is the Metropolitan See for the Ecclesiastical province of Dakar in Senegal. ... Bishop Richard Pates, current auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis and the Titular Bishop of Suacia. ... Anthedon was also a Hellenistic city near Gaza[1] and is a titular see of the Catholic Church. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish name Garza or the Egyptian town of Giza. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... To consecrate an inanimate object is to dedicate it in a ritual to a special purpose, usually religious. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      This article is about a title... A parish church is the church which acts as the religious centre of a parish, the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches. ... Tourcoing (Dutch: ) is a city and commune of northern France, in the Nord département, located near the cities of Lille and Roubaix and the Belgian border. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Catholic deacon candidates prostrate before the... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In his new position Lefebvre was responsible for an area with a population of three and a half million people, of whom only 50,000 were Catholics.^[31] Lefebvre was regarded as successful.^[32]

On September 22, 1948 Lefebvre, while continuing as Vicar Apostolic of Dakar,^[33] received additional responsibilities: Pope Pius XII appointed him Apostolic Delegate to French Africa.^[34] In this capacity he was the papal representative to the Church authorities^[35] in 46 dioceses^[36] "in continental and insular Africa subject to the French Government, with the addition of the Diocese of Reunion, the whole of the island of Madagascar and the other neighbouring islands under French rule, but excluding the dioceses of North Africa, namely those of Carthage, Constantine, Algiers and Oran."^[37] With this new responsibiity he was appointed Archbishop of the titular see of Arcadiopolis in Europa.^[38] is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... From the ancient Latin Nuntius, meaning any envoy. ... France had colonial possessions, in various forms, from the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. ... (Flag of France) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Saint-Denis Regional President Paul Vergès (PCR) (since 1998) Departments Réunion Arrondissements 4 Cantons 49 Communes 24 Statistics Land area1 2,512 km² Population (Ranked 21st)  - January 1, 2005 est. ... Roman Carthage with former military harbor Carthage (Greek: , Latin: , from the Phoenician meaning new town; Arabic: ) refers both to an ancient city in Tunisia and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... “Alger” redirects here. ... View of Oran Oran (Arabic: , pronounced Wahran) is a city in northwestern Algeria, situated on the Mediterranean coast. ... Arcadiopolis in Europa is a Titular see of the Roman Catholic church, now Lüleburgaz, in Thrace, in European Turkey. ...

As Apostolic Delegate, Lefebvre's chief duty was the building up of the ecclesiastical structure in French Africa.^[39] Pope Pius XII wanted to move quickly towards a proper hierarchy (dioceses with bishops, instead of vicariates and apostolic prefectures).^[40] Lefebvre was responsible for selecting these new bishops,^[41] increasing the number of priests^[42] and religious sisters,^[43] as well as the number of churches,^[44] in the various dioceses.

On September 14, 1955, the Apostolic Vicariate of Dakar became an archdiocese, and Lefebvre thus became the first Archbishop of Dakar.^[45] Archbishop Lefebvre was the first and foremost advisor to Pius XII during the writing of the encyclical Fidei Donum (1957), which instructed the clergy and laity on the missions in the Third World countries and called for more missionaries.^[46] is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... This is a list of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII. Pope Pius XII issued 40 Papal Encyclicals, during his reign as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church for over 19 years, from his election of March 2, 1939 until his death on October 9, 1958. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... Look up mission in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... Two Mormon missionaries A missionary is traditionally defined as a propagator of religion who works to convert those outside that community; someone who proselytizes. ...

In 1958 Pope Pius XII died and was succeeded by Pope John XXIII,^[47] who, in 1959, after giving Lefebvre the choice between remaining either as Apostolic Delegate or as Archbishop of Dakar,^[48] appointed another to the post of Apostolic Delegate for French Africa. Lefebvre continued as Archbishop of Dakar until January 23, 1962,^[49] when he was transferred to the diocese of Tulle in France,^[50] retaining his personal title of archbishop.^[51] In 1960, Pope John XXIII appointed Lefebvre to the Central Preparatory Commission for the Second Vatican Council.^[52] Pope John XXIII (Latin: ; Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ecclesiastical history of Tulle, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia is as follows. ... In Western Christianity, an archbishop is entitled to a few extra privileges that a simple bishop does not receive. ... The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers

Main article: Holy Ghost Fathers

On July 26, 1962 the Chapter General of the Holy Ghost Fathers elected Lefebvre Superior General.^[53] Lefebvre was widely respected for his experience in the mission field.^[54] On the other hand, certain progressive members of his congregation, particularly in France, considered his administrative style authoritarian and desired radical reforms.^[55] On August 7, 1962 Lefebvre was given the titular archiepiscopal see of Synnada in Phrygia.^[56] The Congregation of the Holy Spirit and Immaculate Heart of Mary (known more simply as the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, or in Latin, Congregatio Sancti Spiriti (CSSp) is a Roman Catholic congregation of priests. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Synnada is a Roman Catholic Titular metropolis in Phrygia Salutaris. ... In antiquity, Phrygia (Greek: ) was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolian Highland, part of modern Turkey. ...

Lefebvre was increasingly criticized by influential members of his large religious congregation who considered him to be out-of-step with modern Church leaders and the demand of the bishops' conferences, particularly in France, for modernization and reforms.^[57] A general chapter of the Holy Ghost Fathers was convened in Rome in September 1968 to debate the direction of the congregation after the changes of the Second Vatican Council.^[58] The first action of the chapter was to name several moderators to lead the chapter's sessions instead of Lefebvre.^[59] Lefebvre then handed in his resignation as Superior General to Pope Paul VI.^[60] He would later say that it had become impossible for him to remain Superior of an Order which no longer wanted or listened to him.^[61] This article cites very few or no references or sources. ...

Second Vatican Council

Main article: Coetus Internationalis Patrum

Appointed by Pope John XXIII a member of the Central Preparatory Commission^[62] for the Second Vatican Council, Lefebvre took part in the discussions about the draft documents to be submitted to the bishops for consideration at the Council.^[63] During the first session of the Council (October to December 1962),^[64] he became concerned about the direction the Council's deliberations were taking.^[65] The Coetus Internationalis Patrum was a study group of more conservative minded participants of the Second Vatican Council. ... Pope John XXIII (Latin: ; Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ... The Central Preparatory Commission was the body that co-ordinated the preparation of the schemas for the Second Vatican Council. ... The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Lefebvre took a leading part in a study group of bishops at the Council which became known as the Coetus Internationalis Patrum (International Group of Fathers).^[66] The Coetus Internationalis Patrum was a study group of more conservative minded participants of the Second Vatican Council. ...

A major area of concern at the Council was the debate about the principle of religious liberty.^[67] During the Council's third session (September to November 1964)^[68] Archbishop Pericle Felici announced that Lefebvre, with two other like-minded bishops, was appointed to a special four-member commission charged with rewriting the draft document on the topic,^[69] but it was soon discovered that this measure did not have papal approval, and major responsibility for preparing the draft document was given to the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity.^[70] Instead of the draft entitled "On Religious Liberty", Lefebvre and Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani had supported instead a text dealing with "Relations between the Church and State, and religious tolerance."^[71] The Coetus Internationalis Patrum did, however, manage to get the preliminary vote (with suggestions for modifications) on the document put off until the fourth session of the Council, but were unable to prevent the adoption, on 7 December 1965, of the final text of the declaration Dignitatis humanae by the overwhelming majority of the Council.^[72] The expressed view of some that this overwhelming majority was only due to intense lobbying by the reformist wing of Council Fathers among those prelates who initially had reservations or even objections^[73] is not accepted by all observers however. Lefebvre was one of those who voted against the declaration, but he was one of those who added their signature to the document, after that of the Pope, though not all present did sign.^[74] Lefebvre later declared that the sheet of paper that he signed and that was "passed from hand to hand among the Fathers of the Council and upon which everyone placed his signature, had no meaning of a vote for or against, but signified simply our presence at the meeting to vote for four documents."^[75] However, the paper on which his signature appears, and which was not "the relatively unimportant attendance sheet which Lefebvre recalled in his interview", bears "the title Declaratio de Libertate Religiosa (along with the titles of three other documents) at the top," and "(t)he fathers were informed that if they wished to sign one or more documents, but not all of them, they could make a marginal annotation beside their name, specifying which documents they did or did not wish to sign. No such annotation is found beside the names of either Lefebvre or de Castro Mayer, which proves that they were prepared to share in the official promulgation of that Declaration on Religious Liberty which they later publicly rejected."^[76] The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ... Pericle Felici (August 1, 1911, Segni, Rome - March 22, 1982, Foggia) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity origins are associated with the Second Vatican Council. ... His Eminence Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani (29 October 1890 - 3 August 1979) was Secretary of the Holy Office of the Roman Curia from 1959 to 1966 when that dicastery was reorganized as the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, in which he served as Pro-Prefect, until 1968. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ... Dignitatis Humanæ is the Second Vatican Councils Declaration on Religious Freedom. ... Look up prelate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Lefebvre's theological and political positions

