Mariana Mallard
The last Mariana Mallard drake was a bird of the "superciliosa" morph.
Conservation status
Extinct  (1981)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Genus: Anas Species: A. oustaleti
Binomial name
Anas oustaleti Salvadori, 1894
Former distribution of the Mariana Mallard (marked in dark grey, click to enlarge). Birds were all-year residents.
Synonyms
Anas superciliosa oustaleti Hartert, 1930 Polionetta oustaleti Kuroda, 1922 Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti Delacour & Mayr, 1945 Anas poecilorhyncha oustaleti (lapsus?)

The Mariana Mallard (Anas oustaleti^[1]) or Oustalet's Gray Duck is an extinct species of duck of the genus Anas that was endemic to the Mariana Islands. It is sometimes treated as a subspecies of the Mallard or the Pacific Black Duck, or (erroneously) the Spot-billed Duck (as Anas poecilorhyncha oustaleti). Image File history File links Anas_oustaleti_last_male. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Image File history File links Status_none_EX.svg‎ Graphic diagram for the IUCN Red List categories. ... The Dodo, shown here in illustration, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Families Anhimidae Anseranatidae Anatidae †Dromornithidae †Presbyornithidae The order Anseriformes contains about 150 species of birds in three families: the Anhimidae (the screamers), Anseranatidae (the Magpie-goose), and the Anatidae, which includes over 140 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. ... Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Thalassorninae Anserinae Stictonettinae Plectropterinae Tadorninae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Oxyurinae and see text Anatidae is the biological family that includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swan. ... Species Some 40-50; see text. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Tommaso Adlard Salvadori (September 30, 1835 - October 9, 1923) was an Italian zoologist. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1192x1016, 25 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Mariana Mallard ... In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... Ernst Johann Otto Hartert (October 29, 1859 - November 11, 1933) was an German ornithologist and oologist. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... Nagamichi Kuroda (1889 - 1978) was a Japanese ornithologist. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Jean Théodore Delacour (September 26, 1890 - November 5, 1985) was a American ornithologist of French origin. ... This article has been identified as possibly containing errors. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ... For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Endemic, in a broad sense, can mean belonging or native to, characteristic of, or prevalent in a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; Native to an area or scope. ... The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning Islands of Thieves) are an archipelago made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the north-western Pacific Ocean between the 12th and 21st parallels... In zoology, as in other branches of biology, subspecies is the rank immediately subordinate to a species. ... Binomial name Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies See Mexican Duck, Anas, and article text The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos[1]), also known as the wild duck, is a dabbling duck which breeds throughout the temperate and sub-tropical areas of North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. ... Binomial name Anas superciliosa (Gmelin, 1789) The Pacific Black Duck, Anas superciliosa, is a dabbling duck found in much of Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. ... Binomial name Anas poecilorhyncha Forster, 1781 The Spotbill, Anas poecilorhyncha, is a dabbling duck which breeds in tropical and eastern Asia. ...

This species is an interesting example of speciation by hybridization (which is very rare in birds and mammals), as it is apparently derived from migrating individuals of the Mallard (A. p. platyrhynchos) and the Australasian Black Duck (A. s. rogersi) which settled down and became resident on the Marianas. The speciation process has only started in comparatively recent time (thousands of years maybe) and neither Mariana Mallards nor their progenitor species are known from fossils on the Marianas, casting into doubt the assumption that a resident Black Duck population had been long established on the islands.^[2] A species of flightless duck known from a prehistoric bone found on Rota in 1994 (Steadman, 1999) was apparently not closely related to the Recent birds. Charles Darwins first sketch of an evolutionary tree from his First Notebook on Transmutation of Species (1837) Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. ... // This article is about a biological term. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Subclasses Subclass Allotheria* Order Docodonta (extinct) Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata Subclass Theria Infraclass Trituberculata (extinct) Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals are a class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of... Mariana Islands (sometimes called The Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called the Ladrone Islands) are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the Pacific Ocean. ... Look up rota in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ...

