NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mariner program

The Mariner program was a program conducted by the American space agency NASA that launched a series of robotic interplanetary probes designed to investigate Mars, Venus and Mercury. The program included a number of firsts, including the first planetary flyby, the first planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver. Download high resolution version (2400x3000, 1877 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2400x3000, 1877 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Launch of Mariner 1 Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft of the Mariner program. ... The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an agency of the United States federal government, responsible for the nations public space program. ... An artists interpretation of the MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury A robotic spacecraft is a spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. ... Technicians work on the Ulysses space probe. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Adjectives: Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean Atmosphere Surface pressure: 9. ... This article is about the planet. ... An orbiter is a spacecraft that orbits a planet or moon without landing on it in order to study the objects surface from a safe distance. ... It has been suggested that sling effect be merged into this article or section. ...

Of the ten vehicles in the Mariner series, seven were successful and three were lost. The planned Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 vehicles evolved into Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 of the Voyager program, while the Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars orbiters were enlarged versions of the Mariner 9 spacecraft. Other Mariner-based spacecraft, launched since Voyager, included the Magellan probe to Venus, and the Galileo probe to Jupiter. A second-generation Mariner spacecraft, called the Mariner Mark II series, eventually evolved into the Cassini-Huygens probe, now in orbit around Saturn. The recently-launched New Horizons probe to Pluto, based primarily on the more simplified Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 probes to Jupiter and Saturn, has some features from the Mariner series, including 3-axis stabilization and a Voyager and Cassini-style communications dish. Categories: Jupiter | Saturn | NASA probes | Astronomy stubs ... Categories: Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | NASA probes | Astronomy stubs ... Trajectory The Voyager 1 spacecraft is a 733-kilogram robotic space probe of the outer solar system and beyond, launched September 5, 1977, and is currently operational. ... Trajectory Voyager 2 is an unmanned interplanetary spacecraft, launched on August 20, 1977. ... Voyager Project redirects here. ... The Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASAs Viking program. ... Frost on Mars. ... Mariner 9 launch Mariner 9 was a NASA space probe orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. ... Magellan spacecraft at Kennedy Space Center The Magellan spacecraft carried out a mission from 1989-1994, orbiting Venus from 1990-1994. ... Galileo is prepared for mating with the IUS booster Galileo being deployed after being launched by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission Galileo was an unmanned spacecraft sent by NASA to study the planet Jupiter and its moons. ... Adjectives: Jovian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 20â€“200 kPa[4] (cloud layer) Composition: ~86% Molecular hydrogen ~13% Helium 0. ... Mariner Mark II was NASAs planned family of unmanned spacecraft for the exploration of the outer solar system that were to be developed and operated by JPL between 1990 thru the year 2010. ... Cassini-Huygens is a joint NASA/ESA/ASI unmanned space mission intended to study Saturn and its moons. ... Adjectives: Saturnian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 140 kPa Composition: >93% hydrogen >5% helium 0. ... New Horizons is a robotic spacecraft mission conducted by NASA. It is expected to be the first spacecraft to fly by and study the dwarf planet Pluto and its moons, Charon, Nix and Hydra. ... Adjectives: Plutonian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt, and was the first spacecraft to make direct observations of Jupiter. ... Position of Pioneer 10 and 11 Pioneer 11 was the second mission to investigate Jupiter and the outer solar system and the first to explore the planet Saturn and its main rings. ...

Basic layout

All Mariner spacecraft were based on an octagonal-shaped "bus," which housed all of the electronics, and to which all components were attached, such as antennae, cameras, propulsion, and power sources. All of the Mariners launched after Mariner 4 had four solar panels for power, except for Mariner 10, which had two, and Mariner 2, which was based on the Ranger Moon probe. Additionally, all except Mariner 2 and 5 had TV cameras. The first close-up image ever taken of Mars, this photo shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame. ... The Mariner 10 probe. ... -1... The Ranger program was a series of unmanned space missions by the United States in the 1960s whose objective was to obtain the first close-up images of the surface of the Moon. ... Mariner 5 was a spacecraft of the Mariner program that carried a complement of experiments to probe Venus atmosphere with radio waves, scan its brightness in ultraviolet light, and sample the solar particles and magnetic field fluctuations above the planet. ...

The first five Mariners were launched on Atlas-Agena rockets, while the last five used the Atlas-Centaur. All Mariner-based probes after Mariner 10 used the Titan IIIE, Titan IV unmanned rockets or the Space Shuttle with a solid-fueled Inertial Upper Stage and multiple planetary flybys. Atlas missile launch from Cape Canaveral in 1957 The Atlas is a venerable line of space launch vehicles originally built by the Convair Division of General Dynamics, and now Lockheed Martin. ... A Soyuz rocket, at Baikanur launch pad. ... Mercury Atlas 9 rocket and capsule on pad The Atlas is a venerable line of space launch vehicles built by Lockheed Martin. ... The Mariner 10 probe. ... The Titan IIIC is a space booster used by the United States Air Force. ... The Titan IV family (including the IVA and IVB) of space boosters are used by the US Air Force. ... NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ... The Galileo spacecraft and its attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) booster being deployed after being launched by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission The Inertial Upper Stage or IUS is a two-stage solid-fueled booster rocket developed by NASA and the U.S. Air Force for...