Lefebvre belonged to an identifiable strand of thought in French society that endured from the 1789 Revolution to the end of the Second World War, and which still exists to a limited extent today. Lefebvre's political and theological outlook mirrored that of a large number of conservative members of French society under the French Third Republic (1870-1940), such as those who supported Action Francaise. That said, Lefebvre's supporters would maintain that, irrespective of his political and cultural outlook, his religious teachings were nothing more or less than those of orthodox historical Roman Catholicism. The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... The Action Fran aise is a French Monarchist movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois and whose principal ideologist was Charles Maurras. ...

Theological positions

Lefebvre was associated with the following positions:

• The rejection of ecumenism;^[77]
• The espousal of pragmatic religious tolerance instad of the principle of religious liberty;^[78]
• The rejection of collegiality within the Church;^[79]
• Opposition to the replacement of the Tridentine Mass with the Mass of Paul VI.^[80]

Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Ecumenism (also oecumenism, Å“cumenism... Freedom of religion is the individuals right or freedom to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wishes, or none at all. ... Freedom of religion is a modern legal concept of being free as a matter of right, while freedom of worship is based upon the free expression of that right. ... Collegiality is the relationship between colleagues. ... The Tridentine Mass (Pontifical High Mass) being celebrated at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church in Wyandotte, Michigan - 1949. ... The Mass of Pope Paul VI is the liturgy of the Catholic Mass of the Roman Rite as revised after the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). ...

Political positions

Archbishop Lefebvre openly condemned the 1789 French Revolution, and favoured the replacement of the secular French constitutional republic with an absolutist Catholic monarchy. His protégé, Bishop Richard Williamson, has reported that he spoke approvingly of the stance of the absolutist Henri, Comte de Chambord during the constitutional wrangles in the early days of the French Third Republic. The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné dArtois, comte de Chambord (September 29, 1820 – August 24, 1883) technically reigned as Henry V, King of France and Navarre from August 2 to August 9, 1830. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ...

Lefebvre spoke approvingly of the "Catholic order" of the wartime Vichy régime of Philippe Pétain (1940-1944).^[81][82] In 1976, Lefebvre praised the regimes of Jorge Videla in Argentina and Augusto Pinochet in Chile, and in 1985 he spoke approvingly of the governments of Francisco Franco of Spain and Antonio Salazar of Portugal, noting that their neutrality in World War II had spared their peoples, including their Jewish populations, the suffering of the War. Vichy (Occitan: Vichèi) is a French commune, situated in the département of Allier and the région of Auvergne. ... Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain, was a French general, later Chief of State of Vichy France (Chef de lÉtat Français), from 1940 to 1944. ... Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 2, 1925 in Mercedes) is a former Argentine soldier and politician. ... Captain General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (November 25, 1915 – December 10, 2006) was President of Chile from 1974 to 1990. ... General Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 - November 20, [1] 1975), commonly abbreviated to Francisco Franco (pron. ... Ant nio de Oliveira Salazar Ant nio de Oliveira Salazar (April 28, 1889—July 27, 1970) was the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, noted for the dictatorial nature of his government. ...