The IUCN, among others, does not consider the Mariana Mallard a proper species yet and thus does not include it in its redlist. However, as the population constituted a distinct, established and independent evolutionary unit (although not yet phenotypically homogenized), it was at least an incipient species. If considered specifically distinct, it was one of the most short-lived vertebrate species known to science, existing for a few 10.000 years at most from the fist hybridization event to its extinction. The World Conservation Union or International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. ... Classes and Clades See below Male and female Superb Fairy-wren Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. ...

Local names are ngånga' (palao) in Chamorro and ghereel'bwel in Carolinian. The binomial of this species commemorates the French zoologist Emile Oustalet. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Carolinian is an Austronesian language spoken in the Northern Mariana Islands, where it is an official language along with English and Chamorro. ... In elementary algebra, a binomial is a polynomial with two terms: the sum of two monomials. ... Dr Jean-Frédéric Emile Oustalet (August 24, 1844 - October 23, 1905) was a French zoologist. ...

Description

Mariana Mallards were 51-56 cm long and weighed approximately one kilogram, making them marginally smaller than mallards. Two intergrading color morphs were found in males, called the "platyrhynchos" and the "superciliosa" type after the species they resembled more. A Morph, meaning form (from the Latin morpha), is a zoological term that descibes local populations or subpopulations of a single species of animal that may or may not be phenotypically distinct from the larger population as a whole. ...

Only the former had a distinct nuptial (breeding) plumage: the head was green as in mallard drakes, but less glossy, with some buff feathers on the sides, a dark brown eyestripe and a faint whitish ring at the base of the neck. The upper breast was dark ruddish chestnut brown with blackish-brown spots. The wing patch (speculum) and the tail was also like in mallard drakes' nuptial plumage, including curled-up central tail feathers, but the tips of the speculum feathers were buff. The underside was a mix between the vermiculated grey feathers of the mallard and the brown ones of the Pacific Black Duck. The remainder of the bird looked like a male Pacific Black Duck with lighter underwings. The bill was black at the base and olive at the tip, the feet reddish orange with darker webs and the iris brown. The eclipse plumage looked similar to a dark eclipse mallard drake.
Males of the "superciliosa" type resembled an Island Black Duck with a less distinctly marked head, the supercilium and cheeks being buffy and the cheek (malar) stripe hardly visible. The upper breast, flank and scapular feathers had broader buff edges, and the underwings were lighter. The speculum was usually as in the "platyrhynchos" type, i.e. mallard-like, but at least two specimens have the green speculum of the Pacific Black Duck. The bill was like that of A. superciliosa, and the iris and legs similar to the "platyrhynchos" type. A mallard hen. ... The term supercilium is a name for a plumage feature present on the heads of many bird species. ... Left scapula - front view () Left scapula - rear view () In anatomy, the scapula, or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). ...

Females looked essentially like a dark mallard female with the orange of the feet and near the bill tip usually a bit more pure.

Ducklings were probably intermediate in plumage between the two progenitor species, somewhat duller than mallard or somewhat more vivdly colored than Pacific Black Duck downy young.

The voice can be assumed to have resembled the Mariana Mallard's parent species'; possibly, the females' quacking was hoarser than in the mallard.

Distribution

It occurred, in recent times at least, on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Tinian. Madge & Burn (1988) mention a report of 2 unidentified ducks seen on Rota in 1945, but as no movement of A. oustaleti between Saipan and Tinian, which are just 8 km apart, was recorded (Kuroda, 1941-42), these were probably vagrant migrating ducks, although Marshall (1949) suspected from circumstantial evidence that such movement did indeed take place. However, the distance between Guam and Rota is nearly 80 km, making intentional migration between these islands not likely. Saipan seen from the air A map of Saipan, Tinian & Aquijan Saipan (IPA: in English) is the largest island and capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a chain of 15 tropical islands belonging to the Marianas archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean (15°10... Saipan, Tinian & Aguiguan The atom bomb pit on Tinians North Field, where Little Boy was loaded aboard the Enola Gay Tinian Shinto shrine. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Ecology

