NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mari El

The Mari El Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Мари́й Эл; Mari: Марий Эл Республика) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). The direct transliteration of the republic's Russian name is Respublika Mariy El and Mari name is Marii El Respublika. The republic is also sometimes called Mariy El or Marii El in English. The Mari language (Mari: Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¹Ñ‹Ð»Ð¼Ðµ, Russian Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ·Ñ‹Ðº), spoken by more than 600,000 people, belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group and is part of the Volgaic subgroup of the Finnic languages together with Mordvin (though this relationship is contested; see Klima 2004 for discussion). ... Russia is a federation which consists of 88 subjects (Russian: ; English transliteration: subyekty, sing. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... There exist many possible systems for transliterating the Cyrillic alphabet of the Russian language to English or the Latin alphabet. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

The Russian Federation is divided into 88 federal subjects (constituent units), 21 of which are republics. ... All of the federal subjects of Russia are grouped into seven federal districts (Russian: , sing. ... Privolzhsky (Volga) Federal District (Russian: Приво́лжский федера́льный о́круг; tr. ... Russia is divided into eleven economic regions (Russian: экономические районы, sing. ... The Mari language (Mari: Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¹Ñ‹Ð»Ð¼Ðµ, Russian Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ·Ñ‹Ðº), spoken by more than 600,000 people, belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group and is part of the Volgaic subgroup of the Finnic languages together with Mordvin (though this relationship is contested; see Klima 2004 for discussion). ... Leonid Igorevich Markelov (born 1963) is the President of the Mari El republic in Russia. ...

Geography

The Republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of the Russian Federation, along Volga River. The swampy Mari Depression is located in the west of the republic. 57% of the republic's territory is covered by forests. The East European Plain (also Eastern-European Lowland, Eastern European Lowlands, Eastern European Plain, and Russian Plain) is a plain and series of broad river basins in Eastern Europe. ... The Volga, widely viewed as the national river of Russia, flows through the western part of the country. ...

Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... Kirov Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... The Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Capital Cheboksary Area - total - % water 81st - 18,300 kmÂ² - N/A Population - Total - Density 41st - est. ...

Time zone

Mari El is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is UTC+3 (MSK)/UTC+4 (MSD). Image File history File links RTZ2. ... Time zones of Europe: Light colours indicate countries not observing daylight saving Moscow Time (Russian: ) is the time zone for the city of Moscow, Russia and most of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg, Russia. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC - see below for explanation) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ... -12 | -11 | -10 | -9:30 | -9 | -8 | -7 | -6 | -5 | -4 | -3:30 | -3 | -2:30 | -2 | -1 | -0:25 | UTC (0) | +0:20 | +0:30 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +3:30 | +4 | +4:30 | +4:51 | +5 | +5:30 | +5:40 | +5:45 | +6 | +6:30 | +7 | +7:20 | +7... Moscow Summer Time Category: ...

Rivers

There are 476 rivers in Mari El. Most of them are considered to be minor: 10-50 m wide and .5-1.4 m deep. They usually freeze from mid-November till mid-April. Major rivers include:

Vetluga (Russian: Ð’ÐµÑ‚Ð»ÑƒÌÐ³Ð°) is a river in the Mari El Republic and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of Russia. ... The Volga, widely viewed as the national river of Russia, flows through the western part of the country. ...

Lakes

There are over 200 lakes in Mari El, most of them with an area less than 1 km² and depth of 1-3 m. Many lakes are located among swamps. Swamps cover large areas (10-70 km², up to 100 km²), and usually freeze in December. Average depth of the swamps is .5-1.5 m (up to 3 m), but they are impassable in fall and spring due to flooding.

Natural resources

There are virtually no natural resources of industrial significance in the republic. Other resources include peat, mineral waters, and limestone. Peat in Lewis, Scotland Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. ... In many places, mineral water is often colloquially used to mean carbonated water (which is usually carbonated mineral water, as opposed to tap water). ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ...

Climate

Climate is moderately continental. Winters are moderately cold and snowy. Summers are warm and often rainy. A continental climate is the climate typical of the middle-latitude interiors of the large continents of the Northern Hemisphere in the zone of westerly winds; similar climates exist along the east coasts and southwest coasts of the same continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of...

Administrative divisions

Cities and towns under republics jurisdiction Yoshkar-Ola (Ð™Ð¾ÑˆÐºÐ°Ñ€-ÐžÐ»Ð°) (capital) with 5 selsovets under the citys jurisdiction Kozmodemyansk (ÐšÐ¾Ð·ÑŒÐ¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ¼ÑŒÑÐ½ÑÐº) Volzhsk (Ð’Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÑÐº) Districts: Gornomariysky (Ð“Ð¾Ñ€Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹) with 14 selsovets under the districts jurisdiction Kilemarsky (ÐšÐ¸Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ€ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹) Urban settlements under the districts jurisdiction: Kilemary (ÐšÐ¸Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹) with 11 selsovets under the districts jurisdiction Kuzhenersky (ÐšÑƒÐ¶ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹) Urban settlements...