Also in 1985, the French periodical Présent quoted Lefebvre as endorsing the controversial French politician Jean-Marie le Pen, leader of the Front National, on the grounds that he was the only leading French politician who was clearly opposed to abortion. Jean-Marie Le Pen Jean-Marie Le Pen (born June 20, 1928, La Trinité-sur-Mer France) is a French far-right nationalist politician, founder and president of the Front National (National Front) party, and a candidate for the French presidency. ... Front National can mean: Front National, a right-wing French political party. ...

In 1990, Lefebvre was convicted in a French court and sentenced to pay a fine of 5,000 francs when he stated that, as a result of Muslim immigration into Europe, "it is your wives, your daughters, your children who will be kidnapped and dragged off to a certain kind of places as they exist in Casablanca".^[83]

The Society of Saint Pius X

Main article: Society of Saint Pius X

After retiring from the post of Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers, Lefebvre was approached by traditionalists from the French Seminary in Rome who had been refused tonsure,^[84] the rite by which, until 1973,^[85] a seminarian became a cleric. They asked for a conservative seminary to complete their studies.^[86] After directing them to the University of Fribourg, Switzerland,^[87] Lefebvre was urged to teach these seminarians personally.^[88] In 1969, he received permission from the local bishop to establish a seminary in Fribourg which opened with nine students,^[89] moving to Ecône in 1971. The Society of St. ... A traditionalist Catholic is a Roman Catholic who believes that there should be a restoration of the liturgical forms, public and private devotions, and presentation of Catholic teachings that prevailed in the Catholic Church just before the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches of cutting the hair from the scalp of clerics as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem. ... Fribourg (French), (German: or , often Fribourg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and the district of Sarine. ... Ecône is an area in the municipality of Riddes, district of Martigny, in the canton of Valais, in Switzerland. ...

Lefebvre proposed to his seminarians the establishment of a society of priests without vows.^[90] In November 1970, Bishop François Charrière of Fribourg established, on a provisional (ad experimentum) basis for six years, the International Priestly Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX) as a "pious union".^[91] Archbishop LefebvreFounder of the Society of St. ...

The French bishops, whose theological outlook was quite different from Lefebvre's, treated the Ecône seminary with suspicion and referred to it as "the Wildcat Seminary".^[92] They indicated that they would incardinate none of the seminarians.^[93] The International Seminary of Saint Pius X is the premier seminary of the Society of Saint Pius X. It is situated at Ecône in the Valais Canton of Switzerland and is one of the six houses for formation for the future priests of The Society of Saint Pius X...

In November 1974, two Belgian priests^[94] carried out a rigorous inspection^[95] on the instructions of a commission of cardinals,^[96] producing, it was said, a favourable report.^[97] However, while at Ecône, they expressed a number of theological opinions that the seminarians and staff objected to as scandalous.^[98] In what he later described as a mood of "doubtlessly excessive indignation",^[99] the Archbishop wrote a "Declaration" in which he strongly attacked the modernist and liberal trends that he saw as apparent in the reforms being undertaken within the Church at that time.^[100] Modernism describes a broad body of theological views, including the belief that the Church and Catholic dogma are mere human institutions and as such their nature may radically change over time. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ...

Clash with the Vatican

In January 1975 the new Bishop of Fribourg stated his wish to withdraw the SSPX's pious union status.^[101] Though Lefebvre then had two meetings with the commission of Cardinals,^[102] the Bishop put his intention into effect on 6 May 1975,^[103] thereby officially dissolving the Society.^[104] This action was subsequently upheld by Pope Paul VI, who wrote to Arcbishop Lefebvre in June 1975. Lefebvre continued his work regardless.^[105]

In the consistory of 24 May 1976, Pope Paul VI criticized Archbishop Lefebvre by name and appealed to him and his followers to change their minds.^[106] // Antiquity Originally, the Latin word consistorium meant simply sitting together, just as the Greek syn(h)edrion (from which the Biblical sanhedrin was a corruption). ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article cites very few or no references or sources. ...