Mariners 1 and 2

Mariner 1, intended to fly by Venus, attempted to launch on July 22 1962 but was destroyed approximately 5 minutes after liftoff by the Air Force Range Safety Officer (RSO) when its malfunctioning Atlas-Agena rocket went off course. Mariner 2 was built as a backup to Mariner 1 and was launched on August 27, 1962, sending it on a 3½-month flight to Venus. The mission was a success and Mariner 2 became the first spacecraft to fly by another planet. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1515x1218, 322 KB) Original Caption Released with Image: Mariner 2 was the worlds first successful interplanetary spacecraft. ... Launch of Mariner 1 Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft of the Mariner program. ... In the field of rocketry, a Range Safety Officer has responsibility for the safe transportation, storage and launch of rocket vehicles. ... Mercury Atlas 9 rocket and capsule on pad The Atlas is a venerable line of space launch vehicles built by Lockheed Martin. ... -1... August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (240th in leap years), with 126 days remaining. ... 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar). ...

Status: Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than those of terahertz (THz) frequencies, but relatively short for radio waves. ... Image of two girls in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false-color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of radio waves. ... A plasma lamp, illustrating some of the more complex phenomena of a plasma, including filamentation. ... Radiation as used in physics, is energy in the form of waves or moving subatomic particles. ... In physics, a magnetic field is an axial vector field that traces out solenoidal lines of force in and around closed electric circuits and bar magnets. ...

Mariners 3 and 4

Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 were Mars flyby missions. Mariner 3 was lost when the launch vehicle's nose fairing failed to jettison. Its sister ship, Mariner 4, launched on November 28, 1964, the first successful flyby of the planet Mars and gave the first glimpse of Mars at close range. Image File history File linksMetadata Mariner_3_and_4. ... Mariner 3 and 4 were identical spacecraft of the Mariner program designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. ... The first close-up image ever taken of Mars, this photo shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame. ... Mariner 3 and 4 were identical spacecraft of the Mariner program designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. ... The first close-up image ever taken of Mars, this photo shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... The eight planets and three dwarf planets of the Solar System. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ...

Status: Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Large format camera lens. ... Porous chondrite interplanetary dust particle. ... Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth. ... The name Magnetic Fields has been used by: A 1981 album by Jean Michel Jarre; see Magnetic Fields (album) (Les Chants Magnetiques) A computer game developer; see Magnetic Fields (computer game developer) The Magnetic Fields, a band led by Stephin Merritt For magnetic fields in general, see magnetic field. ...

Mariner 5

The Mariner 5 spacecraft was launched to Venus on June 14, 1967 and arrived in the vicinity of the planet in October 1967. It carried a complement of experiments to probe Venus' atmosphere with radio waves, scan its brightness in ultraviolet light, and sample the solar particles and magnetic field fluctuations above the planet. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Mariner 5 was a spacecraft of the Mariner program that carried a complement of experiments to probe Venus atmosphere with radio waves, scan its brightness in ultraviolet light, and sample the solar particles and magnetic field fluctuations above the planet. ... Adjectives: Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean Atmosphere Surface pressure: 9. ... June 14 is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Adjectives: Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean Atmosphere Surface pressure: 9. ... View of Jupiters active atmosphere, including the Great Red Spot. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with radio frequency. ... Note: Ultraviolet is also the name of a 1998 UK television miniseries about vampires. ... In physics, a magnetic field is an axial vector field that traces out solenoidal lines of force in and around closed electric circuits and bar magnets. ...

Status: Mariner 5 - Defunct. Trapped in a Heliocentric orbit. Adjectives: Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean Atmosphere Surface pressure: 9. ... Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth. ... The name Magnetic Fields has been used by: A 1981 album by Jean Michel Jarre; see Magnetic Fields (album) (Les Chants Magnetiques) A computer game developer; see Magnetic Fields (computer game developer) The Magnetic Fields, a band led by Stephin Merritt For magnetic fields in general, see magnetic field. ... A heliocentric orbit is an orbit around the sun. ...

Mariners 6 and 7

Mariners 6 and 7 were identical teammates in a two-spacecraft mission to Mars. Mariner 6 was launched on February 24, 1969, followed by Mariner 7 on March 27, 1969. They flew over the equator and southern hemisphere of the planet Mars. Image File history File links Mariner_67. ... Mariner 6. ... As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying by over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying by over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (87th in leap years). ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ...

A heliocentric orbit is an orbit around the sun. ... A heliocentric orbit is an orbit around the sun. ...