Demographics

The Mari did not have a designated territory before Russian Revolution of 1917. According to the 2002 Census only 51.7% of the Mari within Russia live in Mari El, while 17.5% live in Bashkortostan. During the last Soviet Census (1989) 4% of the Mari of the Soviet Union lived outside of Russia. The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and Ã‡irmeÅŸ in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia. ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the system of autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal Provisional Government (Duma), resulting in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ... The Republic of Bashkortostan, or Bashkiria (Russian: or ; Bashkir: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ...

According to the 2002 Census, Russians make up 47.5% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Mari make up 42.3%. Other groups include Tatars (6.0%), Chuvash (1.0%), Ukrainians (5,097, or 0.7%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. 2,911 people (0.4%) did not indicate their nationalities during the Census. Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ... KÃ¼ltigin Monument where first mention of Tatar people is inscribed Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ð°Ñ€), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Chuvash (Chuvashian: , Russian: Ñ‡ÑƒÐ²Ð°ÑˆÐ¸, Tatar: Ã‡uaÅŸlarÐ§ÑƒÐ°ÑˆÐ»Ð°Ñ€) are a Turkic people usually associated with Chuvashia. ...

The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and Ã‡irmeÅŸ in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia. ... KÃ¼ltigin Monument where first mention of Tatar people is inscribed Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ð°Ñ€), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Chuvash are a bunch of pakis . ...

Crime

There have been allegations that Mari El, and in particular its capital city Yoshkar-Ola, are centres of operation for a number of international criminal gangs, who obtain money from people by fraudulent means. ...

History

Ancient Mari tribes were known since the 5th century. Later their area was a tributary of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde. In the 1440s it was incorporated into the Khanate of Kazan and was occupied by Russia after the fall of Kazan in 1552. Image File history File links MariEl03. ... Image File history File links MariEl03. ... Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is a historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now the Russian Federation. ... The Golden Horde (Turkish: AltÄ±n Ordu) was a Turkic state established in parts of present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan after the break up of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s. ... Map of Kazan Khanate, early 1500s The Kazan Khanate (Tatar: Qazan xanlÄ±ÄŸÄ±; Russian: ÐšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½ÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ Ñ…Ð°Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾) (1438-1552) was a Tatar state on the territory of former Volga Bulgaria with its capital in Kazan. ... Kazan (Russian: ; Tatar: Qazan, ÐšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russias largest cities. ...

Mari Autonomous Oblast was established on November 4, 1920. It was re-organized into Mari ASSR on December 5, 1936. To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it more accessible to a general audience, this article may require cleanup. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Mari ASSR was the successor of Mari Autonomous Oblast. ... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The autonomous Mari El Republic in its present form was formed on December 22, 1990. December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

Politics

The head of government in the Mari El Republic is the President. As of 2004, the president is Leonid Igorevich Markelov, who was elected in January of 2001. 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Leonid Igorevich Markelov (born 1963) is the President of the Mari El republic in Russia. ...

Ethnic Mari people are under heavy russification and Leonid Markelov has ordered many Mari language newspapers to quit. Ethnic Mari activist live under fear of violence. Mari activist and chief editor Vladimir Kozlov was badly beaten after he published criticism toward Leonid Markelov's politics.

Economy

The most developed industries are machine construction, metal working, timber, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in the towns of Kozmodemyansk, Volzhsk, and Zvenigovo Kozmodemyansk (Russian: ) is a town in the Mari El Republic, Russia. ... Volzhsk (Russian: ) is a town in the Mari El Republic, Russia. ... Zvenigovo (Russian: ) is a town in the Mari El Republic, Russia, located on the left bank of the Volga River 90 km south of Yoshkar-Ola at . Population: 12,500 (2005 est. ...

Transportation

In the republic, there is one airport, 15 train stations, 53 bus stations, and a river port in Kozmodemyansk (on Volga River), as well as four other minor river ports.

Communication

Telephony, Internet service and cable television are provided by Volga Telecom. In telecommunication, Telephony encompasses the general use of equipment to provide voice communication over distances. ... An Internet service provider (abbr. ... Coaxial cable is often used to transmit cable television into the house. ... Volga Telecom is one of the Russian telecommuncations companies that was formed after the Svyazinvest Company in Moscow decided to reorganize 72 different regional service providers into 7 large interregional companies. ...

Culture

There are eight museums in Mari El. The largest ones include the National Museum, the Museum of History, and the Republican Museum of Fine Arts in Yoshkar-Ola, and the Museum of Arts and History in Kozmodemyansk.

Education

The most important facilities of higher education include Mari State Technical University, Mari State University, and Mari State Pedagogical Institute; all located in Yoshkar-Ola.

Religion

The most common confessions include Russian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Old Believers, and Islam. Traditional Mari religion (marla faith—Christianity with elements of Totemism and Shamanism) is also popular. The Russian Orthodox Church (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Catholic Church of Russia, is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers (Russian: ) separated after 1666 - 1667 from the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. ... Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…), believe God (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ... The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and Ã‡irmeÅŸ in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Totemism (derived from the root -oode in the Ojibwe language, which referred to something kinship-related) is a religious belief that is frequently associated with shamanistic religions. ... A shaman doctor of Kyzyl. ...