On June 29, 1976, Lefebvre went ahead with planned priestly ordinations without the approval of the local Bishop and despite receiving letters from Rome forbidding them. As a result Lefebvre was suspended a collatione ordinum, i.e., forbidden to ordain any priests. A week later, the Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops informed him that, to have his situation regularized, he needed to ask the Pope's pardon. Lefebvre responded with a letter claiming that the modernisation of the Church was a "compromise with the ideas of modern man" originating in a secret agreement between high dignitaries in the Church and senior Freemasons prior to the Council.^[107] Lefebvre was then notified that, since he had not apologised to the Pope, he was suspended a divinis,^[108] i.e., he could no longer legally administer any of the sacraments.^[109] Lefebvre remarked that he had been forbidden from celebrating the new rite of Mass^[110] (this was clearly a joke,^{[citation needed]} but Pope Paul VI apparently took it seriously and stated that Lefebvre "thought he dodged the penalty by administering the sacraments using the previous formulas").^[111] In spite of his suspension, Lefebvre continued to pray Mass and to administer the other Sacraments, including the conferral of Holy Orders to the students of his seminary. is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ordination is the process in which clergy become authorized by their religious denomination and/or seminary to perform religious rituals and ceremonies. ... The Congregation for Bishops (Congregatio pro Episcopis) is the congregation of the Roman Curia which oversees the selection of new bishops pending papal approval. ... “Freemasons” redirects here. ...

Pope Paul VI received Lefebvre in audience on 11 September 1976,^[112] and one month later wrote to him admonishing him and, repeating the appeal he had made at the audience.^[113] Pope John Paul II also received Lefebvre in audience sixty days after his 1978 election,^[114] again without reaching agreement. is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born   [] (May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland – April 2, 2005, Vatican City) reigned as...

Ecône Consecrations

Main article: Ecône Consecrations

In a 1987 sermon Lefebvre, at age 81, announced his intention to consecrate a bishop to carry on his work after his death.^[115] This was controversial, as, under Catholic canon law, the consecration of a bishop requires the permission of the Pope.^[116] The Ecône Consecrations are those by which Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrated four Catholic bishops on 30 June 1988, notwithstanding the express prohibition of the Pope. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Canon law is the term used for...

Although, on 5 May 1988, Lefebvre signed an agreement with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, by which, as part of an arrangement by which the situation of the Society of St Pius X would be regularized, one bishop would be consecrated for it.^[117] Lefebvre came to the view that he was obliged both to reject that arrangement and to ordain a successor, if necessary without papal approval.^[118] The Pope appealed to him not to proceed in "a schismatic act", warning of "theological and canonical consequences".^[119] is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: ; born April 16, 1927 as Joseph Alois Ratzinger) is the 265th and reigning pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City. ... The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ...

On 30 June, Archbishop Lefebvre, with Bishop Emeritus Antônio de Castro Mayer of Campos, Brazil, as co-consecrator, consecrated four SSPX priests as bishops: Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, Richard Williamson, Alfonso de Galarreta and Bernard Fellay. is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Bishop Antônio de Castro Mayer (° 1904 Campinas, São Paulo – † April 25, 1991 Campos, Rio de Janeiro) was a Roman Catholic bishop and bishop of the diocese of Campos, Brazil. ... Campos dos Goytacazes is a municipality and city located in the northern area of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with a population of approximately 390,000 inhabitants, being the largest municipality of the state. ... Bernard Tissier de Mallerais is a Roman Catholic bishop of the controversial traditionalist Society of St. ... Bishop Richard Williamson, SSPX. Here seen in the streets of Rome during the Holy Year of 2000. ... Alfonso de Galarreta is a bishop of the Society of St. ... Bernard Fellay (born April 12, 1958 in Sierre, Switzerland) is a bishop and the current Superior General of the Society of St. ...

On 1 July, the Congregation for Bishops issued a decree stating that this was a schismatic act and that all six people directly involved had thereby incurred automatic excommunication.^[120] is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Congregation for Bishops (Congregatio pro Episcopis) is the congregation of the Roman Curia which oversees the selection of new bishops pending papal approval. ... The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ...

