Martinus Cromerus

MARTINI CROMERI EPISC. VARM.

Martin Kromer (Cromer) or Marcin Kromer (German: Martin Cromer, Latin: Martinus Cromerus, Polish: Marcin Kromer; 1512- 23 March 1589) was a Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland), cartographer, diplomat and historian in Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was personal secretary to two Kings of Poland, Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus. Marcin Kromer portrait from XVI century This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Marcin Kromer portrait from XVI century This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Year 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Rebellion of the Catholic League against King Henry III of France, in revenge for his murder of Duke Henry of Guise. ... Prince Bishops / Bishops of Warmia: 1250-1274 Anselm of Meissen 1278-1300 Heinrich I Fleming 1301-1326 Eberhard of Neisse 1327-1328 Jordan 1329-1334 Heinrich II Wogenap 1337-1349 Herman of Prague 1350-1355 Joannes I of Meissen 1355-1373 Joannes II Stryprock 1373-1401 Heinrich III Sorbom 1401... Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers. ... This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ... For other uses, see Historian (disambiguation). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Poland was ruled by dukes (c. ... Reign From December 8, 1506 until April 1, 1548 Coronation On January 24, 1507 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House Jagiellon Parents Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk Elżbieta Rakuszanka Consorts Katarzyna Telniczanka Barbara Zapolya Bona Sforza Children with Katarzyna Telniczanka Jan Regina Katarzyna with Barbara Zapolya Jadwiga Anna with Bona... Sigismund II Augustus (Polish: , Lithuanian: ; 1 August 1520 — 7 July 1572) was the only son of Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. ...

Life

Kromer was born in 1512 into a prominent burgher family in Biecz, in Lesser Poland. He completed his basic education in a local church-run school. In 1528 he transferred to Kraków, where in 1530 he graduated as a bachelor at the Cracow Academy. In 1533-37 he worked at the Royal Chancellery in Kraków. Thereafter he went to Italy, where he studied law for two years. Returning to Poland in 1540, he became secretary to Archbishop Peter Gamrat. As the latter's personal advisor, he was also his envoy and representative to Rome, where he spent two years until 1544. He then became a canon in Kraków. Bourgeois redirects here. ... Biecz - town and gmina in powiat gorlicki, in Lesser Poland Voivodship. ... Kraków Katowice WrocÅ‚aw Łódź PoznaÅ„ Bydgoszcz Lublin BiaÅ‚ystok GdaÅ„sk Szczecin Warsaw M A S O V I A S I L E S I A G R E A T E R P O L A N D L E S S E R P O... For other uses, see Krakow (disambiguation). ... A bachelors degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years. ... Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet JagielloÅ„ski, often shortened to UJ) is a university in Krakow, Poland. ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... Canons, Bruges A Canon of the Seminary, Sint Niklaas, Flanders. ...

In 1545, upon the death of his mentor, Kromer accepted the latter's post as personal secretary to Poland's King Sigismund I the Old. He was also an associate of Samuel Maciejowski, who later became Chancellor of the Crown. A specialist on Royal Prussia and Warmia, in 1551 Kromer became head of the Warmian canonry. However, his church career did not proceed as planned, since he was seen as one of the best Polish diplomats of the age and was frequently required by the court to leave his post to serve as envoy on various diplomatic missions. In 1552, for his services to the King, he was ennobled and granted a coat of arms. Map of Royal Prussia (light pink) History  - Established October 19, 1466  - Loss of autonomy 1 July 1569  - Annexed August 5, 1772 Royal Prussia (German: ; Polish: ) was a province of the Kingdom of Poland and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1772. ... Warmia in 1547 Warmia (Polish: , German: , Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. ... A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος relating to a rule) is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the Christian clergy subject to an ecclesiastical rule (canon). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ...

From 1558 to 1564 Kromer served as Polish envoy to Emperor Ferdinand I, who in recognition of Kromer's services added his own family coat-of-arms to Kromer's. The latter's tasks included advocacy of King Sigismund's claims to the inheritance of the late Queen-Consort Bona Sforza, which was also claimed by the King of Spain, who, however, based his claims on a forged testament. Ferdinand in 1531, the year of his election as King of the Romans Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was an Austrian monarch from the House of Habsburg. ... Bona Sforza in her youth Bona Sforza in 1517 Bona Sforza (February 2, 1494 - November 19, 1557) was a member of the Milanese Sforza dynasty, was a queen of Poland, Grand Duchess of Lithuania, and became the second wife of Sigismund I of Poland in 1518. ... In the common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the testator) regulates the rights of others over his property or family after death. ...

