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Liverworts "Hepaticae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904 Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Marchantiophyta Orders Jungermanniopsida Image File history File links Size of this preview: 428 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2378 × 3331 pixel, file size: 1. ... Ernst Haeckel. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kunstformen der Natur Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature) is a book of lithographic prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta—ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta—seed ferns Pinophyta—conifers Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Gnetophyta—gnetae Magnoliophyta—flowering plants... Metzgeriales (simple thalloids) Haplomitriales (Calobryales) Jungermanniales (leafy liverworts) Marchantiopsida Families See text. ... Genera Haplomitrium Haplomitriales is an order of plants known as Liverworts. ... Families See text Jungermanniales is the largest order of Liverworts. ... Sphaerocarpales (bottle liverworts) Marchantiales (complex thalloids) Monocleales Liverworts are a division of plants commonly called hepatics, Marchantiophyta or liverworts. They are typically small plants that are often overlooked. They frequently have the appearance of small irregular leaf-like plaques, often covering large areas of the ground but they may also occur on rocks, trees or any other reasonably firm substrate. They can also take on a form very much like flattened mosses. They most often occur in damp locations and are typically found in moderate to deep shade. Some species can be a nuisance in shady green-houses. They do not have flowers or seeds. Families Riellaceae Sphaerocarpaceae Monocarpaceae Sphaerocarpales is an order of plants known as liverworts. ... Genera Conocephalum Lunularia Preissia Marchantia Riccia Ricciocarpus Marchantiales is an order of thallose liverworts that includes species like Lunularia cruciata, a common and often troubleseome weed in moist, temperate gardens and greenhouses. ... Genera Monoclea Monocleales is an order of plants known as Liverworts. ... Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. ... Contents 1 Overview 2 Description 3 Life cycle 4 Classification 5 See also 6 References 7 External links [edit] Overview Botanically, liverworts are bryophytes, or non-vascular plants. They can most reliably be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses by their single-celled rhizoids. Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts, but the occurrence of leaves arranged in three ranks, the presence of deep lobes or segmented leaves, or a lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves all point to the plant being a liverwort. The bryophytes are those embryophyte plants (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ... Divisions Simple nonvascular plants   Green algae Complex nonvascular plants   Bryophyta, mosses   Hepaticophyta, liverworts   Anthocerotophyta, hornworts Non-vascular plants is a general term for those plants (including the green algae) without a vascular system (xylem and phloem). ... Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. ... Rhizoids, in fungi, are small branching hyphae that grow downwards from the stolons that anchor the fungus. ... Aside from lacking a vascular system, liverworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, i.e. the plant's cells are haploid for most of its life cycle. Sporophytes (i.e. the diploid body) are short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. This is in contrast to the pattern exhibited by vascular plants and by most animals. In vascular plants, for example, the haploid generation is represented by the pollen and the ovule, whilst the diploid generation is the familiar flowering plant. Haploid (meaning simple in Greek) cells have only one copy of each chromosome. ... In plants that undergo alternation of generations, a gametophyte is the structure, or phase of life, that contains only half of the total complement of chromosomes: The sporophyte produces spores, in a process called meiosis. ... Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants Equisetophyta Lycopodiophyta Psilotophyta Pteridophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants are plants in the Kingdom Plantae (also called Viridiplantae) that have specialized tissues for conducting water. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ... Originally, the Marchantiophyta were grouped as class Hepaticae alongside the mosses in the Division Bryophyta, but the liverworts are now usually given their own division with two classes: Jungermanniopsida (simple thalloids and leafy liverworts) and the Marchantiopsida (complex-thallus liverworts and bottle hepatics). It is estimated that there are 6000 to 8000 species of liverworts, at least 85% of which belong to the leafy group. Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. ... Today, liverworts can be found in many ecosystems across the planet except the sea and dry environments or those exposed to high levels of direct solar radiation. As with most groups of living plants, they are most common (both in numbers and species) in moist tropical areas. [edit] Description A thallose liverwort, Lunularia cruciata Arachniopsis diacantha, an algae-like leafy liverwort of the family Lepidoziaceae. The most familiar liverworts consist of a prostrate, flattened, branching structure called a thallus (plant body). These liverworts are termed thallose liverworts. However, most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in three or more ranks, the middle rank being conspicously different from the outer ranks. These are called leafy liverworts or scale liverworts. Download high resolution version (1644x1242, 733 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1644x1242, 733 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Genera Conocephalum Lunularia Preissia Marchantia Riccia Ricciocarpus Marchantiales is an order of thallose liverworts that includes species like Lunularia cruciata, a common and often troubleseome weed in moist, temperate gardens and greenhouses. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 749 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) La bildo estas kopiita de wikipedia:en. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 749 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) La bildo estas kopiita de wikipedia:en. ... Families See text Jungermanniales is the largest order of Liverworts. ... Genera Acromastigum A. Evans Arachniopsis Spruce Austrolembidium Hässel Bazzania S. Gray Chloranthiela Schust. ... Thallus is an undifferentiated vegetative tissue (without specialization of function) of some non-mobile organisms, which were previously known as the thallophytes. ... Families See text Jungermanniales is the largest order of Liverworts. ... They can be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses by their single celled rhizoids. Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts, but the lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves, the presence of deeply lobed or segmented leaves, and the presence of leaves arranged in three ranks all point to the plant being a liverwort. Confirmation of the identifiaction of a moss or a leafy liverwort can only be performed with certainty by microscopical investigation. Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. ... Rhizoids, in fungi, are small branching hyphae that grow downwards from the stolons that anchor the fungus. ... Robert Hookes microscope (1665) - an engineered device used to study living systems. ... Aside from lacking a vascular system, liverworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, i.e. the plant's cells are haploid for most of its life cycle. Sporophytes (i.e. the diploid body) are short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. This is in contrast to the pattern exhibited by most higher plants and animals. In higher plants, for example, the haploid generation is represented by the pollen and the ovule while the diplod generation is the familiar flowering plant. Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants Equisetophyta Lycopodiophyta Psilotophyta Pteridophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants are those plants that have specialized cells for conducting water and sap within their tissues, including the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, but not mosses, algae, and the like (nonvascular... In plants that undergo alternation of generations, a gametophyte is the structure, or phase of life, that contains only half of the total complement of chromosomes: The sporophyte produces spores, in a process called meiosis. ... A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. ... Haploid (meaning simple in Greek) cells have only one copy of each chromosome. ... In plants that undergo alternation of generations, a sporophyte is the structure, or phase of life, that contains a total complement of chromosomes: The sporophyte produces spores, in a process called meiosis. ... Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... [edit] Life cycle Life cycle of a typical liverwort The life of a liverwort starts from a haploid spore, which germinates to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of filaments or thalloid (flat and thallus-like). This is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort. From the protonema grows the gametophore ("gamete-bearer") that produces the sex organs of the liverworts. The female organs are known as archegonia (singular archegonium) and are protected by the perichaetum (plural perichaeta). The archegonia have necks called venters which the male sperm swim down. The male organs are known as antheridia (singular antheridium) and are enclosed by the perigonium (plural perigonia). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1222x1239, 384 KB) Diagram of the life cycle of a tipical liverwort (Bryophyte) the diagram i did myself with adobe illustrator based on the diagrams found on this webpages:[1],[2], [3],[4],[5]. the diagram was finished one the 16... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1222x1239, 384 KB) Diagram of the life cycle of a tipical liverwort (Bryophyte) the diagram i did myself with adobe illustrator based on the diagrams found on this webpages:[1],[2], [3],[4],[5]. the diagram was finished one the 16... This article is about a biological reproductive structure; for the video game, see Spore (video game). ... A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of a bryophyte life cycle. ... An archegonium (pl: archegonia) (from the Greek arche = beginning and gonos = born) is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. ... Diagram of antheridium anatomy An antheridium (plural: antheridia) is a structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants producing and containing the spermatids or male gametes. ... Liverworts can be either dioicous or monoicous. In dioecious liverworts, female and male sex organs are borne on different plants. In monoecious liverworts, they are borne on the same plant. In the presence of water, sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sperm of liverworts is biflagellate, i.e. they have two flagellae that aid in propulsion. Without water, fertilisation cannot occur. After fertilisation, the immature sporophyte elongates, pushing its way out of the archegonial venter. The sporophyte body comprises a long stalk, called a seta, and a spherical or ellipsoidal capsule. Within the capsule, cells divide to produce elater cells and spore-producing cells that will undergo meiosis to form haploid spores, upon which the cycle can start again. The bryophytes are those embryophyte plants (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ... The bryophytes are those embryophyte plants (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ... An elater is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment. ... Distinguish from miosis. ... This article is about a biological reproductive structure; for the video game, see Spore (video game). ... [edit] Classification Luminous moss is characterized by its luminous appearance. In ancient times, it was believed that liverworts cured diseases of the liver, hence the name. In Old English, the word liverwort literally means liver plant. This probably stemed from the superficial appearance of some thalloid liverworts (which resemble a liver in outline), and led to the common name of the group as hepatics, from the Latin word for liver. An unrelated flowering plant, Hepatica, is sometimes also referred to as liverwort because it was once also used in treating diseases of the liver. This archaic relationship of plant form to function was based in the "Doctrine of Signatures". Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Old English: ) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Species Hepatica acutiloba Hepatica americana Hepatica nobilis Hepatica transsilvanica Hepatica is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants belonging to the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. ... The doctrine of signatures refers to two separate concepts. ... Bryologists classify liverworts in the division Marchantiophyta. This divisional name is based on the name of the type species Marchantia polymorpha. In addition to this taxon-based name, the liverworts are often called Hepaticophyta. This name is derived from their common Latin name as Latin was the language in which botanists published their descriptions of species. This name has led to some confusion, partly because it appears to be a taxon-based name derived from the genus Hepatica which is actually a flowering plant of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. In addition, the name Hepaticophyta is frequently misspelled in textbooks as Hepatophyta, which only adds to the confusion. Bryologie is the branch of botany concerned with the scientific study of mosses. ... Type specimens When a new species is discovered, more important than creating a new and unique name for the species is developing a reasonably detailed description. ... Species See text. ... A taxon (plural taxa), or taxonomic unit, is a grouping of organisms (named or unnamed). ... For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Species Hepatica acutiloba Hepatica americana Hepatica nobilis Hepatica transsilvanica Hepatica is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants belonging to the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. ... It has been suggested that Angiospermae, and Anthophyta be merged into this article or section. ... genera see text Ranunculaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. ... Traditionally, the liverworts were grouped together with other bryophytes (mosses and hornworts) in the Division Bryophyta, within which the liverworts made up the class Hepaticae (also called Marchantiopsida). However, since this grouping makes the Bryophyta paraphyletic, the liverworts are now usually given their own division. The use of the division name Bryophyta sensu latu is still found in the literature, but more frequently the Bryophyta now is used in a restricted sense to include only the mosses. The bryophytes are those embryophyte plants (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ... Subclasses Sphagnidae Andreaeidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Archidiidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm tall, though some species are much larger. ... Families & Genera Anthocerotaceae Anthoceros Folioceros Leiosporoceros Phaeoceros Sphaerosporoceros Dendrocerotaceae Dendroceros Megaceros Notoceros Notothyladaceae Notothylas Hornworts are a group of bryophytes, or non-vascular plants, comprising the division Anthocerotophyta. ... Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Subclasses Andreaeidae Sphagnidae Tetraphidae Polytrichidae Buxbaumiidae Bryidae Archidiidae Moss on a rock Mosses belong to the non-vascular plants. ... Another reason that liverworts are now classified separately is that liverworts appear to have diverged from all other embryophyte plants near the beginning of their evolution. The strongest line of supporting evidence is that liverworts are the only living group of land plants that do not have stomata on the sporophyte generation. The earliest fossils believed to be liverworts are compression fossils of Pallaviciniites from the Upper Devonian of New York. These fossils resemble modern species in the Metzgeriales. Another Devonian fossil called Protosalvinia also looks like a liverwort, but its relationship to other plants is still uncertain, so it may not belong to the Marchantiophyta. Image File history File links Bryo_cladogram. ... Divisions Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adders-tongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants The embryophytes are the most familiar... This article is about evolution in biology. ... Stoma of a leaf under a microscope. ... In plants that undergo alternation of generations, a sporophyte is the structure, or phase of life, that contains a total complement of chromosomes: The sporophyte produces spores, in a process called meiosis. ... FOSSIL is a standard for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under DOS. FOSSIL is an acronym for Fido Opus Seadog Standard Interface Layer. ... A compression fossil is a fossil preserved in sedimentary rock that has undergone physical compression. ... Artists illustration of a Devonian scene. ... NY redirects here. ... Families See text. ... Species Protosalvinia arnoldii † Protosalvinia braziliensis † Protosalvinia furcata † Protosalvinia ravenna † Protosalvinia is a prehistoric plant found commonly in shale from shoreline habitats of the Upper Devonian period. ... The Marchantiophyta is subdivided into two classes. The Jungermanniopsida includes primarily the two orders Metzgeriales (simple thalloids) and Jungermanniales (leafy liverworts), as well as a smaller order Haplomitriales. The Marchantiopsida includes primarily the orders Marchantiales (complex-thallus liverworts) and Sphaerocarpales (bottle hepatics), as well as the problematic genus Monoclea, which is sometimes placed in its own order Monocleales. In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ... Families See text. ... Families See text Jungermanniales is the largest order of Liverworts. ... Genera Haplomitrium Haplomitriales is an order of plants known as Liverworts. ... Genera Conocephalum Lunularia Preissia Marchantia Riccia Ricciocarpus Marchantiales is an order of thallose liverworts that includes species like Lunularia cruciata, a common and often troubleseome weed in moist, temperate gardens and greenhouses. ... Families Riellaceae Sphaerocarpaceae Monocarpaceae Sphaerocarpales is an order of plants known as liverworts. ... Species Monoclea forsteri Monoclea gottschei Monoclea is a genus of two species, of liverworts. ... [edit] See also Bryophyte Embryophyte The bryophytes are those embryophyte plants (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ... Divisions Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adders-tongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants The embryophytes are the most familiar... [edit] References Bold, Alexopoulos, and Delevoryas (1987). Morphology of Plants and Fungi. New York: Harper-Collins. Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta. In A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology, pp. 21-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66097-1. Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997). The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-730-8. Schofield, W. B. (1985). Introduction to Bryology. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-949660-8. Taylor, Thomas N. & Taylor, Edith L. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-651589-4. The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... [edit] External links LiToL: Assembling the Liverwort Tree of Life Additional information on Liverworts Liverworts Liverwort structure in pictures Moss-Liverwort connection Liverwort classification scheme Inter-relationships of Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Picture Gallery of Mosses & Liverworts Categories: Liverworts | Flora of Antarctica

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	Marchantiophyta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (1258 words) The Marchantiophyta is a division of plants commonly called hepatics or liverworts. Originally, the Marchantiophyta were grouped as class Hepaticae alongside the mosses in the Division Bryophyta, but the liverworts are now usually given their own division with two classes: Jungermanniopsida (simple thalloids and leafy liverworts) and the Marchantiopsida (complex-thallus liverworts and bottle hepatics). and Stotler, Raymond E. Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta.
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