On 2 July, Pope John Paul II condemned the consecration in the apostolic letter Ecclesia Dei, in which he stated that the consecration constituted a schismatic act, and that, by virtue of canon 1382 of the Code of Canon Law,^[121] the bishops and priests involved were automatically excommunicated.^[122] is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born   [] (May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland – April 2, 2005, Vatican City) reigned as... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ecclesia Dei Ecclesia Dei is the papal document (technically speaking, a motu proprio) that Pope John Paul II wrote in reaction to Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre and Bishop Antônio de Castro Mayer’s unlawful consecration in 1988 of four bishops. ...

Lefebvre declared that he and the other clerics involved had not "separated themselves from Rome" and were therefore not schismatic^[123] and that they "found themselves in a case of necessity", not having succeeded, as they said, in making "Rome" understand that "this change which has occurred in the Church" since the Second Vatican Council was "not Catholic".^[124]

Some canon lawyers have considered that the latae sententiae excommunication was not incurred.^[125] The grounds that they adduce in favour of their opinion are indicated in the article on the Ecône Consecrations. Latae sententiae is a Latin term from the Canon Law of the Catholic Church meaning by the law itself. When something is Latae Sententiae, an action causes the law to be invoked. ... The Ecône Consecrations are those by which Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrated four Catholic bishops on 30 June 1988, notwithstanding the express prohibition of the Pope. ...

Death

After a life during which he had been a focus of controversy, during which he had been praised before ending up considered excommunicated, Archbishop Lefebvre died in 1991 at the age of 85 from cancer in Martigny, Switzerland^[126] and, eight days later, was buried in the crypt at the society's international seminary in Ecône, Switzerland. Archbishop Edoardo Rovida, Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland, and Bishop Henri Schwery of Sion, the local diocese, came and prayed at the body of the dead prelate.^[127] Later that year, on 18 September 1991, Cardinal Silvio Oddi, who had been Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy from 1979 to 1986, visited Lefebvre's tomb, knelt down at it, prayed, afterwards saying aloud: "Merci, Monseigneur" ("Thank you, Your Excellency"). Thereafter Cardinal Oddi said he held archbishop Lefebvre to have been "a holy man"^[128] and suggested that the Society of St Pius X could be granted a personal prelature by the Holy See like that of Opus Dei. In January 1992, the then-superior general of the Society, Fr. Franz Schmidberger, rejected this hypothetical offer by an unpublished private letter to the Holy See. The letter's content was described by bishop Richard Williamson as basically saying that, "as long as Rome remains Conciliar, a fruitful and open collaboration between the two [the SSPX and the Holy See] does not seem possible."^[129] Martigny is the capital of the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. ... Crypt is also a commonly used name of water trumpets, aquatic plants. ... The International Seminary of Saint Pius X is the premier seminary of the Society of Saint Pius X. It is situated at Ecône in the Valais Canton of Switzerland and is one of the six houses for formation for the future priests of The Society of Saint Pius X... Ecône is an area in the municipality of Riddes, district of Martigny, in the canton of Valais, in Switzerland. ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. ... A Papal Nuncio (also known as an Apostolic Nuncio) is a permanent diplomatic representative (head of mission) of the Holy See to a state, having ambassadorial rank. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      This article is about a title... Sion (German Sitten, Latin Sedunum) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Valais. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Look up prelate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Silvio Angelo Pio Oddi (born 14 November 1910 in Morfasso, near Piacenza,Italy; died 29 June 2001 in Cortemaggiore) was a diplomat in the service of the Holy See and a cardinal. ... Prefect Cardinal Hummes The Congregation for the Clergy (Congregatio pro Clericis) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for overseeing matters regarding priests and deacons not belonging to religious orders. ... In traditional Christian iconography, Saints are often depicted as having halos. ... A prelate is a member of the clergy having a special canonical jurisdiction over a territory or a group of people; usually, a prelate is a bishop. ... Josemaría Escrivá, the founder of Opus Dei Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, is an organization of the Catholic Church that emphasizes the Catholic belief that everyone is called to holiness and that ordinary life is a path to sanctity. ... Bishop Richard Williamson, SSPX. Here seen in the streets of Rome during the Holy Year of 2000. ...