Tourism

Mari El is a favourite place of Tatarstan tourists. There is Marii Chodra national park in the valley of Ilet, with various attractions, such as boating, riding, mushrooming, etc. Marii Chodra is also favourite place of Kazan Tolkienist, where they use to play their battles. The Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Kazan (Russian: ; Tatar: Qazan, ÐšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russias largest cities. ...

External links

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Finno-Ugric-speaking nations

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Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area - City 1,081 kmÂ² Population - City (2005) - Density 10,415,400 8537. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... The Russian Federation is divided into 89 subjects (administrative units), 1 of which is an autonomous oblast: Jewish Autonomous Oblast See also Republics of Russia Krais of Russia Oblasts of Russia Autonomous Districts of Russia Federal cities of Russia Categories: Subdivisions of Russia | Autonomous Oblasts of Russia ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Russia is divided into 88 federal subjects (subjekty), of which nine are avtonomnyye okruga (autonomous districts, sing. ... 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Taymyr Autonomous Okrug (Russian: ), or Taymyria, is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Krasnoyarsk Krai), the northernmost in mainland Russia (and thus Asia). ... Krasnoyarsk Krai (Russian: ) (2002 pop. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Russian: ), or Aga Buryatia, is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Chita Oblast). ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... 2007 (MMVII) will be a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ust-Orda Buryatia Ust-Orda Buryatia on the map of Russia The flag of Ust-Orda Buryatia Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Russian: ), or Ust-Orda Buryatia, is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Irkutsk Oblast). ... Irkutsk Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in south-eastern Siberia in the basins of Angara, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska rivers, and occupies an area of 767,900 kmÂ² (4. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 2007 (MMVII) will be a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kamchatka Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... Koryak Autonomous Okrug (Russian: ), or Koryakia, is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Kamchatka Oblast). ... Kamchatka Krai (Russian: ÐšÐ°Ð¼Ñ‡Ð°ÌÑ‚ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÐºÑ€Ð°Ð¹) is a new federal subject of Russia that is scheduled to come into being as a merger of Kamchatka Oblast and Koryakia, after a referendum was held on the issue on 23 October 2005. ... All of the federal subjects of Russia are grouped into seven federal districts (Russian: , sing. ... Central Federal District (Russian: Ð¦ÐµÐ½Ñ‚Ñ€Ð°ÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ñ„ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°ÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð¾ÌÐºÑ€ÑƒÐ³; tr. ... Far Eastern Federal District (Russian: Ð”Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½ÐµÐ²Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¾ÌÑ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ñ„ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°ÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð¾ÌÐºÑ€ÑƒÐ³; tr. ... Northwestern Federal District (Russian: Ð¡ÐµÌÐ²ÐµÑ€Ð¾-Ð—Ð°ÌÐ¿Ð°Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ñ„ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°ÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð¾ÌÐºÑ€ÑƒÐ³; tr. ... Siberian Federal District (Russian: Ð¡Ð¸Ð±Ð¸ÌÑ€ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ñ„ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°ÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð¾ÌÐºÑ€ÑƒÐ³; tr. ... Southern Federal District (Russian: Ð®ÌÐ¶Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ñ„ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°ÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð¾ÌÐºÑ€ÑƒÐ³; tr. ... Urals Federal District (Russian: Ð£Ñ€Ð°ÌÐ»ÑŒÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ñ„ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°ÌÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð¾ÌÐºÑ€ÑƒÐ³; tr. ... Categories: Russia geography stubs | Federal districts of Russia ... Approximate geographical distribution of areas where indigenous Finno-Ugric languages are spoken. ... The Finno-Permic languages are a large branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. ...

Estonia • Finland • Republic of Karelia • Lapland • Mari El • Mordovia • Udmurtia • Komi Republic Image File history File links Flag_of_Estonia_(bordered). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Finland_(bordered). ... Image File history File links KareliaFlag. ... The Republic of Karelia (Russian: ) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Image File history File links Sami_flag. ... National anthem SÃ¡mi soga lÃ¡vlla Languages Sami, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian Area ca. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mari_El. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mordovia. ... The Republic of Mordovia (Russian: ; Moksha: ÐœÐ¾Ñ€Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÑÐºÑÐ¹ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑŒ; Erzya: ÐœÐ¾Ñ€Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑŒ) or Mordvinia is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Udmurtia. ... The Udmurt Republic (Russian: ; Udmurt: Ð£Ð´Ð¼ÑƒÑ€Ñ‚ ÐÐ»ÑŒÐºÑƒÐ½) or Udmurtia (Russian: Ð£Ð´Ð¼ÑƒÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Komi. ... Capital Syktyvkar Area - total - % water Ranked 15th - 415,900 kmÂ² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 54th - est. ...

Ugric Ugric languages or Ugrian languages are generally held to be a branch of Finno-Ugric languages. ...

Hungary • Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Image File history File links Bandera_Khanti_mansi. ... Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugâ€”Yugra (Russian: ), or Khantia-Mansia, is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Tyumen Oblast). ...

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