The Mariana Mallard inhabited wetlands, mostly inland but occasionally also in coastal areas. On Guam, it was most abundant in the Talofofo River valley, on Tinian on Lake Hagoi and Lake Makpo (now Makpo Swamp) before it was drained, and on Saipan on the Garpan lagoon and on and around Lake Susupe. The birds were rather reclusive, preferring sheltered habitat with plenty of wetland/water plants - fern Acrostichum aureum thickets and Scirpus, Cyperus and Phragmites (australis) karka reed beds, as described in detail by Tenorio et al. (1979) and Stemmermann (1981) -, where they also nested. Usually, pairs or small flocks were encountered, but in the key habitats larger groups of dozens and rarely up to 50-60 individuals could be found. Apart from possible inter-island movement, the birds were not migratory. Habitat (which is Latin for it inhabits) is the place where a particular species lives and grows. ... CoopersBold textBold textBold textItalic text Psilotopsida Equisetopsida Marattiopsida Pteridopsida (Polypodiopsida) A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. ... Species About 120; see text The plant genus Scirpus consists of a large number of aquatic, grass-like species in the family Cyperaceae (the sedges), many with the common names club-rush or bulrush (see also bulrush for other plants so-named). ... Species About 600 species; see text Cyperus is a large genus of about 600 species of sedges, distributed throughout all continents in both tropical and temperate regions. ... Binomial name Phragmites australis (Cav. ... A reedbed in summer In nature, reedbeds are basically ’temporary’ habitats. ...

Feeding and reproduction is not well documented, but cannot expected to differ significantly from its immediate relatives: The birds fed on aquatic invertebrates, small vertebrates and plants and although up-ending was not observed, they probably utilized it too. Invertebrate is a term coined by Chevalier de Lamarck to describe any animal without a backbone or vertebra, like insects, squids and worms. ... Typical classes Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Placodermi - extinct Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii - extinct Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptilia (reptiles) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ...

Breeding was recorded from at least January to July, with a peak in June/July at the end of the dry season. One male specimen taken in October was also in breeding condition (Marshall, 1949); thus, the birds may have bred nealy year-round at least on occasion. Unfortunately, the courtship behavior, which in the strongly sexually dimorphic mallard is focused more on presentation of visual cues than in the monomorphic Pacific Black Duck (although it is generally similar in both species), was never recorded. The clutch consisted of 7-12 pale grey-green oval eggs measuring 61.6 x 38.9 mm on average (Kuroda, 1941-42). Males took no part in incubation, which lasted around 28 days, and caring for the ducklings. The young fledged when c. 8 weeks old and became sexually mature the following year. Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ... A clutch of blackbird (Turdus merula) eggs. ...