Episcopal Succession

The episcopate is the status of a bishop. ... Cardinal Achille Liénart was the Archbishop of Lille and later a cardinal involved in the Second Vatican Council. ... is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 78th day of the year (79th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bernard Tissier de Mallerais is a Roman Catholic bishop of the controversial traditionalist Society of St. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Bishop Richard Williamson, SSPX. Here seen in the streets of Rome during the Holy Year of 2000. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Alfonso de Galarreta is a bishop of the Society of St. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Bernard Fellay (born April 12, 1958 in Sierre, Switzerland) is a bishop and the current Superior General of the Society of St. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...

References

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ... A Society of Apostolic Life is a kind of religious order within the Roman Catholic Church, whose members do not profess religious vows, unlike members of an Institute of Consecrated Life. ... Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre was a three volume book written by Michael Davies[1] in support of the French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. ... The International Seminary of Saint Pius X is the premier seminary of the Society of Saint Pius X. It is situated at Ecône in the Valais Canton of Switzerland and is one of the six houses for formation for the future priests of The Society of Saint Pius X... A seminary is a specialized university-like institution for the purpose of instructing students (seminarians) in theology, often in order to prepare them to become members of the clergy. ... The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ... A scandal is a widely publicized incident involving allegations of wrong-doing, disgrace, or moral outrage. ... Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre was a three volume book written by Michael Davies[1] in support of the French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. ... Michael Davies (March 13, 1936 - September 25, 2004) was a British teacher, and traditionalist Catholic writer of many books about the Catholic Church following the Second Vatican Council. ... Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre was a three volume book written by Michael Davies[1] in support of the French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. ... Michael Davies (March 13, 1936 - September 25, 2004) was a British teacher, and traditionalist Catholic writer of many books about the Catholic Church following the Second Vatican Council. ... Apologia pro Marcel Lefebvre was a three volume book written by Michael Davies[1] in support of the French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. ... Michael Davies (March 13, 1936 - September 25, 2004) was a British teacher, and traditionalist Catholic writer of many books about the Catholic Church following the Second Vatican Council. ... Thomas Woods Thomas E. Woods, Jr. ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 168th day of the year (169th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (中国天主教爱国会; designated variously as CPA, CPCA, or CCPA) is the organizational body of Catholics in China as officially recognized by the government of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The cathedral of Palmar de Troya The Palmarian Catholic Church (One Holy Catholic Apostolic and Palmarian Church) is a schismatic Catholic sect with its own pope, Peter II. He is a rival pope, or antipope, to Pope Benedict XVI. Pope Benedict XVI is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes, holy seat) is the episcopal see of Rome. ... The coat of arms of a Cardinal are indicated by a red galero (wide-brimmed hat) with 15 tassels on each side (the motto and escutcheon are proper to the individual Cardinal). ... In theology, Divine Providence, or simply Providence, is the sovereignty, superintendence, or agency of God over events in peoples lives and throughout history. ... Susanna and the Elders by Artemisia Gentileschi Susanna or Shoshana (שׁוֹשַׁנָּה, Standard Hebrew Å oÅ¡anna, Tiberian Hebrew Šôšannāh: Egyptian loan: lily) is part of the Biblical Book of Daniel (Daniel 13) which is considered canonical by Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox, and part of the apocrypha by Protestants. ... Daniel (Hebrew: דָּנִיֵּאל; transliterated as Daniyyel in Standard Hebrew and Dāniyyêl in Tiberian Hebrew, Arabic: Danyel, دانيال) is the name of at least three people from the Hebrew Bible: A Jewish exile in Babylon, the subject of the Book of Daniel and the most well-known of the three Daniels. ...

Further reading

• Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, Marcel Lefebvre: The Biography. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press, 2004. The definitive biography of Lefebvre, originally published in French (Clovis, 2002). ISBN 1-892331-24-1
• Dr. David Allen White, The Horn of the Unicorn. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press, 2006. ISBN 1-892331-39-X

Bernard Tissier de Mallerais is a Roman Catholic bishop of the controversial traditionalist Society of St. ... Angelus Press is the official publishing house of the Society of St. ...

Video Footage

• A Documentary About the 1988 Consecrations

See also

• St. Mary's College, Kansas
• Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney