Marie of Hesse

Princess Maximilienne Wilhelmine Marie of Hesse and the Rhine (8 August 1824-8 June 1880) was a princess of Grand Ducal Hesse and, as Marie Alexandrovna, Empress consort of Alexander II of Russia. She was born at Darmstadt, the capital of the Grand Duchy, and died at Saint Petersburg. File links The following pages link to this file: Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ... File links The following pages link to this file: Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt came into existence in 1568, as the portion of George, youngest of the four sons of Landgrave Philipp of Hesse. ... King George V of the United Kingdom and his consort, Queen Mary A queen consort is the wife and consort of a reigning king. ... Alexander II (1818-1881) Alexander (Aleksandr) II (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (April 17, 1818–March 13, 1881) was the Emperor (tsar) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until his assassination. ... Map of Germany showing Darmstadt Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hessen in Germany. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland...

Maternal ancestry

Her maternal grandparents were Karl Ludwig, Prince of Baden (1755 - 1801) and Amalie, Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (1754 - 1832). Amalie was daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1719 - 1790) and Caroline, Grafin von Pfalz- Zweibrücken (1721 - 1774). Baden is a territory in the southwest of what later became unified Germany. ... 1755 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt came into existence in 1568, as the portion of George, youngest of the four sons of Landgrave Philipp of Hesse. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) Births November 30 - Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales (d. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A palatinate is an area administered by a count palatine, originally the direct representative of the sovereign but later the hereditary ruler of the territory subject to the crowns overlordship. ... Zweibrücken is a city of Germany in Rhineland-Palatinate, on the Schwarzbach River at the border of the Palatine Forest. ... Events Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos April 4 - Robert Walpole becomes the first prime minister of Britain September 10 - Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War November 2 - Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Karl Ludwig was son of Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden (1728 - 1811) and Carolina Louise, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt (1723 - 1783). Carolina Louise was daughter of Ludwig VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1691 - 1768) and Charlotte, Grafin von Hanau-Lichtenburg (1700 - 1726). She was also a sister of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. Events Astronomical aberration discovered by the astronomer James Bradley Swedish academy of sciences founded at Uppsala Births January 9 - Thomas Warton, English poet (d. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender October 3 - Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to catholics was signed. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Germany-related stubs ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... Events George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject. ...

Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden was son of Friedrich Magnus, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1703 - 1732) and Anna Charlotte Amalie, Princess of Orange (1710 - 1777). His maternal grandparents were Johan Willem Friso of Orange-Nassau and Marie-Louise , Princess of Hesse-Kassel (1688 - 1765). Events February 2 - Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan, the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Norcia, Italy May 27 - Founding of St Petersburg in Russia May 26 - Portugal joins Grand Alliance July 29-31 - Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the... Events February 23 - First performance of Handels Orlando, in London June 9 - James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia. ... Events April 10 - The worlds first copyright legislation became effective, Britains Statute of Anne Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Births January 4 - Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (d. ... 1777 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Johan Willem Friso of Orange-Nassau was stadholder of Friesland until his untimely death by drowning in the Hollands Diep in 1711. ... Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... 1765 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Marie-Louise was daughter of Karl I von Hessen-Kassel (1654 - 1730) and Marie Amalie Kettler, Princess of Courland (1653 - 1711). Her brother became Frederick I of Sweden. Her maternal grandparents were Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland (1610 - 1682) and Louise Charlotte, Princess of Brandenburg. Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births May 13 - Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. ... Courland, Kurland, Couronia, or Curonia, a former Baltic province of the Teutonic Order state in Livonia (ca. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... Events 24 February -- The London premiere of Rinaldo by George Friderich Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage. ... Frederick I of Sweden (April 23, 1676 - March 25, 1751), King of Sweden from 1720 and (as Friedrich I von Hessen-Kassel) Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel from 1730. ... Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... Events March 11 – Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England May 6 - Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles. ... Surrounding but excluding the national capital Berlin, Brandenburg is one of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states). ...

Louise Charlotte was daughter of Georg Wilhelm Hohenzollern, elector of Brandenburg, Duke of Prussia and Charlotte von der Pfalz (1597 - 1660). Charlotte was daughter of Frederick IV, Elector Palatine (1574 - 1610) and Louise Juliana von Orange-Nassau. Her brother became Frederick V, Elector Palatine. Georg Wilhelm Hohenzollern, elector of Brandenburg, duke of Prussia, was born 1595 in Berlin. ... Aerial view of the castle, Hohenzollern, Germany. ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and... Events January 24 - Battle of Turnhout. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... Events April 14 - Battle of Mookerheyde. ... Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... The House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch Oranje-Nassau), is a family that has played a central role in the political life of the Netherlands since William I of Orange (also known as William the Silent and Father of the Fatherland) organised the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, which after... Frederick V, Elector Palatine Frederick V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia (August 16, 1596 -November 29, 1632) was, as the son and heir of Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, the Elector of the Rhine Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire upon his fathers death in 1610. ...

Louise Juliana was daughter of William I of Orange and Charlotte de Bourbon-Monpensier. William I (William the Silent) William I, Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau (April 24, 1533 – July 10, 1584) was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. ...

Early life

She was the youngest of seven children born to Wilhelmine of Baden, Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt (1788 - 1836), the younger four appearing to have been fathered by Baron Auguste Senarclens de Grancy. To avoid a scandal, Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine acknowledged Alexander and Marie as his own children; the other two had died young. Yet they still lived in a separate establishment in Heiligenberg while the Grand Duke lived in Darmstadt. 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine ( 26 December 1777 – 16 June 1848) ruled over the Grand Duchy of Hesse from 1830 until his death. ...

Marie of Hesse, her husband Tsar Alexander II, and son the future Alexander III

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Marriage

When in 1838, the Tsarevich Alexander Nikolayevich toured Europe to find a wife, he fell in love with the 14-year-old Marie. He married her on April 16, 1841, even though he was well aware of the "irregularity" of her birth. His mother Charlotte of Prussia objected, but Alexander insisted. 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Tsar, (Bulgarian цар�, Russian царь; often spelled Czar or Tzar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917. ... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 1841 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

As she was very shy, she was regarded as stiff, austere, and with no taste in dress, no conversation, no charm. The damp climate of Saint Petersburg did not agree with the delicate chest Marie had inherited from her mother, so that she had a racking cough and recurring fever. Nevertheless, she became the mother of eight children. These pregnancies together with ill health kept her away from many Court festivities, which brought temptations to her husband. Fever, also known as pyrexia, is a medical symptom which describes an increase in temperature to levels which are above normal (37 degrees Celsius, 98. ...

Although he always treated her well, Marie knew Alexander was unfaithful and had many lovers. He already had three children with his favorite mistress, Princess Catherine Dolgoruki, when he moved her and their children into the Imperial Palace. They entered into a morganatic marriage less than a month after Marie's death on July 6, 1880. Princess Catherine Dolgoruki (or Dolgoruky, or Dolgorukaya), also known as Princess Ekaterina Michielovna Dolgorukaya and Princess Catherine Yourievska, was the daughter of Prince Micheal Dolgorukij and Vera Visnevskaya and was Tsar Alexander II of Russias mistress and created Princess Yurievsky. ... A morganatic marriage is a type of marriage which can be contracted in certain countries, usually between persons of unequal social rank (unebenbürtig in German), which prevents the passage of the husbands titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage. ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... 1880 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Empress

In 1855 Alexander became Emperor, which forced her to attend more State functions whether she was ill or not. Although Alexander II always treated her well, she knew from 1858 onwards that his feelings were for someone else. In 1865, the death of her eldest and favourite son, the Tsarevich Nicholas, was a great blow. 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Every now and again she was able to go to her brother Alexander who lived with his morganatic wife in Heiligenberg. There she met Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, daughter of Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, wife of her nephew Prince Ludwig. She resented Alice's suggestion of the marriage between her brother Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and her own daughter, but the marriage ultimately went through. When Alice died in 1878, Marie often invited the motherless children for visits to Heiligenberg. It was during these visits that Marie's son, Grand Duke Serge, first got to know his future wife, Alice's daughter Elisabeth. A morganatic marriage is a type of marriage which can be contracted in certain countries, usually between persons of unequal social rank (unebenbürtig in German), which prevents the passage of the husbands titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage. ... Her Royal Highness The Princess Alice (Alice Maud Mary), (25 April 1843 - 14 December 1878, was a member of the British Royal Family, the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria. ... Her Majesty Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom from 20 June 1837, and Empress of India from 1876 until her death. ... Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel, of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha branch of the House of Wettin) (26 August 1819 - 14 December 1861) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, K.G. (12 September 1837 in Bessungen, now Darmstadt - 13 March 1892 in Darmstadt), the ruler of the small German grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt (Hesse and by Rhine), was the husband of Princess Alice of Great Britain and Ireland, the... His Royal Highness Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh (6 August 1844 – 30 July 1900), was the second son and fourth child of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Children

Her children were

• Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (30 August 1842 - 10 July 1849).
• Tsarevich Nikolai of Russia (20 September 1843 - 24 April 1865).
• Alexander III of Russia (10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894).
• Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia (22 April 1847 - 17 February 1909). He married Marie Alexandrine Elisabeth Eleonore von Mecklenburg-Schwerin, daughter of Friedrich Franz II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Augusta of Reuss-Köstritz. They were maternal grandparents of Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark.
• Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia (14 January 1850 - 14 November 1908). He married Countess Alexandra, Countess Zhukovskaja.
• Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia (17 October 1853 - 24 October 1920). Married Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
• Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (10 May 1857 - 17 February 1905). Married Elizabeth Alexandra Louise Alice von Hessen, daughter of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom.
• Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia (3 October 1860 - 30 January 1919). Married first Princess Alexandra of Greece and secondly Olga Valerianovna Karnovich, Princess Palei.