Extinction

The birds declined due to draining of wetlands for agriculture and construction. Hunting pressure was probably heavy, despite a ban on gun ownership under Japanese control (1914-1945), as the birds were unwary to be trapped, and at any rate the gun ban was lifted after World War II (see also below). By the 1940s, flocks of more than a dozen birds were seldom seen. On Guam, the last sightings were in 1949 and 1967 - the latter being a single, possibly vagrant, bird - and on Tinian in 1974. As Lake Susupe offered the most plentiful and least accessible habitat, although it too suffered from pollution by sugar mill wastes, the Saipan population lingered on for a few more years. The Mariana Mallard was listed as federally endangered on June 2, 1977 (United States Government, 1977). In 1979, two males and a female were found on Saipan and caught; one male was later released, the last wild bird ever to be encountered. The pair was brought to Pohakuloa, Hawai‘i, and later to SeaWorld, San Diego, where it was attempted to have them reproduce in captivity. However, this was unsuccessful and the species became extinct with the death of the last individual in 1981. Surveys were conducted in the following years, but the species was certainly gone by then. It was removed from the USFWS Endangered Species List on February 23, 2004, due to extinction (United States Government, 2004). 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... For the song by the Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ... State nickname: The Aloha State Other U.S. States Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Governor Linda Lingle Official languages Hawaiian and English Area 28,337 km² (43rd)  - Land 16,649 km²  - Water 11,672 km² (41. ... For the unrelated theme park in Australia, see Sea World. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Americas Finest City Location Location of San Diego within San Diego County Coordinates , Government County San Diego Mayor City Attorney         City Council District One District Two District Three District Four District Five District Six District Seven District Eight Jerry Sanders (R) Michael Aguirre Scott Peters Kevin... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The USFWS logo The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that is dedicated to managing and preserving wildlife. ... February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Collection of specimens for museums and private collections must have had a temporary impact during the Japanese control over the islands. Although less than 100 specimens are on record, most were taken in the 1930s and 1940s for Japanese collectors; given the rather sedentary habits and small population size of the species, this may have jeopardized local populations to the point of extinction. Outside Japan, 7 specimens (including the type) are in the MNHN, Paris, one in the Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum, Tring, two in the USNM, Washington D.C. and six in the AMNH, New York City (FWIE-VTU, 1996). Greenway (1967) mentions additional specimens in Cambridge, Massachusetts and Lisbon. Face The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... In zoological nomenclature, a type is a specimen or a taxon. ... Famous Great Gallery of Evolution The Muséum national dHistoire naturelle (MNHN) is the French national museum of natural history and is classed as a grand établissement. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... The Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum was once the private museum of Lionel Walter, 2nd Baron Rothschild, and is located in the grounds of the former Rothschild family home of Tring Park, Tring, Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. ... Map sources for Tring at grid reference SP924117 Tring is a small market town in the Chiltern Hills in Hertfordshire, England with a population of 13,000. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... The American Museum of Natural History is a landmark of Manhattans Upper West Side in New York, at 79th Street and Central Park West. ... Nickname: Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1625 Government  - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area  - City  468. ...   Settled: 1630 â€“ Incorporated: 1636 Zip Code(s): 02138, 02139, 02140, 02141, 02142 â€“ Area Code(s): 617 / 857 Official website: http://www. ... Location    - Country Portugal    - Region Lisboa  - Subregion Grande Lisboa  - District or A.R. Lisbon Mayor Carmona Rodrigues  - Party PSD Area 84. ...

"New Zealand Mallard"

The evolutionary lineage of the Mariana Mallard was terminated by its extinction. However, a similar hybrid population is found in many locations of New Zealand, particularly around urban areas. The parents of these hybrids are the native New Zealand Black Ducks and introduced mallards which spread with increasing land clearance after the 1950s. In some areas, hybrids make up over half the population by now (Gillespie, 1985). According to Rhymer et al. (1994), "[t]he speciation process appears to be undergoing reversal." Their study shows that the more colorful mallards drakes, somewhat surprisingly, contribute less to the gene pool. In dabbling ducks, speciation is mainly driven by behavioral and morphological cues, namely the drakes' plumage and courtship displays, and the females' vocalizations. Many Anas species probably separated less than 100.000 years ago, and with hybridization not infrequent among these ducks, molecular barriers eliminating gene flow have not yet become established. The cases of the Mariana Mallard and the New Zealand hybrids illustrate well how under certain circumstances even the behavioral barriers may break down. It could be said that these cases represent evolution running at the same time both "backwards" - as separated species merge again - and "forward" - as a distinct new lifeform is produced in this process, which does probably not resemble the mid-/late Pleistocene mallard/Pacific black duck common ancestor, and certainly is not equivalent to it genetically because of the evolutionary changes both species have undergone since their separation. This does not cite any references or sources. ... The gene pool of a species or a population is the complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of that species or population. ... † See also Diving duck The dabbling ducks are a group of ten genera and about 55 species of ducks, including some of the most familiar Northern Hemisphere species. ... In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ...

References

• Fish and Wildlife Information Exchange (1996): [Mariana Mallard, ESIS101048 (draft)]. Virginia Tech University. HTML fulltext Disclaimer

• Gillespie, Grant D. (1985): Hybridization, introgression, and morphometric differentiation between Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Grey Duck (Anas superciliosa) in Otago, New Zealand. Auk 102(3): 459-469. PDF fulltext

• Greenway, James C. (1967): Marianas Island Duck. In: Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World (2nd edition): 169-171. Dover Publications, New York.

• Kuroda, N. (1941-42): [A study of the Marianas Mallard, Anas oustaleti]. Tori 11: 99-119 (part 1), 443-448 (part 2). [Article in Japanese]

• Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1987): Wildfowl : an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-3999-7

• Marshall, Joe T., Jr. (1949): The endemic avifauna of Saipan, Tinian, Guam and Palau. Condor 51(5): 200-221. PDF fulltext

• Rhymer, Judith M.; Williams, Murray J. & Braun, Michael J. (1994). Mitochondrial analysis of gene flow between New Zealand Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Grey Ducks (A. superciliosa). Auk 111(4): 970–978. PDF fulltext

• Salvatori, Tommaso (1894): [Description of Anas oustaleti]. Bull. B. O. C. 20: 1.

• Steadman, David William (1999): The Prehistory of Vertebrates, Especially Birds, on Tinian, Aguiguan, and Rota, Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica 31(2): 319-345. PDF fulltext

• Steadman, David William (2006): Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77142-3.

• Stemmermann, L. (1981): A guide to Pacific wetland plants. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District. Honolulu.

• Tenorio, J. et al. (1979): Ornithological surveys of wetlands in Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Pagan. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. Honolulu.

• United States Government (1977): Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination that the Mariana Mallard is an Endangered Species. Federal Register 42: 28136-28137.

• United States Government (2004): Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing the Mariana Mallard and the Guam Broadbill From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. Federal Register 69: 8116-8119. PDF fulltext

• Yamashina, Y. (1948): Notes on the Marianas mallard. Pacific Science 2: 121-124.

The Auk is a quarterly journal and the official publication of the American Ornithologists Union, having been continuously published by that body since 1884. ... The Helm Identification Guides are a series of books dealing with the identification of groups of birds. ... The Condor is the quarterly journal of the Cooper Ornithological Society. ... The Auk is a quarterly journal and the official publication of the American Ornithologists Union, having been continuously published by that body since 1884. ... The Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club (ISSN 0007-1595) is an ornithological journal published by the British Ornithologists Club. ... The Federal Register contains most routine publications and public notices of United States government agencies. ... The Federal Register contains most routine publications and public notices of United States government agencies. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ Etymology: Anas, Ancient Greek for a duck. oustaleti, dedicated to French zoologist Émile Oustalet.
2. ^ Note however that most rock shelters and caves on the Marianas were obliterated in World War II (Steadman 2006).

Not to be confused with Entomology, the study of insects. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... Dr Jean-Frédéric Émile Oustalet (August 24, 1844 – October 23, 1905) was a French zoologist. ... A rock shelter is a shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. ... Combatants United States Japan Commanders Roy S. Geiger, Takeshi Takashima, Hideyoshi Obata Strength 2 divisions 18,500 Casualties 3,000 killed, 7,122 wounded 18,000+ killed, 485 POWs The Battle of Guam was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Guam...

External links

• Pacific Worlds article on Saipan wetlands. Mentions the species only briefly, but gives good impression of its habitat. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
• CNMI's Mariana mallard now extinct. Saipan Tribune article of February 25, 2004 on the de-listing of the species. Retrieved 2006-08-14.