Mariners 8 and 9

Mariner 8 and Mariner 9 were identical sister craft designed to map the Martian surface simultaneously, but Mariner 8 was lost in a launch vehicle failure. Its identical sister craft, Mariner 9, was launched in May 1971 and became the first artificial satellite of Mars. It entered Martian orbit in November 1971 and began photographing the surface and analyzing the atmosphere with its infrared and ultraviolet instruments. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (2995 Ã— 2242 pixel, file size: 279 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Mariner 8 (also known as Mariner H) was a part of NASAs Mariner program. ... Mariner 9 launch Mariner 9 was a NASA space probe orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ...

Mariner 10

The Mariner 10 spacecraft launched on November 3, 1973 and was the first to use a gravity assist trajectory, accelerating as it entered the gravitational influence of Venus, then being flung by the planet's gravity onto a slightly different course to reach Mercury. It was also the first spacecraft to encounter two planets at close range, and the first (and so far only) spacecraft to photograph Mercury in closeup. The Mariner 10 was a probe sent to Mercury. ... The Mariner 10 probe. ... November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 58 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Status: Mariner 10 - Defunct. Trapped in Heliocentric orbit. A heliocentric orbit is an orbit around the sun. ...

Categories: Mars missions | Mercury spacecraft | Venus spacecraft | Mariner program Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1515x1218, 322 KB) Original Caption Released with Image: Mariner 2 was the worlds first successful interplanetary spacecraft. ... The US Pioneer program of unmanned space missions was designed for planetary exploration. ... Voyager Project redirects here. ... Launch of Mariner 1 Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft of the Mariner program. ... -1... Mariner 3 and 4 were identical spacecraft of the Mariner program designed to carry out the first flybys of Mars. ... The first close-up image ever taken of Mars, this photo shows an area about 330 km across by 1200 km from limb to bottom of frame. ... Mariner 5 was a spacecraft of the Mariner program that carried a complement of experiments to probe Venus atmosphere with radio waves, scan its brightness in ultraviolet light, and sample the solar particles and magnetic field fluctuations above the planet. ... Mariner 6. ... Mariner 8 (also known as Mariner H) was a part of NASAs Mariner program. ... Mariner 9 launch Mariner 9 was a NASA space probe orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. ... The Mariner 10 probe. ... The Explorer program was the United Statess first successful attempt to launch an artificial satellite . ... Voyager Project redirects here. ... NASAs New Millennium program is focused on engineering validation of new technologies for space applications. ... NASAs Discovery Program is a series of lower-cost, highly focused scientific space missions. ... NASAs New Frontiers Program is a series of medium-cost (not to exceed 700 million), highly focused scientific space missions. ... Artists Concept of Rover on Mars (credit: Maas Digital LLC) NASAs Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission is an ongoing unmanned Mars exploration mission, commenced in 2003, that sent two robotic rovers Spirit and Opportunity to explore the Martian surface and geology. ... Nuclear reactors may be used to power ion engines such as this one used on Deep Space 1 Project Prometheus was established in 2003 by NASA to develop nuclear-powered systems for long-duration space missions. ... Project Constellation is NASAs current plan for space exploration. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x685, 64 KB)Download higher resolution version (1008x863, 26 KB) http://www. ... The Mars Scout Program is a new NASA program of small, low-cost missions to Mars, selected from innovative proposals by the scientific community. ... The US Pioneer program of unmanned space missions was designed for planetary exploration. ... Lunar orbiter spacecraft (NASA) The Lunar Orbiter program was a series of five unmanned Lunar orbiter missions launched by the United States in 1966 through 1967 with the purpose of mapping the lunar surface before the Apollo landings. ... The Ranger program was a series of unmanned space missions by the United States in the 1960s whose objective was to obtain the first close-up images of the surface of the Moon. ... Photograph of Surveyor(3) lunar landing spacecraft taken by Apollo 12 astronauts (descriptions added). ... Description Role: Earth and Lunar Orbit Crew: 3; CDR, CM pilot, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 36. ... Viking mission profile. ... NASAs Planetary Observer series was still birthed, resulting in only one, failed, mission. ... Mariner Mark II was NASAs planned family of unmanned spacecraft for the exploration of the outer solar system that were to be developed and operated by JPL between 1990 thru the year 2010. ... The Mars Surveyor 98 program comprised two spacecraft launched separately, the Mars Climate Orbiter (formerly the Mars Surveyor 98 Orbiter) and the Mars Polar Lander (formerly the Mars Surveyor 98 Lander); on board the Mars Polar Lander spacecraft were two surface-penetrator probes (Deep Space 2). ... For other uses of the term Grand Tour, see Grand Tour (disambiguation) The Planetary Grand Tour was an ambitious plan to send unmanned probes to the outermost planets of the solar system. ... The Voyager program was a planned series of unmanned NASA probes to Mars. ... The Mars Scout Program is a new NASA program of small, low-cost missions to Mars, selected from innovative proposals by the scientific community. ...