In 1564 Kromer was recalled to Poland, where he was promoted within the church hierarchy and took the post of coadjutor (de facto bishop) of the Bishopric of Warmia, to succeed on the demise of Prince-Bishop Stanislaus Hosius. After nine years at that post, Kromer was officially promoted to Prince-Bishop. He spent the rest of his days in Warmia, keeping diaries and writing several books on the history of Poland. He died on 23 March 1589 in Heilsberg (Lidzbark Warmiński). Archbishop Jerome Hanus of the Archdiocese of Dubuque, Dubuque, Iowa. ... Bishopric of Warmia was one of the bishoprics found by Teutonic Order on the area of newly conquered Prussia. ... Stanislaus Hosius (May 5, 1504 - August 5, 1579, born in Cracow, legate to Poland, cardinal and Ermland Warmia Prince-Bishop. ... Prince-Bishop was the title given bishops who held secular powers, beside their inherent clerical power. ... Coordinates: , Country Poland Voivodeship Warmian-Masurian Powiat Lidzbark WarmiÅ„ski County Gmina Lidzbark WarmiÅ„ski Estabilished before 1240 City Rights 1308 Government  - Mayor Artur Wajs Area  - Town 14. ...

In his works, Kromer advocated the reform of Poland's scientific and cultural life. One of his notable demands was providing the Cracow Academy with new privileges to restore its position as one of the renowned universities in Central Europe. He also promoted the active defence of the Roman Catholic Church against the growing Reformation. Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ...

Martin Kromer and Stanislaus Hosius (Stanisław Hozjusz) were the two bishops most instrumental in causing Royal Prussia's diocese of Warmia to return to or remain Catholic during a time of major conversions to Protestantism, especially in the neighboring Duchy of Prussia which almost surrounded the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, and had converted to Lutheranism as the first state to do so. Stanislaus Hosius (May 5, 1504 - August 5, 1579, born in Cracow, legate to Poland, cardinal and Ermland Warmia Prince-Bishop. ... Coat of arms Duchy of Prussia (striped) in the second half of the 16th century Capital Königsberg Religion Protestant (Lutheran) Government Monarchy Duke of Prussia  - 1525 — 1568 Albert I  - 1568 — 1618 Albert Frederick History  - Secularisation April, 1525  - Personal Union (with Brandenburg) August 27, 1618  - Independence September 19, 1657 The...

Kromer and Hosius left many German-language records of their speeches and sermons in their episcopacies in Ermland (Warmia). German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ...

Bibliography

• Martini Cromeri de origine et rebus gestis Polonorum libri XXX [1] of 1555 (About origins and history of Poles in thirty tomes) in Latin, (Polish translation O sprawach, dziejach i wszystkich innych potocznościach koronnych polskich in 1611)
• Polonia sive de situ, populis, moribus, magistratibus et Republica regni Polonici libri duo published in Cologne in 1577 (Poland, about location, culture and offices) in Latin, (Polish translation Polska, czyli o położeniu, obyczajach, urzędach Rzeczypospolitej Królestwa Polskiego in 1853)
• Rozmowa dworzanina z mnichem of 1551-1554 (in Polish: "Discourse between a courtier and a monk")
• Historyja prawdziwa o przygodzie żałosnej książęcia finlandzkiego Jana i królewny polskiej Katarzyny from 1570, "true history of sad adventure of Finnish prince John and Polish princess Catherine", a prose telling of love between John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagellonica, parents to Sigismund III Vasa
• F. Hipler, Die deutschen Predigten und Katechesen der ermländischen Bischöfe Hosius und Cromer, Cologne, 1885

Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ... Polonia sive de situ, populis, moribus, magistratibus et Republica regni Polonici libri duo is a book, first published in Cologne in 1577 in Latin. ... Cologne (German: , IPA: ; local dialect: Kölle ) is Germanys fourth-largest city after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich, and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than... Events March 17 - formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold May 28 - Publication of the Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings. ... Year 1551 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Events January 5 - Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands. ... Events January 23 - The assassination of regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray throws Scotland into civil war February 25 - Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull Regnans in Excelsis May 20 - Abraham Ortelius issues the first modern atlas. ... John III (Johan III) (December 23, 1537 – November 17, 1592) was King of Sweden from 1568 until his death. ... Catherine Jagellonica Catherine Jagiellonica of Poland, (1526 - 1583), was the youngest daughter of Sigismund I of Poland and Bona Sforza, heir to her mothers claim to the title of King of Jerusalem. ... Sigismund III Vasa (Polish: ) (20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he was known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 until he was deposed in 1599. ...

External links

• Polish site with coats of arms